Advanced search
Publication Cover
Future Oncology Volume 5, 2009 - Issue 7
Submit an article Journal homepage
99
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Association Between Serum Sex Hormone Levels and Prostate Cancer: Effect of Prostate Cancer on Serum Testosterone Levels

Takashi ImamotoDepartment of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba260-8670, Japan. [email protected]Correspondence[email protected]
View further author information
,
Hiroyoshi SuzukiDepartment of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba260-8670, Japan. [email protected]View further author information
,
Takanobu UtsumiDepartment of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba260-8670, Japan. [email protected]View further author information
,
Takumi EndoDepartment of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba260-8670, Japan. [email protected]View further author information
,
Makoto TakanoDepartment of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba260-8670, Japan. [email protected]View further author information
,
Masashi YanoDepartment of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba260-8670, Japan. [email protected]View further author information
,
Koji KawamuraDepartment of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba260-8670, Japan. [email protected]View further author information
,
Naoto KamiyaDepartment of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba260-8670, Japan. [email protected]View further author information
,
Naoki NiheiDepartment of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba260-8670, Japan. [email protected]View further author information
,
Yukio NayaDepartment of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba260-8670, Japan. [email protected]View further author information
&
Tomohiko IchikawaDepartment of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba260-8670, Japan. [email protected]View further author information
 show all
Pages 1005-1013 | Published online: 30 Sep 2009

Bibliography

  • Chan JM , StampferMJ, GiovannucciEL: What causes prostate cancer? A brief summary of the epidemiology.Semin. Cancer Biol.8, 263–273 (1998).
  • Ekman P : Genetic and environmental factors in prostate cancer genesis: identifying high-risk cohorts.Eur. Urol.35, 362–369 (1999).
  • Morgentaler A : Testosterone deficiency and prostate cancer: emerging recognition of an important and troubling relationship.Eur. Urol.52, 623–625 (2007).
  • Stattin P , LummeS, TenkanenLet al.: High levels of circulating testosterone are not associated with increased prostate cancer risk: a pooled prospective study.Int. J. Cancer108, 418–424 (2004).
  • Endogenous Hormones and Prostate Cancer Collaborative Group : Endogenous sex hormones and prostate cancer; a collaborative analysis of 18 prospective studies.J. Natl Cancer Inst.100, 170–183 (2008).
  • Morgentaler A : Testosterone and prostate cancer: an historical perspective on a modern myth.Eur. Urol.50, 935–939 (2006).
  • Freedland SJ , IsaacsWB, PlatzEAet al.: Prostate size and risk of high-grade, advanced prostate cancer and biochemical progression after radical prostatectomy: a search database study.J. Clin. Oncol.23, 7546–7554 (2005).
  • Chen SS , ChenKK, LinATet al.: The correlation between pretreatment serum hormone levels and treatment outcome for patients with prostatic cancer and bony metastasis.BJU Int.89, 710–713 (2002).
  • Hsing AW : Hormones and prostate cancer: what’s next?Epidemiol. Rev.23, 42–58 (2001).
  • Huggins C , StevensRE, HodgesCV: Studies on prostatic cancer: II. The effect of castration on advanced carcinoma of the prostate gland.Arch. Surg.43, 209–212 (1941).
  • Eaton NE , ReevesGK, ApplebyPN, KeyTJ: Endogenous sex hormones and prostate cancer: a quantitative review of prospective studies.Br. J. Cancer80, 930–934 (1999).
  • Kaaks R , LukanovaA, SommersbergB: Plasma androgens, IGF-I, body size and prostate cancer risk: a synthetic review.Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis.3, 157–172 (2000).
  • Hsing AW , ReichardtJK, StanczykFZ: Hormones and prostate cancer: current perspectives and future directions.Prostate52, 213–235 (2002).
  • Parsons JK , CarterHB, PlatzEAet al.: Serum testosterone and the risk of prostate cancer: potential implications for testosterone therapy.Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.14, 2257–2260 (2005).
  • Heikkila R , AhoK, HeliovaaraMet al.: Serum testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin concentrations and the risk of prostate carcinoma: a longitudinal study.Cancer86, 312–315 (1999).
