138
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Endemic Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis in the Americas: Hidden Under The Dengue Umbrella

, , , , &
Pages 721-740 | Published online: 09 Jun 2011

Bibliography

  • Kubes V , RíosFA: The causative agent of infectious equine encephalomyelitis in Venezuela.Science90(2323) , 20–21 (1939).
  • Beck CE , WyckoffRW: Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis.Science88(2292) , 521–530 (1938).
  • Albornoz JE : [Mad fever of the beasts (Borna disease). Colombia].Bol. Agric. (Suppl.) Min. Agr. Com. Bogota26 , 1–8 (1935).
  • Johnson KM , MartinDH: Venezuelan equine encephalitis.Adv. Vet. Sci. Comp. Med.18(0) , 79–116 (1974).
  • Sanmartin-Barberi C , GrootH, Osorno-MesaE: Human epidemic in Colombia caused by the Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus.Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.3(2) , 283–293 (1954).
  • Weaver S , DalgarnoL, FreyT, HuangH, KinneyR: Family Togaviridae. In: Virus Taxonomy: Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses: Seventh Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. van Regenmortel MHV, Fauquet CM, Bishop DHL et al. (Eds). Academic Press, CA, USA, 879–889 (2000).
  • Gonzalez-Salazar D , Estrada-FrancoJG, CarraraAS, AronsonJF, WeaverSC: Equine amplification and virulence of subtype IE Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses isolated during the 1993 and 1996 Mexican epizootics.Emerg. Infect. Dis.9(2) , 161–168 (2003).
  • Wang E , BowenRA, MedinaG et al.: Virulence and viremia characteristics of 1992 epizootic subtype IC Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses and closely related enzootic subtype ID strains.Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.65(1) , 64–69 (2001).
  • Sudia WD , NewhouseVF, BeadleID et al.: Epidemic Venezuelan equine encephalitis in North America in 1971: vector studies.Am. J. Epidemiol.101(1) , 17–35 (1975).
  • Turell MJ , LudwigGV, BeamanJR: Transmission of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus by Aedes sollicitans and Aedes taeniorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae).J. Med. Entomol.29(1) , 62–65 (1992).
  • Kramer LD , SchererWF: Vector competence of mosquitoes as a marker to distinguish Central American and Mexican epizootic from enzootic strains of Venezuelan encephalitis virus.Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.25(2) , 336–346 (1976).
  • Grayson MA , GalindoP: Experimental transmission of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus by Deinocerites pseudes Dyar and Knab, 1909.J. Med. Entomol.9(3) , 196–200 (1972).
  • Groot H : The health and economic impact of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE). In: Venezuelan Encephalitis. Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, USA, 7–16 (1972).
  • Lord RD : History and geographic distribution of Venezuelan equine encephalitis.Bull. Pan. Am. Health Organ.8(2) , 100–110 (1974).
  • Hinman AR , McGowanJE, HendersonBE: Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis: surveys of human illness during an epizootic in Guatemala and El Salvador.Am. J. Epidemiol.93(2) , 130–136 (1971).
  • Sudia WD , LordRD, NewhouseVF, MillerDL, KisslingRE: Vector–host studies of an epizootic of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis in Guatemala, 1969.Am. J. Epidemiol.93(2) , 137–143 (1971).
  • Reta-Pettersson G : The problem of Venezuelan equine encephalitis in Mexico. In: International Round Table on VEE. Mexican Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock and the Pan American Health Organization, Mexico, 1–22 (1970).
  • Zarate M : Arbovirus and arbovirosis in Mexico. In: Veterinary Sciences (Spanish version). Chang RE (Ed.). Veterinary School UNAM, Mexico, 157–180 (1978).
  • Morilla-Gonzales A : Venezuelan equine encephalitis. In: Veterinary Sciences (Spanish version). Chang RE (Ed.). Veterinary School UNAM, Mexico, 163–194 (1976).
  • Oberste MS , FraireM, NavarroR et al.: Association of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus subtype IE with two equine epizootics in Mexico.Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.59(1) , 100–107 (1998).
