Treating Medullary Thyroid Cancer in the Age of Targeted Therapy

References

• The American Cancer Society : Thyroid Cancer (2014). www.cancer.org/acs/groups/cid/documents/webcontent/003144-pdf.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Ferlay J , SoerjomataramI, ErvikMet al. GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 (2013). http://globocan.iarc.fr.
   Google Scholar
• Donis-Keller H , DouS, ChiDet al. Mutations in the RET proto-oncogene are associated with MEN 2A and FMTC. Hum. Mol. Genet.2(7), 851–856 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofstra RM , LandsvaterRM, CeccheriniIet al. A mutation in the RET proto-oncogene associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B and sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma. Nature367(6461), 375–376 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulligan LM , KwokJB, HealeyCSet al. Germ-line mutations of the RET proto-oncogene in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A. Nature363(6428), 458–460 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force , KloosRT, EngCet al.Medullary thyroid cancer: management guidelines of the American Thyroid Association. Thyroid19(6), 565–612 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waguespack SG , RichTA, PerrierND, JimenezC, CoteGJ. Management of medullary thyroid carcinoma and MEN2 syndromes in childhood. Nature Rev. Endocrinol.7(10), 596–607 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells SA, Jr, PaciniF, RobinsonBG, SantoroM. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 and familial medullary thyroid carcinoma: an update. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.98(8), 3149–3164 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bamford S , DawsonE, ForbesSet al. The COSMIC (Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer) database and website. Br. J. Cancer91(2), 355–358 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eng C , SmithDP, MulliganLMet al. Point mutation within the tyrosine kinase domain of the RET proto-oncogene in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B and related sporadic tumours. Hum. Mol. Genet.3(2), 237–241 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wohllk N , CoteGJ, BugalhoMMet al. Relevance of RET proto-oncogene mutations in sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.81(10), 3740–3745 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elisei R , SchlumbergerMJ, MullerSPet al. Cabozantinib in progressive medullary thyroid cancer. J. Clin. Oncol.31(29), 3639–3646 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornton K , KimG, MaherVEet al. Vandetanib for the treatment of symptomatic or progressive medullary thyroid cancer in patients with unresectable locally advanced or metastatic disease: U.S. Food and Drug Administration drug approval summary. Clin. Cancer Res.18(14), 3722–3730 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells SA, Jr, RobinsonBG, GagelRFet al. Vandetanib in patients with locally advanced or metastatic medullary thyroid cancer: a randomized, double-blind phase III trial. J. Clin. Oncol.30(2), 134–141 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boostrom SY , GrantCS, ThompsonGBet al. Need for a revised staging consensus in medullary thyroid carcinoma. Arch. Surg.144(7), 663–669 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kandil E , GilsonMM, AlabbasHH, TufaroAP, DackiwA, TufanoRP. Survival implications of cervical lymphadenectomy in patients with medullary thyroid cancer. Ann. Surg. Oncol.18(4), 1028–1034 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machens A , DralleH. Prognostic impact of N staging in 715 medullary thyroid cancer patients: proposal for a revised staging system. Ann. Surg.257(2), 323–329 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Thyroid Association Surgery Working Group , American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery et al. Consensus statement on the terminology and classification of central neck dissection for thyroid cancer. Thyroid19(11), 1153–1158 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edge SB . American Joint Committee on Cancer. AJCC cancer staging manual (7th Edition). Springer, NY, USA (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Machens A , HolzhausenHJ, DralleH. Contralateral cervical and mediastinal lymph node metastasis in medullary thyroid cancer: systemic disease?Surgery139(1), 28–32 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machens A , SchneyerU, HolzhausenHJ, DralleH. Prospects of remission in medullary thyroid carcinoma according to basal calcitonin level. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.90(4), 2029–2034 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ong SC , SchoderH, PatelSGet al. Diagnostic accuracy of 18F-FDG PET in restaging patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma and elevated calcitonin levels. J. Nucl. Med.48(4), 501–507 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbet J , CampionL, Kraeber-BodereF, ChatalJF. GTE Study Group. Prognostic impact of serum calcitonin and carcinoembryonic antigen doubling-times in patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.90(11), 6077–6084 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laure Giraudet A , Al GhulzanA, AuperinAet al. Progression of medullary thyroid carcinoma: assessment with calcitonin and carcinoembryonic antigen doubling times. Eur. J. Endocrinol.158(2), 239–246 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meijer JA , Le CessieS, Van Den HoutWBet al. Calcitonin and carcinoembryonic antigen doubling times as prognostic factors in medullary thyroid carcinoma: a structured meta-analysis. Clin. Endocrinol.72(4), 534–542 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Thyroid Association . www.thyroid.org.
