171
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Current and Emerging Modalities for Detection of Cardiotoxicity in cardio-oncology

, , &
Pages 471-484 | Published online: 03 Aug 2015

References

  • Jemal A , WardE, HaoY, ThunM . Trends in the leading causes of death in the United States, 1970–2002 . JAMA294 ( 10 ), 1255 – 1259 ( 2005 ).
  • Jemal A , WardE, ThunM . Declining death rates reflect progress against cancer . PLoS ONE5 ( 3 ), e9584 ( 2010 ).
  • Howlader N , RiesLA, MariottoAB, ReichmanME, RuhlJ, CroninKA . Improved estimates of cancer-specific survival rates from population-based data . J. Natl Cancer Inst.102 ( 20 ), 1584 – 1598 ( 2010 ).
  • Siegel R , DesantisC, VirgoKet al. Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2012 . CA Cancer J. Clin.62 ( 4 ), 220 – 241 ( 2012 ).
  • Chapman JA , MengD, ShepherdLet al. Competing causes of death from a randomized trial of extended adjuvant endocrine therapy for breast cancer . J. Natl Cancer Inst.100 ( 4 ), 252 – 260 ( 2008 ).
  • Hanrahan EO , Gonzalez-AnguloAM, GiordanoSHet al. Overall survival and cause-specific mortality of patients with stage T1a, bN0M0 breast carcinoma . J. Clin. Oncol.25 ( 31 ), 4952 – 4960 ( 2007 ).
  • Lloyd-Jones DM , LeipEP, LarsonMGet al. Prediction of lifetime risk for cardiovascular disease by risk factor burden at 50 years of age . Circulation113 ( 6 ), 791 – 798 ( 2006 ).
  • Schairer C , MinkPJ, CarrollL, DevesaSS . Probabilities of death from breast cancer and other causes among female breast cancer patients . J. Natl Cancer Inst.96 ( 17 ), 1311 – 1321 ( 2004 ).
  • Patnaik JL , ByersT, DiguiseppiC, DabeleaD, DenbergTD . Cardiovascular disease competes with breast cancer as the leading cause of death for older females diagnosed with breast cancer: a retrospective cohort study . Breast Cancer Res.13 ( 3 ), R64 ( 2011 ).
  • Colzani E , LiljegrenA, JohanssonALet al. Prognosis of patients with breast cancer: causes of death and effects of time since diagnosis, age, and tumor characteristics . J. Clin. Oncol.29 ( 30 ), 4014 – 4021 ( 2011 ).
  • Jones LW , HaykowskyMJ, SwartzJJ, DouglasPS, MackeyJR . Early breast cancer therapy and cardiovascular injury . J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.50 ( 15 ), 1435 – 1441 ( 2007 ).
  • Yeh ET , BickfordCL . Cardiovascular complications of cancer therapy: incidence, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management . J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.53 ( 24 ), 2231 – 2247 ( 2009 ).
  • Chu TF , RupnickMA, KerkelaRet al. Cardiotoxicity associated with tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib . Lancet370 ( 9604 ), 2011 – 2019 ( 2007 ).
  • Hall PS , HarshmanLC, SrinivasS, WittelesRM . The frequency and severity of cardiovascular toxicity from targeted therapy in advanced renal cell carcinoma patients . JACC Heart Fail1 ( 1 ), 72 – 78 ( 2013 ).
  • Von Hoff DD , LayardMW, BasaPet al. Risk factors for doxorubicin-induced congestive heart failure . Ann. Intern. Med.91 ( 5 ), 710 – 717 ( 1979 ).
  • Swain SM , WhaleyFS, EwerMS . Congestive heart failure in patients treated with doxorubicin: a retrospective analysis of three trials . Cancer97 ( 11 ), 2869 – 2879 ( 2003 ).
  • Perez EA , SumanVJ, DavidsonNEet al. Effect of doxorubicin plus cyclophosphamide on left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with breast cancer in the North Central Cancer Treatment Group N9831 Intergroup Adjuvant Trial . J. Clin. Oncol.22 ( 18 ), 3700 – 3704 ( 2004 ).