  • Gann PH , HennekensCH, MaJ, LongcopeC, StampferMJ: Prospective study of sex hormone levels and risk of prostate cancer.J. Natl Cancer Inst.88, 1118–1126 (1996).
  • Hsing AW , ComstockGW: Serological precursors of cancer: serum hormones and risk of subsequent prostate cancer.Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.2, 27–32 (1993).
  • Guess HA , FriedmanGD, SadlerMCet al.: 5 α-reductase activity and prostate cancer: a case–control study using stored sera.Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.6, 21–24 (1997).
  • Vatten LJ , UrsinG, RossRKet al.: Androgens in serum and the risk of prostate cancer: a nested case-control study from the Janus serum bank in Norway.Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.6, 967–969 (1997).
  • Dorgan JF , AlbanesD, VirtamoJet al.: Relationships of serum androgens and estrogens to prostate cancer risk: results from a prospective study in Finland.Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.7, 1069–1074 (1998).
  • Svatek RS , ShulmanMJ, BenaimEA, RogersTE, MargulisV: Change in prostate specific antigen following androgen stimulation is an independent predictor of prostate cancer diagnosis.J. Urol.179, 2192–2196 (2008).
  • Rhoden EL , RiednerCE, MorgentalerA: The ratio of serum testosterone-to-prostate specific antigen predicts prostate cancer in hypogonadal men.J. Urol.179, 1741–1745 (2008).
  • Yano M , ImamotoT, SuzukiHet al.: The clinical potential of pretreatment serum testosterone level to improve the efficiency of prostate cancer screening.Eur. Urol.51, 293–295 (2007).
  • Kato T , SuzukiH, KomiyaAet al.: Clinical significance of urinary white blood cell count and serum C-reactive protein level for detection of non-palpable prostate cancer.Int. J. Urol.13, 915–919 (2006).
  • Kawamura K , SuzukiH, KamiyaNet al.: Development of a new nomogram for predicting the probability of a positive initial prostate biopsy in Japanese patients with serum PSA levels less than 10 ng/ml.Int. J. Urol.15, 598–603 (2008).
  • Utsumi T , KawamuraK, SuzukiHet al.: External validation and head-to-head comparison of Japanese and Western prostate biopsy nomograms using Japanese data sets.Int. J. Urol.16, 416–419 (2009).
  • Ross RK , PikeMC, CoetzeeGAet al.: Androgen metabolism and prostate cancer: establishing a model of genetic susceptibility.Cancer Res.58, 4497–4504 (1998).
  • Ross RK , BernsteinL, LoboRAet al.: 5-α-reductase activity and risk of prostate cancer among Japanese and US white and black males.Lancet339, 887–889 (1992).
  • Morgentaler A , TraishAM: Shifting the paradigm of testosterone and prostate cancer: the saturation model and the limits of androgen-dependent growth.Eur. Urol.55, 310–321 (2009).
  • Rhoden EL , MorgentalerA: Risks of testosterone-replacement therapy and recommendations for monitoring.N. Engl. J. Med.350, 482–492 (2004).
  • Bhasin S , SinghAB, MacRPet al.: Managing the risks of prostate disease during testosterone replacement therapy in older men: recommendations for a standardized monitoring plan.J. Androl.24, 299–311 (2003).
  • Barqawi AB , CrawfordED: Testosterone replacement therapy and the risk of prostate cancer: a perspective view.Int. J. Impot. Res.17, 462–463 (2005).
  • Morgentaler A , RhodenEL: Prevalence of prostate cancer among hypogonadal men with prostate-specific antigen of 4.0 ng/ml or less.Urology68, 1263–1267 (2006).
  • Thompson IM , PaulerDK, GoodmanPJet al.: Prevalence of prostate cancer among men with a prostate-specific antigen level ≤4 ng per milliliter.N. Engl. J. Med.350, 2239–2246 (2004).
  • Isbarn H , PinthusJH, MarksLSet al.: Testosterone and prostate cancer: revisiting old paradigms.Eur. Urol. (2009) (Epub ahead of print).
  • Hoffman MA , DeWolfWC, MorgentalerA: Is low serum free testosterone a marker for high grade prostate cancer?J. Urol.163, 824–827 (2000).