  • Rivas F , DiazLA, CardenasVM et al.: Epidemic Venezuelan equine encephalitis in La Guajira, Colombia, 1995.J. Infect. Dis.175(4) , 828–832 (1997).
  • Weaver SC , SalasR, Rico-HesseR et al.: Re-emergence of epidemic Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis in South America. VEE Study Group.Lancet348(9025) , 436–440 (1996).
  • CDC: Venezuelan equine encephalitis – Colombia, 1995. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep.44(39) , 721–724 (1995).
  • Weaver SC , PfefferM, MarriottK, KangW, KinneyRM: Genetic evidence for the origins of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus subtype IAB outbreaks.Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.60(3) , 441–448 (1999).
  • Kinney RM , TsuchiyaKR, SneiderJM, TrentDW: Molecular evidence for the origin of the widespread Venezuelan equine encephalitis epizootic of 1969 to 1972.J. Gen. Virol.73(Pt 12) , 3301–3305 (1992).
  • Young NA , JohnsonKM: Antigenic variants of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus: their geographic distribution and epidemiologic significance.Am. J. Epidemiol.89(3) , 286–307 (1969).
  • Kinney RM , TsuchiyaKR, SneiderJM, TrentDW: Genetic evidence that epizootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) viruses may have evolved from enzootic VEE subtype I-D virus.Virology191(2) , 569–580 (1992).
  • Rico-Hesse R , RoehrigJT, TrentDW, DickermanRW: Genetic variation of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus strains of the ID variety in Colombia.Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.38(1) , 195–204 (1988).
  • Greene IP , PaesslerS, AustgenL et al.: Envelope glycoprotein mutations mediate equine amplification and virulence of epizootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus.J. Virol.79(14) , 9128–9133 (2005).
  • Anishchenko M , BowenRA, PaesslerS, AustgenL, GreeneIP, WeaverSC: Venezuelan encephalitis emergence mediated by a phylogenetically predicted viral mutation.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA103(13) , 4994–4999 (2006).
  • Walton T , GraysonM: Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis. In: The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Monath T (Ed.). CRC Press, FL, USA, 203–231 (1988).
  • Young NA , JohnsonKM, GauldLW: Viruses of the Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis complex. Experimental infection of Panamanian rodents.Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.18(2) , 290–296 (1969).
  • Grayson MA , GalindoP: Ecology of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in Panama.J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.155(12) , 2141–2145 (1969).
  • Barrera R , FerroC, NavarroJC et al.: Contrasting sylvatic foci of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in northern South America.Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.67(3) , 324–334 (2002).
  • Chamberlain RW , SudiaWD, WorkTH, ColemanPH, NewhouseVF, JohnstonJG: Arbovirus studies in south Florida, with emphasis on Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus.Am. J. Epidemiol.89(2) , 197–210 (1969).
  • Lord RD , CalisherCH, SudiaWD, WorkTH: Ecological investigation of vertebrate hosts of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus in south Florida.Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.22(1) , 116–123 (1973).
  • Monath TP , LazuickJS, CroppCB et al.: Recovery of Tonate virus (‘Bijou Bridge‘ strain), a member of the Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus complex, from cliff swallow nest bugs (Oeciacus vicarius) and nestling birds in North America.Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.29(5) , 969–983 (1980).
  • Mitchell CJ , MonathTP, SabattiniMS et al.: Arbovirus investigations in Argentina, 1977–1980. II. Arthropod collections and virus isolations from Argentine mosquitoes.Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.34(5) , 945–955 (1985).
  • Pisano MB , RéVE, DíazLA et al.: Enzootic activity of pixuna and Rio Negro viruses (Venezuelan equine encephalitis complex) in a neotropical region of Argentina.Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis.10(2) , 199–201 (2010).
  • Aguilar PV , AdamsAP, SuárezV et al.: Genetic characterization of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus from Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru: identification of a new subtype ID lineage.PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis.3(9) , E514 (2009).
