Advanced search
Publication Cover
Future Oncology Volume 5, 2009 - Issue 9
Submit an article Journal homepage
562
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Urokinase Plasminogen Activator System as a Potential Target for Cancer Therapy

Ahmed H Mekkawya University of New South Wales, Sydney, AustraliaView further author information
,
David L Morrisa University of New South Wales, Sydney, AustraliaView further author information
&
Mohammad H Pourgholamib Cancer Research Laboratories, University of New South Wales, Department of Surgery, St George Hospital (SESIAHS), Sydney, NSW2217, Australia. [email protected]Correspondence[email protected]
View further author information
Pages 1487-1499 | Published online: 10 Nov 2009

Bibliography

  • Vassalli JD , BaccinoD, BelinD: A cellular binding site for the Mr 55,000 form of the human plasminogen activator, urokinase.J. Cell Biol.100, 86–92 (1985).
  • Ploug M : Structure-function relationships in the interaction between the urokinase-type plasminogen activator and its receptor.Curr. Pharm. Des.9, 1499–1528 (2003).
  • Behrendt N , PlougM, PatthyL, HouenG, BlasiF, Dan⊘K: The ligand-binding domain of the cell surface receptor for urokinase-type plasminogen activator.J. Biol. Chem.266, 7842–7847 (1991).
  • Behrendt N , RonneE, DanoK: Domain interplay in the urokinase receptor. Requirement for the third domain in high affinity ligand binding and demonstration of ligand contact sites in distinct receptor domains.J. Biol. Chem.271, 22885–22894 (1996).
  • Colman RW , PixleyRA, NajamunnisaSet al.: Binding of high molecular weight kininogen to human endothelial cells is mediated via a site within domains 2 and 3 of the urokinase receptor.J. Clin. Invest.1481–1487 (1997).
  • Gårdsvoll H , Dan⊘K, PlougM: Mapping part of the functional epitope for ligand binding on the receptor for urokinase-type plasminogen activator by site-directed mutagenesis.J. Biol. Chem.274, 37995–38003 (1999).
  • Ploug M , OstergaardS, HansenLB, HolmA, Dan⊘K: Photoaffinity labeling of the human receptor for urokinase-type plasminogen activator using a decapeptide antagonist. Evidence for a composite ligand-binding site and a short interdomain separation.Biochemistry37, 3612–3622 (1998).
  • Ploug M , RenneE, NBehrendt, JensenAL, BlasiF, Dan⊘K: Cellular receptor for urokinase plasminogen activator. Carboxyl-terminal processing and membrane anchoring by glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol.J. Biol. Chem.266, 1926–1933 (1991).
  • Travis J , SalvesenGS: Human plasma proteinase inhibitors.Annu. Rev. Biochem.52, 655–709 (1983).
  • Carrell RW , BoswellDR: Serpins: the superfamily of plasma serine proteinase inhibitors. In: Proteinase Inhibitors. Barrett S (Ed.), Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 403–420 (1986).
  • Nykjaer A , ConeseM, ChristensenEIet al.: Recycling of the urokinase receptor upon internalization of uPA:serpin complexes.EMBO J.16, 2610–2620 (1997).
  • Lijnen HR , De CockF, CollenD: Characterization of the binding of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) to plasminogen, to plasminogen-activator inhibitor-1 and to u-PA receptor.Eur. J. Biochem.224, 567–574 (1994).
  • Carmeliet P , SchoonjansL, KieckensLet al.: Physiological consequences of loss of plasminogen activator gene function in mice.Nature368, 419–424 (1994).
  • Wang Y : The role and regulation of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor gene expression in cancer invasion and metastasis.Med. Res. Rev.21, 146–170 (2001).
  • de Bock CE , WangY: Clinical significance of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) expression in cancer.Med. Res. Rev.24, 13–39 (2004).
  • McMahon B , KwaanHC: The plasminogen activator system and cancer.Pathophysiol. Haemost. Thromb.36, 184–194 (2008).
  • Dass K , AhmadA, AzmiAS, SarkarSH, SarkerFH: Evolving role of uPA/uPAR system in human cancers.Cancer Treat. Rev.34, 122–136 (2008).