  • Schatzl G , MadersbacherS, ThurridlTet al.: High-grade prostate cancer is associated with low serum testosterone levels.Prostate47, 52–58 (2001).
  • Platz EA , LeitzmannMF, RifaiNet al.: Sex steroid hormones and the androgen receptor gene CAG repeat and subsequent risk of prostate cancer in the prostate-specific antigen era.Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.14, 1262–1269 (2005).
  • Ribeiro M , RuffP, FalksonG: Low serum testosterone and a younger age predict for a poor outcome in metastatic prostate cancer.Am. J. Clin. Oncol.20, 605–608 (1997).
  • Massengill JC , SunL, MoulJWet al.: Pretreatment total testosterone level predicts pathological stage in patients with localized prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy.J. Urol.169, 1670–1675 (2003).
  • Imamoto T , SuzukiH, FukasawaSet al.: Pretreatment serum testosterone level as a predictive factor of pathological stage in localized prostate cancer patients treated with radical prostatectomy.Eur. Urol.47, 308–312 (2005).
  • Isom-Batz G , Bianco JrFJ, KattanMWet al.: Testosterone as a predictor of pathological stage in clinically localized prostate cancer.J. Urol.173, 1935–1937 (2005).
  • Zhang PL , RosenS, VeeramachaneniR, KaoJ, DeWolfWC, BubleyG: Association between prostate cancer and serum testosterone levels.Prostate53, 179–182 (2002).
  • Ide H , YasudaM, NishioKet al.: Development of a nomogram for predicting high-grade prostate cancer on biopsy: the significance of serum testosterone levels.Anticancer Res.28, 2487–2492 (2008).
  • Teloken C , Da RosCT, CaraverFet al.: Low serum testosterone levels are associated with positive surgical margins in radical retropubic prostatectomy: hypogonadism represents bad prognosis in prostate cancer.J. Urol.174, 2178–2180 (2005).
  • Partin AW , PoundCR, ClemensJQet al.: Serum PSA after anatomic radical retropubic prostatectomy. The Johns Hopkins experience after 10 years.Urol. Clin. North Am.20, 713–725 (1993).
  • Han M , PartinAW, PoundCRet al.: Long-term biochemical disease-free and cancer specific survival following anatomic radical retropubic prostatectomy. The 15-year Johns Hopkins experience.Urol. Clin. North Am.28, 555–565 (2001).
  • Miller LR , PartinAW, ChanDWet al.: Influence of radical prostatectomy on serum hormone levels.J. Urol.160, 449–453 (1998).
  • Lukkarinen O , HammondGL, KontturiMet al.: Peripheral and prostatic vein steroid concentrations in benign prostatic hypertrophy patients before and after removal of the adenoma.Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol.14, 225–227 (1980).
  • Madersbacher S , SchatzlG, BieglmayerCet al.: Impact of radical prostatectomy and TURP on the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal hormone axis.Urology60, 869–874 (2002).
  • Ghosh PK , GhoshD, GhoshP, ChaudhuriA: Effects of prostatectomy on testicular androgenesis and serum levels of gonadotropins in mature albino rats.Prostate26, 19–22 (1995).
  • Yamamoto S , YoneseJ, KawakamiSet al.: Preoperative serum testosterone level as an independent predictor of treatment failure following radical prostatectomy.Eur. Urol.52, 696–701 (2007).
  • Phadke MA , VanageGR, ShethAR: Circulating levels of inhibin, prolactin, TSH, LH, and FSH in benign prostatic hypertrophy before and after tumor resection.Prostate10, 115–122 (1987).
  • Imamoto T , SuzukiH, YanoMet al.: Does presence of prostate cancer affect serum testosterone levels in clinically localized prostate cancer patients?Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis.12, 78–82 (2009).
  • Lokeshwar BL , HurkadliKS, ShethAR, BlockNL: Human prostatic inhibin suppresses tumor growth and inhibits clonogenic cell survival of a model prostatic adenocarcinoma, the Dunning R3327G rat tumor.Cancer Res.53, 4855–4859 (1993).
  • Sheth AR , GardeSV, MehtaMK, ShahMG: Hormonal modulation of biosynthesis of prostatic specific antigen, prostate specific acid phosphatase and prostatic inhibin peptide.Indian J. Exp. Biol.30, 157–161 (1992).
