Leveraging the Urban–Rural Divide for Epigenetic Research

References

• World Health Organization . Noncommunicable diseases. (2018). www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases
   Google Scholar
• Pranavchand R , ReddyB. Genomics era and complex disorders: implications of GWAS with special reference to coronary artery disease, Type II diabetes mellitus, and cancers. J. Postgrad. Med.62(3), 188–198 (2016).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gakidou E , AfshinA , AbajobirAAet al. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016. Lancet390(10100), 1345–1422 (2017).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization . World health statistics 2018: monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals. (2018). www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/2018/en/
   Google Scholar
• Miranda JJ , Barrientos-GutiérrezT , CorvalanCet al. Understanding the rise of cardiometabolic diseases in low- and middle-income countries. Nat. Med.25(11), 1667–1679 (2019).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mcgranahan G , SatterthwaiteD. Urbanisation: Concepts and Trends.IIED Working Paper, IIED, London, UK (2014).
   Google Scholar
• Kim J , SamaranayakeM , PradhanS. Epigenetic mechanisms in mammals. Cell. Mol. Life Sci.66(4), 596–612 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaunt TR , ShihabHA , HemaniGet al. Systematic identification of genetic influences on methylation across the human life course. Genome Biol.17(1), 61 (2016).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sharp GC , ReltonCL. Epigenetics and noncommunicable diseases. Epigenomics9(6), 789–791 (2017).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin Z , LiuY. DNA methylation in human diseases. Genes Dis.5(1), 1–8 (2018).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galanter JM , GignouxCR , OhSSet al. Differential methylation between ethnic sub-groups reflects the effect of genetic ancestry and environmental exposures. eLife6, e20532 (2017).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chitrala KN , HernandezDG , NallsMAet al. Race-specific alterations in DNA methylation among middle-aged African Americans and Whites with metabolic syndrome. Epigenetics15(5), 462–482 (2020).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talens RP , ChristensenK , PutterHet al. Epigenetic variation during the adult lifespan: cross-sectional and longitudinal data on monozygotic twin pairs. Aging Cell11(4), 694–703 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li S , WongEM , DuguéP-Aet al. Genome-wide average DNA methylation is determined in utero. Int. J. Epidemiol.47(3), 908–916 (2018).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ligthart S , MarziC , AslibekyanSet al. DNA methylation signatures of chronic low-grade inflammation are associated with complex diseases. Genome Biol.17(1), 255 (2016).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wahl S , DrongA , LehneBet al. Epigenome-wide association study of body mass index, and the adverse outcomes of adiposity. Nature541(7635), 81–86 (2017).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NCD Risk Factor Collaboration . Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128.9 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet390(10113), 2627–2642 (2017).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization . Prevalence of insufficient physical activity. (2018). www.who.int/gho/ncd/risk_factors/physical_activity_text/en/
   Google Scholar
• Dehghan M , MenteA , ZhangXet al. Associations of fats and carbohydrate intake with cardiovascular disease and mortality in 18 countries from five continents (PURE): a prospective cohort study. Lancet390(10107), 2050–2062 (2017).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department of Health (South Africa), Statistics South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, & International Coach Federation . South Africa Demographic and Health Survey 2016.National Department of Health, Pretoria, South Africa (2019).