  • Forshey BM , GuevaraC, Laguna-TorresVA et al.: Arboviral etiologies of acute febrile illnesses in western South America, 2000–2007.PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis.4(8) , E787 (2010).
  • Gonzalo Sotomayor C : A study of the virus of equine encephalomyelitis in Ecuador.J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.109(837) , 478–480 (1946).
  • Manock SR , JacobsenKH, de Bravo NB et al.: Etiology of acute undifferentiated febrile illness in the Amazon basin of Ecuador. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.81(1) , 146–151 (2009).
  • Powers AM , ObersteMS, BraultAC et al.: Repeated emergence of epidemic/epizootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis from a single genotype of enzootic subtype ID virus.J. Virol.71(9) , 6697–6705 (1997).
  • Gutierrev E , MonathTP, AlavaA, UriguenD, ArzubeM, ChamberlainRW: Epidemiologic investigations of the 1969 epidemic of Venezuelan encephalitis in Ecuador.Am. J. Epidemiol.102(5) , 400–413 (1975).
  • Groot H , KerrJA, SanmartinC, VidalesH: Antibodies to yellow fever and other arthropod-borne viruses in human residents of San Vicente de Chucuri, Santander, Colombia.Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.8(2 Pt 1) , 175–189 (1959).
  • Groot H : [Studies on arthropod-borne viruses in Colombia].Rev. Acad. Colomb. Cien. Exact. Nat.12 , 197–217 (1964).
  • Groot H , MoralesA, RomeroM et al.: [Studies on arboviruses in Colombia in the 1970s].Biomedica16 , 331–344 (1996).
  • Ferro C , BoshellJ, MoncayoAC et al.: Natural enzootic vectors of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Magdalena Valley, Colombia.Emerg. Infect. Dis.9(1) , 49–54 (2003).
  • Ferro C , RamirezM, GonzalesM, AhumadaM, BoshellJ, WeaverSC: A periurban, enzootic transmission cycle of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus subtype ID in the Magdalena Valley of central Colombia. Presented at: 52nd Annual Meeting of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Philadelphia, PA, USA, 3–7 December 2003.
  • Ferro C , OlanoVA, AhumadaM, WeaverS: Mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) in the small village where a human case of Venezuelan equine encephalitis was recorded.Biomedica28(2) , 234–244 (2008).
  • Sanchez-Seco M , CasanovaC, OryF, Gallego-GomezC, TenorioA: Outbreak of febrile illness in Colombia (2008) by VEEV. Presented at: International Meeting on Emerging Diseases and Surveillance 2011. Vienna, Austria, 4–7 February 2011.
  • Sanmartín C , TrapidoH, BarretoP, LesmesCI: Isolations of Venezuelan and Eastern equine encephalomyelitis viruses from sentinel hamsters exposed in the Pacific lowlands of Colombia.Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.20(3) , 469–473 (1971).
  • De Mucha-Macías J , Sanchez-SpindolaI, Campillo-SainzC: Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis antibodies in human beings of southeastern Mexico.Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.15(3) , 364–368 (1966).
  • De Mucha Macias J : Arbovirus infections. Studies made at the Instituto Nacional de Virologia de la Secretaria de Salubridad y Asistencia.Gac. Med. Mex.93 , 415–420 (1963).
  • Scherer WF , DickermanRW, ChiaCW, VenturaA, MoorhouseA, GeigerR: Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in Veracruz, Mexico, and the use of hamsters as sentinels.Science145 , 274–275 (1964).
  • Zárate ML , SchererWF, DickermanRW: A probable case of Venezuelan equine encephalitis occurring in Jáltipan, Veracruz, Mexico, 1965.Salud Publica Mex.13(1) , 97–99 (1971).
  • Morilla-González A , de Mucha-Macías J: Occurrence of Venezuelan epizootic equine encephalitis in Tamaulipas, Mex. Rev. Invest. Salud Publica29(1) , 3–20 (1969).