  • Meinardi MT , Van VeldhuisenDJ, GietemaJAet al. Prospective evaluation of early cardiac damage induced by epirubicin-containing adjuvant chemotherapy and locoregional radiotherapy in breast cancer patients . J. Clin. Oncol.19 ( 10 ), 2746 – 2753 ( 2001 ).
  • Mackey JR , MartinM, PienkowskiTet al. Adjuvant docetaxel, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide in node-positive breast cancer: 10 year follow-up of the phase 3 randomised BCIRG 001 trial . Lancet Oncol.14 ( 1 ), 72 – 80 ( 2013 ).
  • Wouters KA , KremerLC, MillerTL, HermanEH, LipshultzSE . Protecting against anthracycline-induced myocardial damage: a review of the most promising strategies . Br. J. Haematol.131 ( 5 ), 561 – 578 ( 2005 ).
  • Schmidinger M , ZielinskiCC, VoglUMet al. Cardiac toxicity of sunitinib and sorafenib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma . J. Clin. Oncol.26 ( 32 ), 5204 – 5212 ( 2008 ).
  • Tocchetti CG , RagoneG, CoppolaCet al. Detection, monitoring, and management of trastuzumab-induced left ventricular dysfunction: an actual challenge . Eur. J. Heart Fail.14 ( 2 ), 130 – 137 ( 2012 ).
  • Force T , KolajaKL . Cardiotoxicity of kinase inhibitors: the prediction and translation of preclinical models to clinical outcomes . Nat. Rev. Drug Discov.10 ( 2 ), 111 – 126 ( 2011 ).
  • Ky B , VejpongsaP, YehET, ForceT, MoslehiJJ . Emerging paradigms in cardiomyopathies associated with cancer therapies . Circ. Res.113 ( 6 ), 754 – 764 ( 2013 ).
  • Tan-Chiu E , YothersG, RomondEet al. Assessment of cardiac dysfunction in a randomized trial comparing doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide followed by paclitaxel, with or without trastuzumab as adjuvant therapy in node-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-overexpressing breast cancer: NSABP B-31 . J. Clin. Oncol.23 ( 31 ), 7811 – 7819 ( 2005 ).
  • Perez EA , RodehefferR . Clinical cardiac tolerability of trastuzumab . J. Clin. Oncol.22 ( 2 ), 322 – 329 ( 2004 ).
  • Cheng H , ForceT . Molecular mechanisms of cardiovascular toxicity of targeted cancer therapeutics . Circ. Res.106 ( 1 ), 21 – 34 ( 2010 ).
  • Telli ML , HuntSA, CarlsonRW, GuardinoAE . Trastuzumab-related cardiotoxicity: calling into question the concept of reversibility . J. Clin. Oncol.25 ( 23 ), 3525 – 3533 ( 2007 ).
  • Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events V4.03 (CTCAE) . http://evs.nci.nih.gov/ftp1/CTCAE/CTCAE_4.03_2010-06-14_QuickReference_5x7.pdf .
  • Seidman A , HudisC, PierriMKet al. Cardiac dysfunction in the trastuzumab clinical trials experience . J. Clin. Oncol.20 ( 5 ), 1215 – 1221 ( 2002 ).
  • Yancy CW , JessupM, BozkurtBet al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines . J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.62 ( 16 ), e147 – E239 ( 2013 ).
  • Ammar KA , JacobsenSJ, MahoneyDWet al. Prevalence and prognostic significance of heart failure stages: application of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association heart failure staging criteria in the community . Circulation115 ( 12 ), 1563 – 1570 ( 2007 ).
  • Cardinale D , ColomboA, LamantiaGet al. Anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy: clinical relevance and response to pharmacologic therapy . J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.55 ( 3 ), 213 – 220 ( 2010 ).
  • Lenihan DJ , SawyerDB . Heart disease in cancer patients: a burgeoning field where optimizing patient care is requiring interdisciplinary collaborations . Heart Fail. Clin.7 ( 3 ), xxi – xxiii ( 2011 ).
  • Plana JC , GalderisiM, BaracAet al. Expert consensus for multimodality imaging evaluation of adult patients during and after cancer therapy: a report from the American Society of Standardizecardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging . J. Am. Soc. Standardizecardiogr.27 ( 9 ), 911 – 939 ( 2014 ).