   Google Scholar
• Swinburn BA , KraakVI , AllenderSet al. The global syndemic of obesity, undernutrition, and climate change: the Lancet Commission report. Lancet393(10173), 791–846 (2019).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow CK , CorsiDJ , GilmoreABet al. Tobacco control environment: cross-sectional survey of policy implementation, social unacceptability, knowledge of tobacco health harms and relationship to quit ratio in 17 low-income, middle-income and high-income countries. BMJ Open7(3), e013817 (2017).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brathwaite R , AddoJ , KunstAEet al. Smoking prevalence differs by location of residence among Ghanaians in Africa and Europe: the RODAM study. PLoS ONE12(5), e0177291 (2017).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixon MA , ChartierKG. Alcohol use patterns among urban and rural residents: demographic and social influences. Alcohol Res.38(1), 69–77 (2016).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pikhart H , PikhartovaJ. The Relationship Between Psychosocial Risk Factors and Health Outcomes of Chronic Diseases: A Review of the Evidence for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases.WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs DR , KromhoutD. Education, diet, and incident cardiovascular disease: ecological interactions and conclusions. Lancet Glob. Health7(6), e684–e685 (2019).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richmond RC , SharpGC , WardMEet al. DNA methylation and body mass index: investigating identified methylation sites at HIF3A in a causal framework. Diabetes65(5), 1231–1244 (2016).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li S , WongEM , BuiMet al. Causal effect of smoking on DNA methylation in peripheral blood: a twin and family study. Clin. Epigenetics10(1), 18 (2018).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mendelson MM , MarioniRE , JoehanesRet al. Association of body mass index with DNA methylation and gene expression in blood cells and relations to cardiometabolic disease: a Mendelian randomization approach. PLoS Med.14(1), e1002215 (2017).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez-Cornago A , MansegoML , ZuletMA , MartinezJA. DNA hypermethylation of the serotonin receptor type-2A gene is associated with a worse response to a weight loss intervention in subjects with metabolic syndrome. Nutrients6(6), 2387–2403 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joehanes R , JustA , MarioniRet al. Epigenetic signatures of cigarette smoking. Circ. Cardiovasc. Genet.9(5), 436–447 (2016).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dugué P-A , JungC-H , JooJEet al. Smoking and blood DNA methylation: an epigenome-wide association study and assessment of reversibility. Epigenetics15(4), 358–368 (2019).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu C , MarioniRE , HedmanÅKet al. A DNA methylation biomarker of alcohol consumption. Mol. Psychiatr.23(2), 422 (2018).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang P , ChuT , DedousisNet al. DNA methylation alters transcriptional rates of differentially expressed genes and contributes to pathophysiology in mice fed a high fat diet. Mol. Metab.6(4), 327–339 (2017).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yokoyama AS , DunawayK , RutkowskyJ , RutledgeJC , MilenkovicD. Chronic consumption of a western diet modifies the DNA methylation profile in the frontal cortex of mice. Food Funct.9(2), 1187–1198 (2018).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hibler E , HuangL , AndradeJ , SpringB. Impact of a diet and activity health promotion intervention on regional patterns of DNA methylation. Clin. Epigenetics11(1), 133 (2019).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimauro I , ScalabrinM , FantiniCet al. Resistance training and redox homeostasis: correlation with age-associated genomic changes. Redox Biol.10, 34–44 (2016).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grazioli E , DimauroI , MercatelliNet al. Physical activity in the prevention of human diseases: role of epigenetic modifications. BMC Genom.18(8), 802 (2017).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Horvath S . DNA methylation age of human tissues and cell types. Genome Biol.14(10), 3156 (2013).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu AT , QuachA , WilsonJGet al. DNA methylation GrimAge strongly predicts lifespan and healthspan. Aging11(2), 303 (2019).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dugué P-A , BassettJK , JooJEet al. Association of DNA methylation-based biological age with health risk factors and overall and cause-specific mortality. Am. J. Epidemiol.187(3), 529–538 (2017).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao W , AmmousF , RatliffSet al. Education and lifestyle factors are associated with DNA methylation clocks in older African Americans. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health16(17), 3141 (2019).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quach A , LevineME , TanakaTet al. Epigenetic clock analysis of diet, exercise, education, and lifestyle factors. Aging9(2), 419–446 (2017).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosen AD , RobertsonKD , HladyRAet al. DNA methylation age is accelerated in alcohol dependence. Transl. Psychiatry8(1), 182 (2018).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martin EM , FryRC. Environmental influences on the epigenome: exposure-associated DNA methylation in human populations. Annu. Rev. Public Health39, 309–333 (2018).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Somineni HK , ZhangX , MyersJMBet al. Ten-eleven translocation 1 (TET1) methylation is associated with childhood asthma and traffic-related air pollution. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.137(3), 797–805 (2016).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding R , JinY , LiuXet al. Dose-and time-effect responses of DNA methylation and histone H3K9 acetylation changes induced by traffic-related air pollution. Sci. Rep.7, 43737 (2017).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan J , WrigglesworthJ , LoongJ , FransquetPD , WoodsRL. A systematic review and meta-analysis of environmental, lifestyle, and health factors associated with DNA methylation age. J. Gerontol. A75(3), 481–494 (2019).