  • Lilja H , VickersA, ScardinoP: Measurements of proteases or protease system components in blood to enhance prediction of disease risk or outcome in possible cancer.J. Clin. Oncol.25, 347–348 (2007).
  • Sullenger BA , GilboaE: Emerging clinical applications of RNA.Nature418, 252–258 (2002).
  • Green PJ , PinesO, InouyeM: The role of antisense RNA in gene regulation.Annu. Rev. Biochem.55, 569–597 (1986).
  • Stein CA : The experimental use of antisense oligonucleotides: a guide for the perplexed.J. Clin. Invest.108, 641–644 (2001).
  • Scherer LJ , RossiJJ: Approaches for the sequence-specific knockdown of mRNA.Nat. Biotechnol.21, 1457–1465 (2003).
  • Kook YH , AdamskiJ, ZelentA, OssowskiL: The effect of antisense inhibition of urokinase receptor in human squamous cell carcinoma on malignancy.EMBO J.13, 3983–3991 (1994).
  • Quattrone A , FibbiG, AnichiniEet al.: Reversion of the invasive phenotype of transformed human fibroblasts by antimessenger oligonucleotide inhibition of urokinase receptor gene expression.Cancer Res.55, 90–95 (1995).
  • Mohanam S , ChintalaSK, GoYet al.: In vitro inhibition of human glioblastoma cell line invasiveness by antisense uPA receptor.Oncogene14, 1351–1359 (1997).
  • Margheri F , D’AlessioS, SerratíSet al.: Effects of blocking urokinase receptor signaling by antisense oligonucleotides in a mouse model of experimental prostate cancer bone metastases.Gene Ther.12, 702–714 (2005).
  • D’Alessio S , MargheriF, PucciMet al.: Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides for urokinase-plasminogen activator receptor have anti-invasive and antiproliferative effects in vitro and inhibit sponteneous metastasis of human melanoma in mice.Int. J. Cancer110, 125–133 (2004).
  • Nozaki S , EndoY, NakaharaHet al.: Inhibition of invasion and metastasis in oral cancer by targeting urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor.Oral Oncol.41, 971–977 (2005).
  • Chrisey L , RossiJ, SarverN: Ribozymes: progress and prospects of catalytic RNA as therapeutic agents.Antisense. Res. Dev.1, 57–63 (1991).
  • Kariko K , MegyeriK, XiaoQ, BarnathanES: Lipofectin-aided cell delivery of ribozyme targeted to human urokinase receptor mRNA.FEBS Lett.352, 41–44 (1994).
  • Santoro SW , JoyceGF: A general purpose RNA-cleaving DNA enzyme.PNAS94, 4262–4266 (1997).
  • Wu Y , YuL, McMahonR, RossiJJ, FormanSJ, SnyderDS: Inhibition of bcr-abl oncogene expression by novel deoxyribozymes (DNAzymes).Hum. Gene Ther.10, 2847–2857 (1999).
  • Cairns MJ , KingA, SunLQ: Nucleic acid mutation analysis using catalytic DNA.Nucleic Acids Res.28, E9 (2000).
  • Zhang L , GasperWJ, StassSA, IoffeOB, DavisMA, MixsonAJ: Angiogenic inhibition mediated by a DNAzyme that targets vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2.Cancer Res.62, 5463–5469 (2002).
  • Emilsson GM , BreakerRR: Deoxyribozymes: new activities and new applications.Cell. Mol. Life Sci.59, 596–607 (2002).
  • de Bock CE , LinZ, ItohT, MorrisD, MurrellG, WangY: Inhibition of urokinase receptor gene expression and cell invasion by anti-uPAR DNAzymes in osteosarcoma cells.Eur. J. Biochem.272, 3572–3582 (2005).
  • Dorsett Y , TuschlT: siRNAs: applications in functional genomics and potential as therapeutics.Nat. Rev. Drug Discov.3, 318–329 (2004).
  • Whitehead KA , LangerR, AndersonDG: Knocking down barriers: advances in siRNA delivery.Nat. Rev. Drug Discov.8, 129–138 (2009).
  • Beale G , HollinsAJ, BenboubetraMet al.: Gene silencing nucleic acids designed by scanning arrays: anti-EGFR activity of siRNA, ribozyme and DNA enzymes targeting a single hybridization-accessible region using the same delivery system.J. Drug Target.11, 449–456 (2003).