  • Khouri MG , DouglasPS, MackeyJRet al. Cancer therapy-induced cardiac toxicity in early breast cancer: addressing the unresolved issues . Circulation126 ( 23 ), 2749 – 2763 ( 2012 ).
  • Curigliano G , CardinaleD, SuterTet al. Cardiovascular toxicity induced by chemotherapy, targeted agents and radiotherapy: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines . Ann. Oncol.23 ( Suppl. 7 ), vii155 – vii166 ( 2012 ).
  • Verma S , EwerMS . Is cardiotoxicity being adequately assessed in current trials of cytotoxic and targeted agents in breast cancer . Ann. Oncol.22 ( 5 ), 1011 – 1018 ( 2011 ).
  • Bellenger NG , BurgessMI, RaySGet al. Comparison of left ventricular ejection fraction and volumes in heart failure by standardizecardiography, radionuclide ventriculography and cardiovascular magnetic resonance; are they interchangeable . Eur. Heart J.21 ( 16 ), 1387 – 1396 ( 2000 ).
  • Ewer MS , LenihanDJ . Left ventricular ejection fraction and cardiotoxicity: is our ear really to the ground . J. Clin. Oncol.26 ( 8 ), 1201 – 1203 ( 2008 ).
  • Trastuzumab (Herceptin®) , package insert . Genentech, Inc., CA, USA .
  • Romond EH , JeongJH, RastogiPet al. Seven-year follow-up assessment of cardiac function in NSABP B-31, a randomized trial comparing doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide followed by paclitaxel (ACP) with ACP plus trastuzumab as adjuvant therapy for patients with node-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer . J. Clin. Oncol.30 ( 31 ), 3792 – 3799 ( 2012 ).
  • Romond EH , PerezEA, BryantJet al. Trastuzumab plus adjuvant chemotherapy for operable HER2-positive breast cancer . N. Engl. J. Med.353 ( 16 ), 1673 – 1684 ( 2005 ).
  • Slamon D , EiermannW, RobertNet al. Adjuvant trastuzumab in HER2-positive breast cancer . N. Engl. J. Med.365 ( 14 ), 1273 – 1283 ( 2011 ).
  • Schmitz KH , ProsnitzRG, SchwartzAL, CarverJR . Prospective surveillance and management of cardiac toxicity and health in breast cancer survivors . Cancer118 ( 8 Suppl. ), 2270 – 2276 ( 2012 ).
  • Ewer MS , AliMK, MackayBet al. A comparison of cardiac biopsy grades and ejection fraction estimations in patients receiving Adriamycin . J. Clin. Oncol.2 ( 2 ), 112 – 117 ( 1984 ).
  • Delgado V , MollemaSA, YpenburgCet al. Relation between global left ventricular longitudinal strain assessed with novel automated function imaging and biplane left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with coronary artery disease . J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr.21 ( 11 ), 1244 – 1250 ( 2008 ).
  • Mann DL , BristowMR . Mechanisms and models in heart failure: the biomechanical model and beyond . Circulation111 ( 21 ), 2837 – 2849 ( 2005 ).
  • Doyle JJ , NeugutAI, JacobsonJS, GrannVR, HershmanDL . Chemotherapy and cardiotoxicity in older breast cancer patients: a population-based study . J. Clin. Oncol.23 ( 34 ), 8597 – 8605 ( 2005 ).
  • Jones LW , EvesND, HaykowskyM, FreedlandSJ, MackeyJR . Exercise intolerance in cancer and the role of exercise therapy to reverse dysfunction . Lancet Oncol.10 ( 6 ), 598 – 605 ( 2009 ).
  • Lakoski SG , EvesND, DouglasPS, JonesLW . Exercise rehabilitation in patients with cancer . Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol.9 ( 5 ), 288 – 296 ( 2012 ).
  • Chaosuwannakit N , D’agostinoRJr, HamiltonCAet al. Aortic stiffness increases upon receipt of anthracycline chemotherapy . J. Clin. Oncol.28 ( 1 ), 166 – 172 ( 2010 ).