  • Zarate M , Morilla-GonzalezD: [Circulation of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus after 20 years of silence in Tabasco, Mexico 1991]. In: Encefalitis Equinas por Arbovirus. Zarate-Aquino M, Morilla-Gonzalez A, Batalla-Campero D (Eds). Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agricolas y Pecuarias, Instituto Interamericano de Cooperacion para la Agricultura and the Pan American Health Organization, Mexico, 175–187 (1999).
  • Oberste MS , SchmuraSM, WeaverSC, SmithJF: Geographic distribution of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus subtype IE genotypes in Central America and Mexico.Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.60(4) , 630–634 (1999).
  • Estrada-Franco JG , Navarro-LopezR, FreierJE et al.: Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, southern Mexico.Emerg. Infect. Dis.10(12) , 2113–2121 (2004).
  • Brault AC , PowersAM, OrtizD, Estrada-FrancoJG, Navarro-LopezR, WeaverSC: Venezuelan equine encephalitis emergence: enhanced vector infection from a single amino acid substitution in the envelope glycoprotein.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA101(31) , 11344–11349 (2004).
  • Deardorff ER , WeaverSC: Vector competence of Culex (Melanoconion) taeniopus for equine-virulent subtype IE strains of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus.Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.82(6) , 1047–1052 (2010).
  • Cupp EW , SchererWF, LokJB, BrennerRJ, DziemGM, OrdonezJV: Entomological studies at an enzootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus focus in Guatemala, 1977–1980.Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.35(4) , 851–859 (1986).
  • Deardorff ER , ForresterNL, Travassos da Rosa AP et al.: Experimental infections of Oryzomys couesi with sympatric arboviruses from Mexico. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.82(2) , 350–353 (2010).
  • Scherer WF , Campillo-SainzC, DickermanRW, Diaz-NajeraA, MadalengoitiaJ: Isolation of Tlacotalpan virus, a new Bunyamwera-group virus from Mexican mosquitoes.Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.16(1) , 79–91 (1967).
  • Scherer WF , ZarateML, DickermanRW: Discovery and identification of group C, Nepuyo arbovirus in Mexico.Bol. Oficina. Sanit. Panam.66(4) , 325–338 (1969).
  • Johnson KM , ShelokovA, PeraltaPH, DamminGJ, YoungNA: Recovery of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus in Panama. A fatal case in man.Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.17(3) , 432–440 (1968).
  • Franck PT , JohnsonKM: An outbreak of Venezuelan encephalitis in man in the Panama Canal Zone.Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.19(5) , 860–865 (1970).
  • Srihongse S , SchererWF, GalindoP: Detection of arboviruses by sentinel hamsters during the low period of transmission.Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.16(4) , 519–524 (1967).
  • Sanchez JL , TakafujiET, LednarWM et al.: Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis: report of an outbreak associated with jungle exposure.Mil. Med.149(11) , 618–621 (1984).
  • Walton TE , AlvarezO Jr, Buckwalter RM, Johnson KM: Experimental infection of horses with enzootic and epizootic strains of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. J. Infect. Dis.128(3) , 271–282 (1973).
  • Grayson MA , GalindoP: Epidemiologic studies of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in Almirante, Panama.Am. J. Epidemiol.88(1) , 80–96 (1968).
  • Galindo P , GraysonMA: Culex (Melanoconion) aikenii: natural vector in Panama of endemic Venezuelan encephalitis.Science172(983) , 594–595 (1971).
  • Quiroz E , AguilarPV, CisnerosJ, TeshRB, WeaverSC: Venezuelan equine encephalitis in Panama: fatal endemic disease and genetic diversity of etiologic viral strains.PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis.3(6) , E472 (2009).
  • Briceno Rossi AL : Rural epidemic encephalitis in Venezuela caused by a group A arbovirus (VEE).Progr. Med. Virol.9 , 176–203 (1967).
  • Weaver SC , FerroC, BarreraR, BoshellJ, NavarroJC: Venezuelan equine encephalitis.Annu. Rev. Entomol.49 , 141–174 (2004).
  • Scherer WF , ChinJ: An unusual strain of Venezuelan encephalitis virus existing sympatrically with subtype I-D strains in a Peruvian rain forest.Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.32(4) , 871–876 (1983).
  • Scherer WF , AndersonK: Antigenic and biologic characteristics of Venezuelan encephalitis virus strains including a possible new subtype, isolated from the Amazon region of Peru in 1971.Am. J. Epidemiol.101(4) , 356–361 (1975).
  • Scherer WF , MadalengoitiaJ, FloresW, AcostaM: Ecologic studies of Venezuelan encephalitis virus in Peru during 1970–1971.Am. J. Epidemiol.101(4) , 347–355 (1975).
  • Watts DM , LaveraV, CallahanJ et al.: Venezuelan equine encephalitis and Oropouche virus infections among Peruvian army troops in the Amazon region of Peru.Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.56(6) , 661–667 (1997).
  • Watts DM , CallahanJ, RossiC et al.: Venezuelan equine encephalitis febrile cases among humans in the Peruvian Amazon river region.Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.58(1) , 35–40 (1998).
  • Aguilar PV , GreeneIP, CoffeyLL et al.: Endemic Venezuelan equine encephalitis in northern Peru.Emerg. Infect. Dis.10(5) , 880–888 (2004).
  • Vilcarromero S , Laguna-TorresVA, FernándezC et al.: Venezuelan equine encephalitis and upper gastrointestinal bleeding in child.Emerg. Infect. Dis.15(2) , 323–325 (2009).
  • Vilcarromero S , AguilarPV, HalseyES et al.: Venezuelan equine encephalitis and 2 human deaths, Peru.Emerg. Infect. Dis.16(3) , 553–556 (2010).
  • Morrison AC , ForsheyBM, NotyceD et al.: Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in iquitos, Peru: urban transmission of a sylvatic strain.PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis.2(12) , E349 (2008).
  • Turell MJ , JonesJW, SardelisMR et al.: Vector competence of Peruvian mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) for epizootic and enzootic strains of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus.J. Med. Entomol.37(6) , 835–839 (2000).
  • Turell MJ , DohmDJ, FernandezR, CalampaC, O‘GuinnML: Vector competence of Peruvian mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) for a subtype IIIC virus in the Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis complex isolated from mosquitoes captured in Peru.J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc.22(1) , 70–75 (2006).
  • Yanoviak SP , AguilarPV, LounibosLP, WeaverSC: Transmission of a Venezuelan equine encephalitis complex alphavirus by Culex (Melanoconion) gnomatos (Diptera: Culicidae) in northeastern Peru.J. Med. Entomol.42(3) , 404–408 (2005).
  • Hotez PJ , BottazziME, Franco-ParedesC, AultSK, PeriagoMR: The neglected tropical diseases of Latin America and the Caribbean: a review of disease burden and distribution and a roadmap for control and elimination.PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis.2(9) , E300 (2008).
  • Bowen GS , CalisherCH: Virological and serological studies of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis in humans.J. Clin. Microbiol.4(1) , 22–27 (1976).
  • Casamassima AC , HessLW, MartyA: TC-83 Venezuelan equine encephalitis vaccine exposure during pregnancy.Teratology36(3) , 287–289 (1987).
  • Bowen GS : Human disease: USA. In: Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis. Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, USA, 231–234 (1972).
  • Berge TO , BanksIS, TigerttWD: Attenuation of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus by in vitro cultivation in guinea pig heart cells.Am. J. Hyg.73 , 209–218 (1961).
  • Walton TE , JohnsonKM: Persistence of neutralizing antibody in Equidae vaccinated with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis vaccine strain TC-83.J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.161(8) , 916–918 (1972).
  • Kinney RM , ChangGJ, TsuchiyaKR et al.: Attenuation of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus strain TC-83 is encoded by the 5´-noncoding region and the E2 envelope glycoprotein.J. Virol.67(3) , 1269–1277 (1993).
  • Pedersen CE Jr, Robinson DM, Cole FE Jr: Isolation of the vaccine strain of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus from mosquitoes in Louisiana. Am. J. Epidemiol.95(5) , 490–496 (1972).
  • Pittman PR , MakuchRS, MangiaficoJA, CannonTL, GibbsPH, PetersCJ: Long-term duration of detectable neutralizing antibodies after administration of live-attenuated VEE vaccine and following booster vaccination with inactivated VEE vaccine.Vaccine14(4) , 337–343 (1996).
  • Pulendran B : Learning immunology from the yellow fever vaccine: innate immunity to systems vaccinology.Nat. Rev. Immunol.9(10) , 741–747 (2009).
  • Paessler S , WeaverSC: Vaccines for Venezuelan equine encephalitis.Vaccine27(Suppl. 4) , D80–D85 (2009).
  • Davis NL , BrownKW, GreenwaldGF et al.: Attenuated mutants of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus containing lethal mutations in the PE2 cleavage signal combined with a second-site suppressor mutation in E1.Virology212(1) , 102–110 (1995).
  • Cabezas C : [Etiological profile of acute febrile syndrome in high risk areas of infectious diseases transmission in Peru 2000–2001].Rev. Peru. Med. Exp. Salud Publica22(3) , 165–174 (2005).
  • Weaver SC , ReisenWK: Present and future arboviral threats.Antiviral Res.85(2) , 328–345 (2009).
  • Mendez W , LiriaJ, NavarroJC et al.: Spatial dispersion of adult mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in a sylvatic focus of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus.J. Med. Entomol.38(6) , 813–821 (2001).
  • Barrera R , TorresN, FreierJE et al.: Characterization of enzootic foci of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in western Venezuela.Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis.1(3) , 219–230 (2001).
  • Weaver SC , SchererWF, TaylorCA, CastelloDA, CuppEW: Laboratory vector competence of Culex (Melanoconion) cedecei for sympatric and allopatric Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis viruses.Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.35(3) , 619–623 (1986).
  • Coffey LL , CarraraAS, PaesslerS et al.: Experimental Everglades virus infection of cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus).Emerg. Infect. Dis.10(12) , 2182–2188 (2004).
  • Ortiz DI , KangW, WeaverSC: Susceptibility of Ae. aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) to infection with epidemic (subtype IC) and enzootic (subtypes ID, IIIC, IIID) Venezuelan equine encephalitis complex alphaviruses.J. Med. Entomol.45(6) , 1117–1125 (2008).
  • Turell MJ , BeamanJR: Experimental transmission of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus by a strain of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) from New Orleans, Louisiana.J. Med. Entomol.29(5) , 802–805 (1992).
  • Suarez OM , BergoldGH: Investigations of an outbreak of Venezuelan equine encephalitis in towns of eastern Venezuela.Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.17(6) , 875–880 (1968).
  • Martin SS , BakkenRR, LindCM et al.: Evaluation of formalin inactivated V3526 virus with adjuvant as a next generation vaccine candidate for Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus.Vaccine28(18) , 3143–3151 (2010).
  • Paessler S , NiH, PetrakovaO et al.: Replication and clearance of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus from the brains of animals vaccinated with chimeric SIN/VEE viruses.J. Virol.80(6) , 2784–2796 (2006).
  • Paessler S , FayzulinRZ, AnishchenkoM, GreeneIP, WeaverSC, FrolovI: Recombinant Sindbis/Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus is highly attenuated and immunogenic.J. Virol.77(17) , 9278–9286 (2003).
  • Kenney JL , VolkSM, PandyaJ, WangE, LiangX, WeaverSC: Stability of RNA virus attenuation approaches.Vaccine29(12) , 2230–2234 (2011).
  • Dupuy LC , LocherCP, PaidhungatM et al.: Directed molecular evolution improves the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus DNA vaccine.Vaccine27(31) , 4152–4160 (2009).
  • Weaver SC , ReisenWK: Present and future arboviral threats.Antiviral Res.85(2) , 328–345 (2009).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.