  • Aagaard L , RossiJJ: RNAi therapeutics: principles, prospects and challenges.Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev.30, 75–86 (2007).
  • Kondraganti S , GondiCS, McCutcheonIet al.: RNAi-mediated downregulation of urokinase plasminogen activator and its receptor in human meningioma cells inhibits tumor invasion and growth.Int. J. Oncol.28, 1353–1360 (2006).
  • MuraliKrishna PS , GondiCS, LakkaSSet al.: RNA interference-directed knockdown of urokinase plasminogen activator and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor inhibits prostate cancer cell invasion, survival and tumorigenicity in vivo.J. Biol. Chem.280, 36529–36540 (2005).
  • Gondi CS , LakkaSS, YanamandraNet al.: Expression of antisense uPAR and antisense uPA from a bicistronic adenoviral construct inhibits glioma cell invasion, tumor growth, and angiogenesis.Oncogene22, 5967–5975 (2003).
  • Gondi CS , LakkaSS, DinhDH, OliveroWC, GujratiM, RaoJS: Downregulation of uPA, uPAR and MMP-9 using small, interfering, hairpin RNA (siRNA) inhibits glioma cell invasion, angiogenesis and tumor growth.Neuron Glia Biol.1, 165–176 (2004).
  • Gondi CS , LakkaSS, DinhDH, OliveroWC, GujratiM, RaoJS: Intraperitoneal injection of a hairpin RNA-expressing plasmid targeting urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) receptor and uPA retards angiogenesis and inhibits intracranial tumor growth in nude mice.Clin. Cancer Res.13, 4051–4060 (2007).
  • Lakka SS , GondiCS, DinhDHet al.: Specific interference of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor and matrix metalloproteinase-9 gene expression induced by double-stranded RNA results in decreased invasion, tumor growth, and angiogenesis in gliomas.J. Biol. Chem.280, 21882–21892 (2005).
  • Tummalapalli P , GondiCS, DinhDH, GujratiM, RaoJS: RNA interference-mediated targeting of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor and matrix metalloproteinase-9 gene expression in the IOMM-lee malignant meningioma cell line inhibits tumor growth, tumor cell invasion and angiogenesis.Int. J. Oncol.31, 5–17 (2007).
  • Kunigal S , LakkaSS, GondiCS, EstesN, RaoJS: RNAi-mediated downregulation of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) and matrix metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9) in human breast cancer cells results in decreased tumor invasion, angiogenesis and growth.Int. J. Cancer121, 2307–2316 (2007).
  • Gondi CS , KandhukuriN, KondragantiSet al.: RNA interference-mediated simultaneous down-regulation of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor and cathepsin B induces caspase-8-mediated apoptosis in SNB19 human glioma cells.Mol. Cancer Ther.5, 3197–3208 (2006).
  • Gondi CS , DinhDH, GujratiM, RaoJS: Simultaneous downregulation of uPAR and MMP-9 induces overexpression of the FADD-associated protein RIP and activates caspase 9-mediated apoptosis in gliomas.Int. J. Oncol.33, 783–790 (2008).
  • Crowley CW , CohenRL, LucasBK, LiuG, ShumanMA, LevinsonAD: Prevention of metastasis by inhibition of the urokinase receptor.PNAS90, 5021–5025 (1993).
  • Min HY , DoyleLV, VittCRet al.: Urokinase receptor antagonists inhibit angiogenesis and primary tumor growth in syngeneic mice.Cancer Res.56, 2428–2433 (1996).
  • Ignar DM , AndrewsJL, WitherspoonSMet al.: Inhibition of establishment of primary and micrometastatic tumors by a urokinase plasminogen activator receptor antagonist.Clin. Exp. Metastasis16, 9–20 (1998).
  • Ertongur S , LangS, MackB, WosikowskiK, MuehlenwegB, GiresO: Inhibition of the invasion capacity of carcinoma cells by WX-UK1, a novel synthetic inhibitor of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator system.Int. J. Cancer110, 815–824 (2004).
  • Setyono-Han B , StürzebecherJ, SchmalixWAet al.: Suppression of rat breast cancer metastasis and reduction of primary tumour growth by the small synthetic urokinase inhibitor WX-UK1.Thromb. Haemost.93, 779–786 (2005).