  • Beckman JA , ThakoreA, KalinowskiBH, HarrisJR, CreagerMA . Radiation therapy impairs endothelium-dependent vasodilation in humans . J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.37 ( 3 ), 761 – 765 ( 2001 ).
  • Koelwyn GJ , KhouriM, MackeyJR, DouglasPS, JonesLW . Running on empty: cardiovascular reserve capacity and late effects of therapy in cancer survivorship . J. Clin. Oncol.30 ( 36 ), 4458 – 4461 ( 2012 ).
  • Walker J , BhullarN, Fallah-RadNet al. Role of three-dimensional standardizecardiography in breast cancer: comparison with two-dimensional standardizecardiography, multiple-gated acquisition scans, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging . J. Clin. Oncol.28 ( 21 ), 3429 – 3436 ( 2010 ).
  • Thavendiranathan P , GrantAD, NegishiT, PlanaJC, PopovicZB, MarwickTH . Reproducibility of standardizecardiographic techniques for sequential assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction and volumes: application to patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy . J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.61 ( 1 ), 77 – 84 ( 2013 ).
  • Cranney GB , LotanCS, DeanL, BaxleyW, BouchardA, PohostGM . Left ventricular volume measurement using cardiac axis nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. Validation by calibrated ventricular angiography . Circulation82 ( 1 ), 154 – 163 ( 1990 ).
  • Grothues F , SmithGC, MoonJCet al. Comparison of interstudy reproducibility of cardiovascular magnetic resonance with two-dimensional standardizecardiography in normal subjects and in patients with heart failure or left ventricular hypertrophy . Am. J. Cardiol.90 ( 1 ), 29 – 34 ( 2002 ).
  • Sandner TA , HouckP, RungeVMet al. Accuracy of accelerated cine MR imaging at 3 Tesla in longitudinal follow-up of cardiac function . Eur. Radiol.18 ( 10 ), 2095 – 2101 ( 2008 ).
  • Mcmurray JJ , AdamopoulosS, AnkerSDet al. ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2012 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC . Eur. Heart J.33 ( 14 ), 1787 – 1847 ( 2012 ).
  • Kalam K , OtahalP, MarwickTH . Prognostic implications of global LV dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of global longitudinal strain and ejection fraction . Heart100 ( 21 ), 1673 – 1680 ( 2014 ).
  • Watts RG , GeorgeM, JohnsonWHJr . Pretreatment and routine standardizecardiogram monitoring during chemotherapy for anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity rarely identifies significant cardiac dysfunction or alters treatment decisions: a 5-year review at a single pediatric oncology center . Cancer118 ( 7 ), 1919 – 1924 ( 2012 ).
  • Carver JR , ShapiroCL, NgAet al. American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical evidence review on the ongoing care of adult cancer survivors: cardiac and pulmonary late effects . J. Clin. Oncol.25 ( 25 ), 3991 – 4008 ( 2007 ).
  • Gorcsan J 3rd , TanakaH . Standardizecardiographic assessment of myocardial strain . J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.58 ( 14 ), 1401 – 1413 ( 2011 ).
  • Sengupta PP , TajikAJ, ChandrasekaranK, KhandheriaBK . Twist mechanics of the left ventricle: principles and application . JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging1 ( 3 ), 366 – 376 ( 2008 ).
  • Thavendiranathan P , PoulinF, LimKD, PlanaJC, WooA, MarwickTH . Use of myocardial strain imaging by standardizecardiography for the early detection of cardiotoxicity in patients during and after cancer chemotherapy: a systematic review . J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.63 ( 25 Pt A ), 2751 – 2768 ( 2014 ).
  • Ganame J , ClausP, UyttebroeckAet al. Myocardial dysfunction late after low-dose anthracycline treatment in asymptomatic pediatric patients . J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr.20 ( 12 ), 1351 – 1358 ( 2007 ).
  • Jurcut R , WildiersH, GanameJet al. Strain rate imaging detects early cardiac effects of pegylated liposomal Doxorubicin as adjuvant therapy in elderly patients with breast cancer . J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr.21 ( 12 ), 1283 – 1289 ( 2008 ).