   Google Scholar
• Eisenhauer EA , TherasseP, BogaertsJet al. New response evaluation criteria in solid tumours: revised RECIST guideline (version 1.1). Eur. J. Cancer45(2), 228–247 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dadu R , CabanillasME. Optimizing therapy for radioactive iodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer: current state of the art and future directions. Minerva Endocrinol.37(4), 335–356 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regalbuto C , FrascaF, PellegritiGet al. Update on thyroid cancer treatment. Future Oncol.8(10), 1331–1348 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurzrock R , ShermanSI, BallDWet al. Activity of XL184 (cabozantinib), an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with medullary thyroid cancer. J. Clin. Oncol.29(19), 2660–2666 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Antona C , PallaresJ, Montero-CondeCet al. Overexpression and activation of EGFR and VEGFR2 in medullary thyroid carcinomas is related to metastasis. Endocr. Relat. Cancer17(1), 7–16 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson BG , Paz-AresL, KrebsA, VasselliJ, HaddadR. Vandetanib (100 mg) in patients with locally advanced or metastatic hereditary medullary thyroid cancer. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.95(6), 2664–2671 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells SA, Jr, GosnellJE, GagelRFet al. Vandetanib for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic hereditary medullary thyroid cancer. J. Clin. Oncol.28(5), 767–772 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papotti M , OliveroM, VolanteMet al. Expression of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its receptor (MET) in medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Endocr. Pathol.11(1), 19–30 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carhill AA , CabanillasME, JimenezCet al. The noninvestigational use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in thyroid cancer: establishing a standard for patient safety and monitoring. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.98(1), 31–42 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabanillas ME , HuMI, DurandJB, BusaidyNL. Challenges associated with tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy for metastatic thyroid cancer. J. Thyroid Res.2011, 985780 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Viola D , CappagliV, EliseiR. Cabozantinib (XL184) for the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic progressive medullary thyroid cancer. Future Oncol.9(8), 1083–1092 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minton O , RichardsonA, SharpeM, HotopfM, StoneP. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the pharmacological treatment of cancer-related fatigue. J. Natl Cancer Inst.100(16), 1155–1166 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Massicotte MH , BorgetI, BroutinSet al. Body composition variation and impact of low skeletal muscle mass in patients with advanced medullary thyroid carcinoma treated with vandetanib: results from a placebo-controlled study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.98(6), 2401–2408 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cometriq (Cabozantinib) prescribing information . Exelixis, Inc., CA, USA. www.cometriq.com/downloads/Cometriq_Full_Prescribing_Information.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Lp AP . Caprelsa (vandetanib) prescribing information. AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, DE, USA. www.astrazeneca-us.com/pi/caprelsa.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Joensuu H , TrentJC, ReichardtP. Practical management of tyrosine kinase inhibitor-associated side effects in GIST. Cancer Treat. Rev.37(1), 75–88 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balagula Y , LacoutureME, CotliarJA. Dermatologic toxicities of targeted anticancer therapies. J. Support. Oncol.8(4), 149–161 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Giacchero D , RamacciottiC, ArnaultJPet al. A new spectrum of skin toxic effects associated with the multikinase inhibitor vandetanib. Arch. Dermatol.148(12), 1418–1420 (2012).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blevins DP , DaduR, HuMet al. Aerodigestive fistula formation as a rare side effect of antiangiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy for thyroid cancer. Thyroid24(5), 918–922 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar