References
- Chadwick C , OppenheimBA . Cleaning as a cost-effective method of infection control . Lancet347 , 1776 – 1776 ( 1996 ).
- Gillespie EE , ScottC , WilsonJ , StuartR . Pilot study to measure cleaning effectiveness in health care . Am. J. Infect. Control40 , 477 – 478 ( 2012 ).
- Cozad A , JonesRD . Disinfection and the prevention of infectious disease . Am. J. Infect. Control31 , 243 – 254 ( 2003 ).
- Smith RM , SchaeferMK , KainerMAet al. Fungal infections associated with contaminated methylprednisolone injections . N. Engl. J. Med.369 , 1598 – 1609 ( 2013 ).
- Stubbs S . Step-by-step selection of cleanroom disinfectants . Hosp. Pharm. Eur.18 , 25 – 26 ( 2005 ).
- Mehmi M , MarshallLJ , LambertPA , SmithJC . Evaluation of disinfecting procedures for aseptic transfer in hospital pharmacy departments . PDA J. Pharm. Sci. Technol.63 , 123 – 38 ( 2009 ).
- Sandle T . Cleaning and disinfection . In : The CDC Handbook: A Guide to Cleaning and Disinfecting Cleanrooms . Grosvenor House Publishing , Surrey, UK , 1 – 31 ( 2012 ).
- Harrington C , WalkerH . The germicidal action of alcohol . Boston Med. Surg. J.148 , 548 – 552 ( 1903 ).
- Beyer A . Alkoholdisinfektion . Ztschr. F. Hyg. U. Infektionskr.70 , 225 ( 1911 ).
- Price PB . Ethyl alcohol as a germicide . Arch. Surg. NY38 , 528 – 542 ( 1939 ).
- Kramer A , GalabovAS , SattarSAet al. Virucidal activity of a new hand disinfectant with reduced ethanol content: comparison with other alcohol-based formulations . J. Hosp. Infect.62 , 98 – 106 ( 2006 ).
- do Prado MF , CoelhoACC , de BritoJPBet al. Antimicrobial efficacy of alcohol-based hand gels with a 30s application . Lett. Appl. Microbiol.54 , 564 – 567 ( 2012 ).
- Pittet D . Compliance with hand disinfection and its impact on hospital-acquired infections . J. Hosp. Infect.48 , S40 – S46 ( 2001 ).
- Sattar SA , AliM , TetroJA . In vivo comparison of two human norovirus surrogates for testing ethanol-based handrubs: the mouse chasing the cat!PLoS ONE6 , e17340 ( 2011 ).
- Scheithauer S , HaefnerH , SchwanzTet al. Hand hygiene in medical students: performance, education and knowledge . Int. J. Hyg. Envir. Health215 , 536 – 539 ( 2012 ).
- Stengele M . Quality of alcohol-based hand disinfectants and their regulatory status . J. Hosp. Infect.70 , 49 – 54 ( 2008 ).
- Elsmore R . Biocide regulation in the EU – past, present and future . Chim. Oggi.30 , 58 – 60 ( 2012 ).
- Sattar SA . Promises and pitfalls of recent advances in chemical means of preventing the spread of nosocomial infections by environmental surfaces . Am. J. Infect. Control38 , S34 – S40 ( 2010 ).
- Reybrouck G . The testing of disinfectants . Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad.41 , 269 – 272 ( 1998 ).
- Rotter M , SattarS , DharanS , AllegranziB , MathaiE , PittetD . Methods to evaluate the microbicidal activities of hand-rub and hand-wash agents . J. Hosp. Infect.73 , 191 – 199 ( 2009 ).
- Holah JT . CEN/TC 216: its role in producing current and future European disinfectant testing standards . Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad.51 , 239 – 243 ( 2003 ).
- Meyer B , MorinVN , RoedgerHJ , HolahJ , BirdC . Do European standard disinfectant tests truly simulate in-use microbial and organic soiling conditions on food preparation surfaces?J. Appl. Microbiol.108 , 1344 – 1351 ( 2010 ).
- Reybrouck G . Milestones in the testing of surface disinfectants: from Robert Koch to CEN TC 216 . GMS Krankenhhyg Interdiszip.2 ( 1 ), Doc 08 ( 2007 ).
- van Klingeren B . A brief history of European harmonization of disinfectant testing – a Dutch view . GMS Krankenhhyg Interdiszip.2 ( 1 ), Doc 14 ( 2007 ).
- Anon . BS EN 1276:1997 . Quantitative Suspension Test for the Evaluation of Bactericidal Activity of Chemical Disinfectants Used in Food, Industrial, Domestic and Institutional Areas–Test Method and Requirements (Phase 2, Step 1) . British Standards Institution , London, UK ( 1997 ).
- Anon . BS EN 13697:2001 . Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics. Quantitative non-porous surface test for the evaluation of bacterial and/or fungicidal activity of chemical disinfectants used in food, industrial, domestic and institutional areas. Test method and requirements without mechanical action . British Standards Institution , London, UK ( 2001 ).
- Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs . http://www.hmrc.gov.uk/ .
- Larson EL , MortonHE . Disinfection, Sterilization and Preservation (4th Edition) . Williams and Wilkins , York, PA, USA ( 1991 ).
- Nikolopoulou A , LerapetritouMG . Optimal design of sustainable chemical processes and supply chains: a review . Comput. Chem. Eng.44 , 94 – 103 ( 2012 ).
- Tung G , MacingaD , ArbogastJ , JaykusLA . Efficacy of commonly used disinfectants for inactivation of human noroviruses and their surrogates . J. Food Prot.76 ( 7 ), 1210 – 1217 ( 2013 ).
- Thomas P . Long-term survival of Bacillus spores in alcohol and identification of 90% ethanol as relatively more spori/bactericidal . Curr. Microbiol.64 ( 2 ), 130 – 139 ( 2012 ).
- Russel AD . Biocide use and antibiotic resistance: the relevance of laboratory findings to clinical and environmental situations . Lancet Infect. Dis.3 , 794 – 803 ( 2003 ).
- 2nd International Conference on Antimicrobial Research – ICAR2012. Lisbon, Portugal , 21 – 23November 2012 .
- Redelman CV , MaduakolamC , AndersonGG . Alcohol treatment enhances Staphylococcus aureus biofilm development . FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol.66 ( 3 ), 411 – 418 ( 2012 ).
- Harris MR , CootePJ . Combination of caspofungin or anidulafungin with antimicrobial peptides results in potent synergistic killing of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata in vitro . Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents35 , 347 – 356 ( 2010 ).
- Rosenblatt J , ReitzelR , DvorakT , JiangY , HachemRY , RaadII . Glyceryl trinitrate complements citrate and ethanol in a novel antimicrobial catheter lock solution to eradicate biofilm organisms . Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.57 ( 8 ), 3555 – 3560 ( 2013 ).