  • Hare JL , BrownJK, LeanoR, JenkinsC, WoodwardN, MarwickTH . Use of myocardial deformation imaging to detect preclinical myocardial dysfunction before conventional measures in patients undergoing breast cancer treatment with trastuzumab . Am. Heart J.158 ( 2 ), 294 – 301 ( 2009 ).
  • Mercuro G , CadedduC, PirasAet al. Early epirubicin-induced myocardial dysfunction revealed by serial tissue Doppler standardizecardiography: correlation with inflammatory and oxidative stress markers . Oncologist12 ( 9 ), 1124 – 1133 ( 2007 ).
  • Sawaya H , SebagIA, PlanaJCet al. Early detection and prediction of cardiotoxicity in chemotherapy-treated patients . Am. J. Cardiol.107 ( 9 ), 1375 – 1380 ( 2011 ).
  • Sawaya H , SebagIA, PlanaJCet al. Assessment of standardizecardiography and biomarkers for the extended prediction of cardiotoxicity in patients treated with anthracyclines, taxanes, and trastuzumab . Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging5 ( 5 ), 596 – 603 ( 2012 ).
  • Negishi K , NegishiT, HareJL, HaluskaBA, PlanaJC, MarwickTH . Independent and incremental value of deformation indices for prediction of trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity . J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr.26 ( 5 ), 493 – 498 ( 2013 ).
  • Motoki H , KoyamaJ, NakazawaHet al. Torsion analysis in the early detection of anthracycline-mediated cardiomyopathy . Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging13 ( 1 ), 95 – 103 ( 2012 ).
  • Cheung YF , LiSN, ChanGC, WongSJ, HaSY . Left ventricular twisting and untwisting motion in childhood cancer survivors . Echocardiography28 ( 7 ), 738 – 745 ( 2011 ).
  • Yu HK , YuW, CheukDK, WongSJ, ChanGC, CheungYF . New three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography identifies global impairment of left ventricular mechanics with a high sensitivity in childhood cancer survivors . J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr.26 ( 8 ), 846 – 852 ( 2013 ).
  • Risum N , AliS, OlsenNTet al. Variability of global left ventricular deformation analysis using vendor dependent and independent two-dimensional speckle-tracking software in adults . J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr.25 ( 11 ), 1195 – 1203 ( 2012 ).
  • Wassmuth R , LentzschS, ErdbrueggerUet al. Subclinical cardiotoxic effects of anthracyclines as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging-a pilot study . Am. Heart J.141 ( 6 ), 1007 – 1013 ( 2001 ).
  • Isner JM , FerransVJ, CohenSRet al. Clinical and morphologic cardiac findings after anthracycline chemotherapy. Analysis of 64 patients studied at necropsy . Am. J. Cardiol.51 ( 7 ), 1167 – 1174 ( 1983 ).
  • Wadhwa D , Fallah-RadN, GrenierDet al. Trastuzumab mediated cardiotoxicity in the setting of adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer: a retrospective study . Breast Cancer Res. Treat.117 ( 2 ), 357 – 364 ( 2009 ).
  • Fallah-Rad N , WalkerJR, WassefAet al. The utility of cardiac biomarkers, tissue velocity and strain imaging, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in predicting early left ventricular dysfunction in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor II-positive breast cancer treated with adjuvant trastuzumab therapy . J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.57 ( 22 ), 2263 – 2270 ( 2011 ).
  • Fallah-Rad N , LytwynM, FangT, KirkpatrickI, JassalDS . Delayed contrast enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in trastuzumab induced cardiomyopathy . J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson.10, 5 ( 2008 ).
  • Neilan TG , Coelho-FilhoOR, Pena-HerreraDet al. Left ventricular mass in patients with a cardiomyopathy after treatment with anthracyclines . Am. J. Cardiol.110 ( 11 ), 1679 – 1686 ( 2012 ).
  • Drafts BC , TwomleyKM, D’agostinoRJret al. Low to moderate dose anthracycline-based chemotherapy is associated with early noninvasive imaging evidence of subclinical cardiovascular disease . JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging6 ( 8 ), 877 – 885 ( 2013 ).
  • Neilan TG , Coelho-FilhoOR, ShahRVet al. Myocardial extracellular volume by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in patients treated with anthracycline-based chemotherapy . Am. J. Cardiol.111 ( 5 ), 717 – 722 ( 2013 ).
  • Tham EB , HaykowskyMJ, ChowKet al. Diffuse myocardial fibrosis by T1-mapping in children with subclinical anthracycline cardiotoxicity: relationship to exercise capacity, cumulative dose and remodeling . J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson.15, 48 ( 2013 ).
  • Estorch M , CarrioI, BernaLet al. Indium-111-antimyosin scintigraphy after doxorubicin therapy in patients with advanced breast cancer . J. Nucl. Med.31 ( 12 ), 1965 – 1969 ( 1990 ).
  • Carrio I , Lopez-PousaA, EstorchMet al. Detection of doxorubicin cardiotoxicity in patients with sarcomas by indium-111-antimyosin monoclonal antibody studies . J. Nucl. Med.34 ( 9 ), 1503 – 1507 ( 1993 ).
  • Carrio I , EstorchM, BernaL, Lopez-PousaJ, TaberneroJ, TorresG . Indium-111-antimyosin and iodine-123-MIBG studies in early assessment of doxorubicin cardiotoxicity . J. Nucl. Med.36 ( 11 ), 2044 – 2049 ( 1995 ).
  • Valdes Olmos RA , CarrioI, HoefnagelCAet al. High sensitivity of radiolabelled antimyosin scintigraphy in assessing anthracycline related early myocyte damage preceding cardiac dysfunction . Nucl. Med. Commun.23 ( 9 ), 871 – 877 ( 2002 ).
  • Olmos RA , Ten Bokkel HuininkWW, Ten HoeveRFet al. Assessment of anthracycline-related myocardial adrenergic derangement by [123I]metaiodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy . Eur. J. Cancer31A ( 1 ), 26 – 31 ( 1995 ).
  • Lakoski SG , BarlowCE, KoelwynGJet al. The influence of adjuvant therapy on cardiorespiratory fitness in early-stage breast cancer seven years after diagnosis: the Cooper Center Longitudinal Study . Breast Cancer Res. Treat.138 ( 3 ), 909 – 916 ( 2013 ).
  • Khouri MG , HornsbyWE, RisumNet al. Utility of 3-dimensional standardizecardiography, global longitudinal strain, and exercise stress standardizecardiography to detect cardiac dysfunction in breast cancer patients treated with doxorubicin-containing adjuvant therapy . Breast Cancer Res. Treat.143 ( 3 ), 531 – 539 ( 2014 ).
  • Mckillop JH , BristowMR, GorisML, BillinghamME, BockemuehlK . Sensitivity and specificity of radionuclide ejection fractions in doxorubicin cardiotoxicity . Am. Heart J.106 ( 5 Pt 1 ), 1048 – 1056 ( 1983 ).
  • Civelli M , CardinaleD, MartinoniAet al. Early reduction in left ventricular contractile reserve detected by dobutamine stress standardize predicts high-dose chemotherapy-induced cardiac toxicity . Int. J. Cardiol.111 ( 1 ), 120 – 126 ( 2006 ).
  • Smibert E , CarlinJB, VidmarS, WilkinsonLC, NewtonM, WeintraubRG . Exercise standardizecardiography reflects cumulative anthracycline exposure during childhood . Pediatr. Blood Cancer42 ( 7 ), 556 – 562 ( 2004 ).
  • De Souza AM , PottsJE, PottsMTet al. A stress standardizecardiography study of cardiac function during progressive exercise in pediatric oncology patients treated with anthracyclines . Pediatr. Blood Cancer49 ( 1 ), 56 – 64 ( 2007 ).
  • Guimaraes-Filho FV , TanDM, BragaJC, RodriguesA, WaibPH, MatsubaraBB . Ventricular systolic reserve in asymptomatic children previously treated with low doses of anthracyclines: a longitudinal, prospective exercise standardizecardiography study . Pediatr. Blood Cancer59 ( 3 ), 548 – 552 ( 2012 ).
  • Sieswerda E , KremerLC, VidmarSet al. Exercise standardizecardiography in asymptomatic survivors of childhood cancer treated with anthracyclines: a prospective follow-up study . Pediatr. Blood Cancer54 ( 4 ), 579 – 584 ( 2010 ).
  • Klewer SE , GoldbergSJ, DonnersteinRL, BergRA, HutterJJJr . Dobutamine stress standardizecardiography: a sensitive indicator of diminished myocardial function in asymptomatic doxorubicin-treated long-term survivors of childhood cancer . J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.19 ( 2 ), 394 – 401 ( 1992 ).
  • Lanzarini L , BossiG, LaudisaML, KlersyC, AricoM . Lack of clinically significant cardiac dysfunction during intermediate dobutamine doses in long-term childhood cancer survivors exposed to anthracyclines . Am. Heart J.140 ( 2 ), 315 – 323 ( 2000 ).
  • Gupta S , RohatgiA, AyersCRet al. Cardiorespiratory fitness and classification of risk of cardiovascular disease mortality . Circulation123 ( 13 ), 1377 – 1383 ( 2011 ).
  • Gulati M , PandeyDK, ArnsdorfMFet al. Exercise capacity and the risk of death in women: the St James Women Take Heart Project . Circulation108 ( 13 ), 1554 – 1559 ( 2003 ).
  • Jones LW , WatsonD, HerndonJE2ndet al. Peak oxygen consumption and long-term all-cause mortality in nonsmall cell lung cancer . Cancer116 ( 20 ), 4825 – 4832 ( 2010 ).
  • Jones LW , HornsbyWE, GoetzingerAet al. Prognostic significance of functional capacity and exercise behavior in patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer . Lung Cancer76 ( 2 ), 248 – 252 ( 2012 ).
  • Jones LW , CourneyaKS, MackeyJRet al. Cardiopulmonary function and age-related decline across the breast cancer survivorship continuum . J. Clin. Oncol.30 ( 20 ), 2530 – 2537 ( 2012 ).
  • Cardinale D , SandriMT . Role of biomarkers in chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity . Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis.53 ( 2 ), 121 – 129 ( 2010 ).
  • Thigpen SC , GeraciSA . Prediction of anthracycline-induced left ventricular dysfunction by cardiac troponins . South. Med. J.105 ( 12 ), 659 – 664 ( 2012 ).
  • Cardinale D , SandriMT, MartinoniAet al. Left ventricular dysfunction predicted by early troponin I release after high-dose chemotherapy . J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.36 ( 2 ), 517 – 522 ( 2000 ).
  • Cardinale D , SandriMT, ColomboAet al. Prognostic value of troponin I in cardiac risk stratification of cancer patients undergoing high-dose chemotherapy . Circulation109 ( 22 ), 2749 – 2754 ( 2004 ).
  • Cardinale D , SandriMT, MartinoniAet al. Myocardial injury revealed by plasma troponin I in breast cancer treated with high-dose chemotherapy . Ann. Oncol.13 ( 5 ), 710 – 715 ( 2002 ).
  • Sandri MT , CardinaleD, ZorzinoLet al. Minor increases in plasma troponin I predict decreased left ventricular ejection fraction after high-dose chemotherapy . Clin. Chem.49 ( 2 ), 248 – 252 ( 2003 ).
  • Cardinale D , ColomboA, TorrisiRet al. Trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity: clinical and prognostic implications of troponin I evaluation . J. Clin. Oncol.28 ( 25 ), 3910 – 3916 ( 2010 ).
  • Morris PG , ChenC, SteingartRet al. Troponin I and C-reactive protein are commonly detected in patients with breast cancer treated with dose-dense chemotherapy incorporating trastuzumab and lapatinib . Clin. Cancer Res.17 ( 10 ), 3490 – 3499 ( 2011 ).
  • Ky B , PuttM, SawayaHet al. Early increases in multiple biomarkers predict subsequent cardiotoxicity in patients with breast cancer treated with doxorubicin, taxanes, and trastuzumab . J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.63 ( 8 ), 809 – 816 ( 2014 ).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.