   Google Scholar
• Needham BL , SmithJA , ZhaoWet al. Life course socioeconomic status and DNA methylation in genes related to stress reactivity and inflammation: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Epigenetics10(10), 958–969 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith JA , ZhaoW , WangXet al. Neighborhood characteristics influence DNA methylation of genes involved in stress response and inflammation: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Epigenetics12(8), 662–673 (2017).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang XQ . The trends, promises and challenges of urbanisation in the world. Habitat Int.54, 241–252 (2016).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott HR , ShihabHA , LockettGAet al. The role of DNA methylation in Type II diabetes aetiology–using genotype as a causal anchor. Diabetes66(6), 1713–1722 (2017).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson TG , ZhengJ , SmithGDet al. Mendelian randomization analysis identifies CpG sites as putative mediators for genetic influences on cardiovascular disease risk. Am. J. Hum. Genet.101(4), 590–602 (2017).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vrba L , FutscherBW. A suite of DNA methylation markers that can detect most common human cancers. Epigenetics13(1), 61–72 (2018).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel PG , WesselT , KawashimaAet al. A three-gene DNA methylation biomarker accurately classifies early stage prostate cancer. Prostate79(14), 1705–1714 (2019).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muka T , KoromaniF , PortillaEet al. The role of epigenetic modifications in cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. Int. J. Cardiol.212, 174–183 (2016).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward-Caviness CK , AghaG , ChenBHet al. Analysis of repeated leukocyte DNA methylation assessments reveals persistent epigenetic alterations after an incident myocardial infarction. Clin. Epigenetics10(1), 161 (2018).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hannum G , GuinneyJ , ZhaoLet al. Genome-wide methylation profiles reveal quantitative views of human aging rates. Mol. Cell49(2), 359–367 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng Y , JoyceBT , ColicinoEet al. Blood epigenetic age may predict cancer incidence and mortality. EBioMedicine5, 68–73 (2016).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine ME , LuAT , QuachAet al. An epigenetic biomarker of aging for lifespan and healthspan. Aging10(4), 573 (2018).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dugué PA , BassettJK , JooJEet al. DNA methylation-based biological aging and cancer risk and survival: pooled analysis of seven prospective studies. Int. J. Cancer142(8), 1611–1619 (2018).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lind L , IngelssonE , SundströmJ , SiegbahnA , LampaE. Methylation-based estimated biological age and cardiovascular disease. Eur. J. Clin. Invest.48(2), e12872 (2018).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perna L , ZhangY , MonsU , HolleczekB , SaumK-U , BrennerH. Epigenetic age acceleration predicts cancer, cardiovascular, and all-cause mortality in a German case cohort. Clin. Epigenetics8(1), 64 (2016).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Watson CJ , HorganS , NearyRet al. Epigenetic therapy for the treatment of hypertension-induced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. Ther.21(1), 127–137 (2016).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang G , WeisenbergerDJ. DNA methylation aberrancies as a guide for surveillance and treatment of human cancers. Epigenetics12(6), 416–432 (2017).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miranda Furtado CL , DosSantos Luciano MC , SilvaSantos RD , FurtadoGP , MoraesMO , PessoaC. Epidrugs: targeting epigenetic marks in cancer treatment. Epigenetics14(12), 1164–1176 (2019).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arguelles AO , MeruvuS , BowmanJD , ChoudhuryM. Are epigenetic drugs for diabetes and obesity at our door step?Drug Discov. Today21(3), 499–509 (2016).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordahl KM , PhippsAI , RandolphTWet al. Differential DNA methylation in blood as a mediator of the association between cigarette smoking and bladder cancer risk among postmenopausal women. Epigenetics14(11), 1065–1073 (2019).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen R , MengX , ZhaoAet al. DNA hypomethylation and its mediation in the effects of fine particulate air pollution on cardiovascular biomarkers: a randomized crossover trial. Environ. Int.94, 614–619 (2016).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agyemang C , VanDen Born B-J. Non-communicable diseases in migrants: an expert review. J. Travel Med.26(2), tay1017 (2018).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marmot M , SymeSL , KaganA , KatoH , CohenJ , BelskyJ. Epidemiologic studies of coronary heart disease and stroke in Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii and California: prevalence of coronary and hypertensive heart disease and associated risk factors. Am. J. Epidemiol.102(6), 514–525 (1975).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castelli F . Drivers of migration: why do people move?J. Travel Med.25(1), tay040 (2018).