  • Risbridger GP , ShibataA, FergusonKLet al.: Elevated expression of inhibin A in prostate cancer.J. Urol.171, 192–196 (2004).
  • Imamoto T , SuzukiH, AkakuraKet al.: Pretreatment serum level of testosterone as a prognostic factor in Japanese men with hormonally treated stage D2 prostate cancer.Endocr. J.48, 573–578 (2001).
  • Jorgensen T , KanagasingamY, KaalhusOet al.: Prognostic factors in patients with metastatic (stage D2) prostate cancer: experience from the Scandinavian Prostatic Cancer Group Study-2.J. Urol.158, 164–170 (1997).
  • Chodak GW , VogelzangNJ, CaplanRJ, SolowayMS, SmithJA: Independent prognostic factors in patients with metastatic (stage D2) prostate cancer.JAMA265, 618–621 (1991).
  • Iversen P , RasmussenF, ChristensenIJ: Serum testosterone as a prognostic factor in patients with advanced prostatic carcinoma.Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol. Suppl.157, 41–47 (1994).
  • Harman SM , MetterEJ, TobinJDet al.: Longitudinal effects of aging on serum total and free testosterone levels in healthy men. Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging.J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.86, 724–731 (2001).
  • Vermeulen A : Andropause.Maturitas34, 5–15 (2000).
  • Leifke E , GorenoiV, WichersCet al.: Age-related changes of serum sex hormones, insulin-like growth factor-1 and sex-hormone binding globulin levels in men: cross-sectional data from a healthy male cohort.Clin. Endocrinol.53, 689–695 (2000).
  • Nishiyama T , IkarashiT, HashimotoY, SuzukiK, TakahashiK: Association between the dihydrotestosterone level in the prostate and prostate cancer aggressiveness using the Gleason score.J. Urol.176, 1387–1391 (2006).
  • Thompson IM , GoodmanPJ, TangenCMet al.: The influence of finasteride on the development of prostate cancer.N. Engl. J. Med.349, 215–224 (2003).
  • Carver BS , KattanMW, ScardinoPT, EasthamJA: Gleason grade remains an important prognostic predictor in men diagnosed with prostate cancer while on finasteride therapy.BJU Int.95, 509–512 (2005).
  • Rubin MA , AlloryY, MolinieVet al.: Effects of long-term finasteride treatment on prostate cancer morphology and clinical outcome.Urology66, 930–934 (2005).
  • Tindall DJ , RittmasterRS: The rationale for inhibiting 5α-reductase isoenzymes in the prevention and treatment of prostate cancer.J. Urol.179, 1235–1242 (2008).
  • Festuccia C , GravinaGL, MuziPet al.: Effects of dutasteride on prostate carcinoma primary cultures: a comparative study with finasteride and MK386.J. Urol.180(1), 367–372 (2008).
  • Andriole G , BostwickD, BrawleyOet al.: Chemoprevention of prostate cancer in men at high risk: rationale and design of the Reduction by Dutasteride of Prostate Cancer Events (REDUCE) trial.J. Urol.172, 1314–1317 (2004).
  • Fleshner N , GomellaLG, CooksonMSet al.: Delay in the progression of low-risk prostate cancer: rationale and design of the Reduction by Dutasteride of Clinical Progression Events in Expectant Management (REDEEM) trial.Contemp. Clin. Trials28, 763–769 (2007).
  • Bonkhoff H , BergesR: The evolving role of oestrogens and their receptors in the development and progression of prostate cancer.Eur. Urol.55, 533–542 (2009).
  • Price D , SteinB, SieberPet al.: Toremifene for the prevention of prostate cancer in men with high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia: results of a double-blind, placebo controlled, Phase IIB clinical trial.J. Urol.176, 965–970 (2006).
  • Prehn RT : On the prevention and therapy of prostate cancer by androgen administration.Cancer Res.59, 4161–4164 (1999).
  • Algarte-Genin M , CussenotO, CostaP: Prevention of prostate cancer by androgens: experimental paradox or clinical reality.Eur. Urol.46, 285–295 (2004).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.