  • Praus M , WauterickxK, CollenD, GerardRD: Reduction of tumor cell migration and metastasis by adenoviral gene transfer of plasminogen activator inhibitors.Gene Ther.6, 227–236 (1999).
  • Chorostowska-Wynimko J , SwierczR, Skrzypczak-JankunE, WojtowiczA, SelmanSH, JankunJ: A novel form of the plasminogen activator inhibitor created by cystine mutations extends its half-life: relevance to cancer and angiogenesis.Mol. Cancer Ther.2, 19–28 (2003).
  • Wilhelm O , WeidleU, HohlS, RettenbergerP, SchmittM, GraeffH: Recombinant soluble urokinase receptor as a scavenger for urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA). Inhibition of proliferation and invasion of human ovarian cancer cells.FEBS Lett.337, 131–134 (1994).
  • Yebra M , ParryGCN, StrombladSet al.: Requirement of receptor-bound urokinase-type plasminogen activator for integrin αvβ5-directed cell migration.J. Biol. Chem.271, 29393–29399 (1996).
  • Krüger A , SoeltlR, LutzVet al.: Reduction of breast carcinoma tumor growth and lung colonization by overexpression of the soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (CD87).Cancer Gene Ther.7, 292–299 (2000).
  • Appella E , BlasiF: The growth factor module of urokinase is the binding sequence for its receptor.Ann. NY Acad. Sci.511, 192–195 (1987).
  • Appella E , RobinsonEA, UllrichSJet al.: The receptor-binding sequence of urokinase. A biological function for the growth-factor module of proteases.J. Biol. Chem.262, 4437–4440 (1987).
  • Quax PH , GrimbergenJM, LansinkMet al.: Binding of human urokinase-type plasminogen activator to its receptor: residues involved in species specificity and binding.Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.18, 693–701 (1998).
  • Li H , LuH, GriscelliFet al.: Adenovirus mediated delivery of a uPA/uPAR antagonist suppresses angiogenesis dependent tumor growth and dissemination in mice.Gene Ther.5, 1105–1113 (1998).
  • Li H , GriscelliF, LindenmeyerFet al.: Systemic delivery of antiangiogenic adenovirus AdmATF induces liver resistance to metastasis and prolongs survival of mice.Hum. Gene Ther.10, 3045–3053 (1999).
  • Li H , SoriaC, GriscelliFet al.: Amino-terminal fragment of urokinase inhibits tumor cell invasion in vitro and in vivo: respective contribution of the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor-dependent or-independent pathway.Hum. Gene Ther.16, 1157–1167 (2005).
  • Zhu F , JiaS, XingG, GaoL, ZhangL, HeF: cDNA transfection of amino-terminal fragment of urokinase efficiently inhibits cancer cell invasion and metastasis.DNA Cell Biol.20, 297–305 (2001).
  • Luparello C , Del RossoM: In vitro anti-proliferative and anti-invasive role of aminoterminal fragment of urokinase-type plasminogen activator on 8701-BC breast cancer cells.Eur. J. Cancer32A, 702–707 (1996).
  • Mohanam S , ChandrasekarN, YanamandraNet al.: Modulation of invasive properties of human glioblastoma cells stably expressing amino-terminal fragment of urokinase-type plasminogen activator.Oncogene21, 7824–7830 (2002).
  • Goodson RJ , DoyleMV, KaufmanSE, RosenbergS: High-affinity urokinase receptor antagonists identified with bacteriophage peptide display.PNAS91, 7129–7133 (1994).
  • Ke SH , CoombsGS, TachiasK, CoreyDR, MadisonEL: Optimal subsite occupancy and design of a selective inhibitor of urokinase.J. Biol. Chem.272, 20456–20462 (1997).
  • Kobayashi H , GotohJ, FujieM, ShinoharaH, MoniwaN, TeraoT: Inhibition of metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma by a synthetic peptide within growth factor-like domain of urokinase in the experimental and spontaneous metastasis model.Int. J. Cancer57, 727–733 (1994).
  • Bürgle M , KoppitzM, RiemerCet al.: Inhibition of the interaction of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) with its receptor (uPAR) by synthetic peptides.Biol. Chem.378, 231–237 (1997).
  • Tressler RJ , PitotPA, StrattonJRet al.: Urokinase receptor antagonists: discovery and application to in vivo models of tumor growth.APMIS107, 168–173 (1999).
  • Quax PH , LamfersML, LardenoyeJHet al.: Adenoviral expression of a urokinase receptor-targeted protease inhibitor inhibits neointima formation in murine and human blood vessels.Circulation103, 562–569 (2001).
  • Ploug M , StergaardS, GrdsvollHet al.: Peptide-derived antagonists of the urokinase receptor. Affinity maturation by combinatorial chemistry, identification of functional epitopes, and inhibitory effect on cancer cell intravasation.Biochemistry40, 12157–12168 (2001).
  • Sato S , KopitzC, SchmalixWAet al.: High-affinity urokinase-derived cyclic peptides inhibiting urokinase/urokinase receptor-interaction: effects on tumor growth and spread.FEBS Lett.528, 212–216 (2002).
  • Kobayashi H , GotohJ, HirashimaY, FujieM, SuginoD, TeraoT: Inhibitory effect of a conjugate between human urokinase and urinary trypsin inhibitor on tumor cell invasion in vitro.J. Biol. Chem.270, 8361–8366 (1995).
  • Kobayashi H , SuginoD, SheMYet al.: A bifunctional hybrid molecule of the amino-terminal fragment of urokinase and domain of II bikunin efficiently inhibits tumor cell invasion and metastasis.Eur. J. Biochem.253, 817–826 (1998).
  • Lefesvre P , AttemaJ, van BekkumD: Adenoviral gene transfer of angiostatic ATF-BPTI inhibits tumor growth.BMC Cancer2, 17 (2002).
  • Ballance DJ , MarshallJM, CottinghamIRet al.: A hybrid protein of urokinase growth-factor domain and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2 inhibits urokinase activity and binds to the urokinase receptor.Eur. J. Biochem.207, 177–183 (1992).
  • Guo Y , HigaziAA, ArakelianAet al.: A peptide derived from the nonreceptor binding region of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) inhibits tumor progression and angiogenesis and induces tumor cell death in vivo.FASEB J.14, 1400–1410 (2000).
  • Franco P , VoccaI, CarrieroMVet al.: Activation of urokinase receptor by a novel interaction between the connecting peptide region of urokinase and αvβ5 integrin.J. Cell Sci.119, 3424–3434 (2006).
  • Ghamande SS , SilvermanMH, HuhWet al.: A phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of clinical activity and safety of subcutaneous Å6 in women with asymptomatic CA125 progression after first-line chemotherapy of epithelial ovarian cancer.Gynecol. Oncol.111, 89–94 (2008).
  • Berkenblita A , MatulonisbUA, KroenercJFet al.: A°6, a urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA)-derived peptide in patients with advanced gynecologic cancer: a Phase I trial.Gynecol. Oncol.99, 50-57 (2005).
  • Sidenius N , BlasiF: The urokinase plasminogen activator system in cancer: recent advances and implication for prognosis and therapy.Cancer Metastasis Rev.22, 205–222 (2003).
  • Jankun J : Antitumor activity of the type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor and cytotoxic conjugate in vitro.Cancer Res.52, 5829–5832 (1992).
  • Cavallaro U , SoriaMR: Targeting plant toxins to the urokinase and α 2-macroglobulin receptors.Semin. Cancer. Biol.6, 269–278 (1995).
  • Fabbrini MS , CarpaniD, Bello-RiveroI, SoriaMR: The amino-terminal fragment of human urokinase directs a recombinant chimeric toxin to target cells: internalization is toxin mediated.FASEB J.11, 1169–1176 (1997).
  • Ippoliti R , LendaroE, BenedettiPAet al.: Endocytosis of a chimera between human pro-urokinase and the plant toxin saporin: an unusual internalization mechanism.FASEB J.14, 1335–1344 (2000).
  • Rajagopal V , KreitmanRJ: Recombinant toxins that bind to the urokinase receptor are cytotoxic without requiring binding to the α(2)-macroglobulin receptor.J. Biol. Chem.275, 7566–7573 (2000).
  • Liu S , BuggeTH, LepplaSH: Targeting of tumor cells by cell surface urokinase plasminogen activator-dependent anthrax toxin.J. Biol. Chem.276, 17976–17984 (2001).
  • Liu S , AaronsonH, MitolaDJ, LepplaSH, BuggeTH: Potent antitumor activity of a urokinase-activated engineered anthrax toxin.PNAS100, 657–662 (2003).
  • Vallera DA , LiC, JinN, Panoskaltsis-MortariA, HallWA: Targeting urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor on human glioblastoma tumors with diphtheria toxin fusion protein DTAT.J. Natl. Cancer Inst.94, 597–606 (2002).
  • Todhunter DA , HallWA, RustamzadehE, ShuY, DoumbiaSO, ValleraDA: A bispecific immunotoxin (DTAT13) targeting human IL-13 receptor (IL-13R) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) in a mouse xenograft model.Protein Eng. Des. Sel.17, 157–164 (2004).
  • R⊘n⊘ B , R⊘merJ, LiuS, BuggeTH, LepplaSH, KristjansenPE: Antitumor efficacy of a urokinase activation-dependent anthrax toxin.Mol. Cancer Ther.5, 89–96 (2006).
  • Arora N , KlimpelKR, SinghY, LepplaSH: Fusions of anthrax toxin lethal factor to the ADP-ribosylation domain of Pseudomonas exotoxin A are potent cytotoxins which are translocated to the cytosol of mammalian cells.J. Biol. Chem.267, 15542–15548 (1992).
  • Chapman HA : Plasminogen activators, integrins, and the coordinated regulation of cell adhesion and migration.Curr. Opin. Cell Biol.9, 714–724 (1997).
  • Wei Y , TangCH, KimYet al.: Urokinase receptors are required for α 5 β 1 integrin-mediated signaling in tumor cells.J. Biol. Chem.3929–3939 (2007).
  • Wei Y , LukashevM, SimonDIet al.: Regulation of integrin function by the urokinase receptor.Science273, 1551–1555 (1996).
  • van der Pluijm G , SijmonsB, VloedgravenHet al.: Urokinase-receptor/integrin complexes are functionally involved in adhesion and progression of human breast cancer in vivo.Am. J. Pathol.159, 971–982 (2001).
  • Ghosh S , JohnsonJJ, SenRet al.: Functional relevance of urinary-type plasminogen activator receptor-α3β1 integrin association in proteinase regulatory pathways.J. Biol. Chem.281, 13021–13029 (2006).
  • Chaurasia P , MezeiM, ZhouM, OssowskiL: Computer aided identification of small molecules disrupting uPAR/α5β1- integrin interaction: a new paradigm for metastasis prevention.PLoS ONE4, e4617 (2009).
  • Degryse B , ResnatiM, CzekayR, LoskutoffDJ, BlasiF: Domain 2 of the urokinase receptor contains an integrin-interacting epitope with intrinsic signaling activity: generation of a new integrin inhibitor.J. Biol. Chem.280, 24792–24803 (2005).
  • Fazioli F , ResnatiM, SideniusN, HigashimotoY, AppellaE, BlasiF: A urokinase-sensitive region of the human urokinase receptor is responsible for its chemotactic activity.EMBO J.16, 7279–7286 (1997).
  • Resnati M , PallaviciniI, WangJMet al.: Specific immunofluorimetric assay detecting the chemotactic epitope of the urokinase receptor (uPAR).PNAS99, 1359–1364 (2002).
  • Gargiulo L , Longanesi-CattaniI, BifulcoKet al.: Cross-talk between fMLP and vitronectin receptors triggered by urokinase receptor-derived SRSRY peptide.J. Biol. Chem.280, 25225–25232 (2005).
  • Vocca I , FrancoP, AlfanoDet al.: Inhibition of migration and invasion of carcinoma cells by urokinase-derived antagonists of αvβ5 integrin activation.Int. J. Cancer124, 316–325 (2009).
  • Festuccia C , AngelucciA, GravinaGLet al.: Epidermal growth factor modulates prostate cancer cell invasiveness regulating urokinase-type plasminogen activator activity. EGF-receptor inhibition may prevent tumor cell dissemination.Thromb. Haemost.93, 964–975 (2005).

Websites

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.