   Google Scholar
• Pavli A , MaltezouH. Health problems of newly arrived migrants and refugees in Europe. J. Travel Med.24(4), tax0106 (2017).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maneze D , DigiacomoM , SalamonsonY , DescallarJ , DavidsonPM. Facilitators and barriers to health-seeking behaviours among Filipino migrants: inductive analysis to inform health promotion. BioMed. Res. Int.2015, 5062650629 (2015).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandy M , NyirendaM. Developmental origins of health and disease: the relevance to developing nations. Int. Health10(2), 66–70 (2018).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyirenda MJ , ByassP. Pregnancy, programming, and predisposition. Lancet Glob. Health7(4), e404–e405 (2019).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teo K , ChowCK , VazM , RangarajanS , YusufS. The Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study: examining the impact of societal influences on chronic noncommunicable diseases in low-, middle-, and high-income countries. Am. Heart J.158(1), 1–7 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mente A , DehghanM , RangarajanSet al. Association of dietary nutrients with blood lipids and blood pressure in 18 countries: a cross-sectional analysis from the PURE study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol.5(10), 774–787 (2017).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller V , MenteA , DehghanMet al. Fruit, vegetable, and legume intake, and cardiovascular disease and deaths in 18 countries (PURE): a prospective cohort study. Lancet390(10107), 2037–2049 (2017).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Attaei MW , KhatibR , MckeeMet al. Availability and affordability of blood pressure-lowering medicines and the effect on blood pressure control in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: an analysis of the PURE study data. Lancet Public Health2(9), e411–e419 (2017).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smyth A , TeoKK , RangarajanSet al. Alcohol consumption and cardiovascular disease, cancer, injury, admission to hospital, and mortality: a prospective cohort study. Lancet386(10007), 1945–1954 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruger HS , SchutteAE , WalshCM , KrugerA , RennieKL. Body mass index cut-points to identify cardiometabolic risk in black South Africans. Eur. J. Nutr.56(1), 193–202 (2017).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaptoge S , PennellsL , DeBacquer Det al. World Health Organization cardiovascular disease risk charts: revised models to estimate risk in 21 global regions. Lancet Glob. Health7(10), e1332–e1345 (2019).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dwyer JT , WiemerKL , DaryOet al. Fortification and health: challenges and opportunities. Adv. Nutr.6(1), 124–131 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macintyre UE , VenterCS , VorsterHH. A culture-sensitive quantitative food frequency questionnaire used in an African population: 1. development and reproducibility. Public Health Nutrition4(1), 53–62 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobbs A , RamsayM. Epigenetics and the burden of noncommunicable disease: a paucity of research in Africa. Epigenomics7(4), 627–639 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corsi DJ , SubramanianSV , ChowCKet al. Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study: baseline characteristics of the household sample and comparative analyses with national data in 17 countries. Am. Heart J.166(4), 636–646 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agyemang C , BeuneE , MeeksKet al. Rationale and cross-sectional study design of the research on obesity and Type II diabetes among African migrants: the RODAM study. BMJ Open4(3), e004877 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cronjé HT , ElliottHR , Nienaber-RousseauC , PietersM. Replication and expansion of epigenome-wide association literature in a black South African population. Clin. Epigenetics12(1), 6 (2020).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meeks KA , HennemanP , VenemaAet al. An epigenome-wide association study in whole blood of measures of adiposity among Ghanaians: the RODAM study. Clin. Epigenetics9(1), 103 (2017).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meeks KA , HennemanP , VenemaAet al. Epigenome-wide association study in whole blood on Type II diabetes among sub-Saharan African individuals: findings from the RODAM study. Int. J. Epidemiol.48(1), 58–70 (2018).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agyemang C , BeuneE , MeeksKet al. Innovative ways of studying the effect of migration on obesity and diabetes beyond the common designs: lessons from the RODAM study. Ann. NY Acad. Sci.1391(1), 54–70 (2017).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popejoy AB , FullertonSM. Genomics is failing on diversity. Nature538(7624), 161–164 (2016).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong J , AghaG , BaccarelliAA. The role of DNA methylation in cardiovascular risk and disease: methodological aspects, study design, and data analysis for epidemiological studies. Circ. Res.118(1), 119–131 (2016).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battram T , RichmondRC , BagliettoLet al. Appraising the causal relevance of DNA methylation for risk of lung cancer. Int. J. Epidemiol.48(5), 1493–1504 (2019).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinra S , AndersenE , Ben-ShlomoYet al. Association between urban life-years and cardiometabolic risk: the Indian migration study. Am. J. Epidemiol.174(2), 154–164 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar