212
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Recent advances in bacillus Calmette–Guerin immunotherapy in bladder cancer

, , &
Pages 551-560 | Published online: 16 Jul 2010

Bibliography

  • Alexandroff AB , JamesK: Immunotherapy of bladder cancer. In: Cancer Vaccines and Immunotherapy. Stern PL, Berverley P, Carroll MW (Eds).Cambridge University Press, UK, 19–46 (2000).
  • Alexandroff AB , JacksonAM, O‘DonnellMA, JamesK: BCG immunotherapy of bladder cancer: 20 years on.Lancet353(9165) , 1689–1694 (1999).
  • Centanni E , RezzesiF: Studio sperimentale sull‘antagonismo fra tuberculosi e carno.Rif. Med.42 , 195–200 (1926).
  • Holmgren I : La tuberculine di le BCG chez les concereux.Schweiz. Med. Wochenschr.65 , 1203–1206 (1935).
  • Mathe G , AmielJL, SchwarzenbergLet al.: Active immunotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.Lancet1(7597) , 697–699 (1969).
  • Morales A , EidingerD, BruceAW: Intracavitary bacillus Calmette–Guerin in the treatment of superficial bladder tumors.J. Urol.116(2) , 180–183 (1976).
  • Lamm DL , ThorDE, HarrisSC, ReynaJA, StogdillVD, RadwinHM: bacillus Calmette–Guerin immunotherapy of superficial bladder cancer.J. Urol.124(1) , 38–40 (1980).
  • Lamm DL , BlumensteinBA, CrawfordDet al.: Randomised intergroup comparison of Bacillus Calmette–Guerin immunotherapy and mitomycin C chemotherapy prophylaxis in superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.Urol. Oncol.1 , 119–126 (1995).
  • Hussain MH , WoodDP, BajorinDFet al.: Bladder cancer: narrowing the gap between evidence and practice.J. Clin. Oncol.27(34) , 5680–5684 (2009).
  • Shelley MD , MasonMD, KynastonH: Intravesical therapy for superficial bladder cancer: a systematic review of randomised trials and meta-analyses.Cancer Treat. Rev.36(3) , 195–205 (2010).
  • Shelley MD , CourtJB, KynastonH, WiltTJ, FishRG, MasonM: Intravesical bacillus Calmette–Guerin in Ta and T1 bladder cancer.Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (4) , CD001986 (2000).
  • Shelley MD , CourtJB, KynastonH, WiltTJ, ColesB, MasonM: Intravesical Bacillus Calmette–Guerin versus mitomycin C for Ta and T1 bladder cancer.Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (3) , CD003231 (2003).
  • Malmstrom PU , SylvesterRJ, CrawfordDEet al.: An individual patient data meta-analysis of the long-term outcome of randomised studies comparing intravesical mitomycin C versus bacillus Calmette–Guerin for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.Eur. Urol.56(2) , 247–256 (2009).
  • Sylvester RJ , van der Meijden AP, Witjes JA, Kurth K: Bacillus Calmette–Guerin versus chemotherapy for the intravesical treatment of patients with carcinoma in situ of the bladder: a meta-analysis of the published results of randomized clinical trials. J. Urol.174(1) , 86–91 (2005).
  • Babjuk M , OosterlinckW, SylvesterR, KaasinenE, BohleA, Palou-RedortaJ: EAU guidelines on non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder.Eur. Urol.54(2) , 303–314 (2008).
  • Joudi FN , SmithBJ, O‘DonnellMA: Final results from a national multicenter Phase II trial of combination bacillus Calmette–Guerin plus interferon α-2B for reducing recurrence of superficial bladder cancer.Urol. Oncol.24(4) , 344–348 (2006).
  • Gallagher BL , JoudiFN, MaymiJL, O‘DonnellMA: Impact of previous bacille Calmette–Guerin failure pattern on subsequent response to bacille Calmette–Guerin plus interferon intravesical therapy.Urology71(2) , 297–301 (2008).
  • Skolarus TA , LeeEW, VirgoKSet al.: Intravesical bacille Calmette–Guerin therapy for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: effects of concurrent statin therapy.J. Am. Coll. Surg.209(2) , 248–253 (2009).
  • Berglund RK , SavageCJ, VoraKC, KurtaJM, CroninAM: An analysis of the effect of statin use on the efficacy of bacillus Calmette–Guerin treatment for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.J. Urol.180(4) , 1297–1300 (2008).
  • Kresowik TP , GriffithTS: Bacillus Calmette–Guerin immunotherapy for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder.Immunotherapy.1(2) , 281–288 (2009).
  • Colombel M , SaintF, ChopinD, MalavaudB, NicolasL, RischmannP: The effect of ofloxacin on bacillus Calmette–Guerin induced toxicity in patients with superficial bladder cancer: results of a randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebo controlled, multicenter study.J. Urol.176(3) , 935–939 (2006).
  • Sun HY , SinghN: Should intravesical bacillus Calmette–Guerin be employed in transplant recipients with bladder carcinoma?Transpl. Infect. Dis. DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3062.2010. 00506.x (2010) (Epub ahead of print).
  • Becich MJ , CarrollS, RatliffTL: Internalization of bacille Calmette–Guerin by bladder tumor cells.J. Urol.145(6) , 1316–1324 (1991).
  • Luo Y , ChenX, O‘DonnellMA: Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) induces human CC- and CXC-chemokines in vitro and in vivo.Clin. Exp. Immunol.147(2) , 370–378 (2007).
  • Alexandrov AV , JacksonAM, RumyantsevAG: Mechanisms of modulation of intercellular adhesion molecules ICAMs.Immunologia (1) , 4–13 (1997).
  • Esuvaranathan K , AlexandroffAB, McIntyreMet al.: Interleukin-6 production by bladder tumors is upregulated by BCG immunotherapy.J. Urol.154(2 Pt 1) , 572–575 (1995).
  • Prescott S , JacksonAM, HawkyardSJ, AlexandroffAB, JamesK: Mechanisms of action of intravesical bacille Calmette–Guerin: local immune mechanisms.Clin. Infect. Dis.31(Suppl. 3) , S91–S93 (2000).
  • Zhang Y , KhooHE, EsuvaranathanK: Effects of bacillus Calmette–Guerin and interferon α-2B on cytokine production in human bladder cancer cell lines.J. Urol.161(3) , 977–983 (1999).
  • Sander B , DammO, GustafssonB, AnderssonU, HakanssonL: Localization of IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-8 and TNF in superficial bladder tumors treated with intravesical bacillus Calmette–Guerin.J. Urol.156(2 Pt 1) , 536–541 (1996).
  • Alexandroff AB , JacksonAM, SkibinskaAet al.: Bladder cancer cells do not express co-stimulatory molecules B7-1, B7-2 and B7-3: evidence for the existence of an additional ligand for LFA-1.Int. J. Oncol.8(6) , 1273–1282 (1996).
  • Ikeda N , ToidaI, IwasakiA, KawaiK, AkazaH: Surface antigen expression on bladder tumor cells induced by bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG): a role of BCG internalization into tumor cells.Int. J. Urol.9(1) , 29–35 (2002).
  • Lattime EC , GomellaLG, McCuePA: Murine bladder carcinoma cells present antigen to BCG-specific CD4+ T-cells.Cancer Res.52(15) , 4286–4290 (1992).
  • See WA , ZhangG, ChenF, CaoY, LangenstroerP, SandlowJ: Bacille-Calmette Guerin induces caspase-independent cell death in urothelial carcinoma cells together with release of the necrosis-associated chemokine high molecular group box protein 1.BJU. Int.103(12) , 1714–1720 (2009).
  • Jackson AM , AlexandroffAB, FlemingD, PrescottS, ChisholmGD, JamesK: Bacillus-Calmette–Guerin (BCG) organisms directly alter the growth of bladder-tumor cells.Int. J. Oncol.5(3) , 697–703 (1994).
  • Higuchi T , ShimizuM, OwakiAet al.: A possible mechanism of intravesical BCG therapy for human bladder carcinoma: involvement of innate effector cells for the inhibition of tumor growth.Cancer Immunol. Immunother.58(8) , 1245–1255 (2009).
  • Demangel C , BrittonWJ: Interaction of dendritic cells with mycobacteria: where the action starts.Immunol. Cell Biol.78(4) , 318–324 (2000).
  • Ramoner R , RieserC, HeroldMet al.: Activation of human dendritic cells by bacillus Calmette–Guerin.J. Urol.159(5) , 1488–1492 (1998).
  • Cheadle EJ , SelbyPJ, JacksonAM: Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette–Guerin-infected dendritic cells potently activate autologous T cells via a B7 and interleukin-12-dependent mechanism.Immunology108(1) , 79–88 (2003).
  • Naoe M , OgawaY, TakeshitaKet al.: Bacillus Calmette–Guerin-pulsed dendritic cells stimulate natural killer T cells and γδT cells.Int. J. Urol.14(6) , 532–538 (2007).
  • Ratliff TL , RitcheyJK, YuanJJ, AndrioleGL, CatalonaWJ: T-cell subsets required for intravesical BCG immunotherapy for bladder cancer.J. Urol.150(3) , 1018–1023 (1993).
  • Simons MP , O‘DonnellMA, GriffithTS: Role of neutrophils in BCG immunotherapy for bladder cancer.Urol. Oncol.26(4) , 341–345 (2008).
  • Pryor K , GoddardJ, GoldsteinDet al.: Bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) enhances monocyte- and lymphocyte-mediated bladder tumour cell killing.Br. J. Cancer71(4) , 801–807 (1995).
  • Luo Y , YamadaH, EvanoffDP, ChenX: Role of Th1-stimulating cytokines in bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG)-induced macrophage cytotoxicity against mouse bladder cancer MBT-2 cells.Clin. Exp. Immunol.146(1) , 181–188 (2006).
  • Ayari C , LaRueH, HovingtonHet al.: Bladder tumor infiltrating mature dendritic cells and macrophages as predictors of response to bacillus Calmette–Guerin immunotherapy.Eur. Urol.55(6) , 1386–1395 (2009).
  • Jackson AM , AlexandroffAB, KellyRWet al.: Changes in urinary cytokines and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in bladder cancer patients after Bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) immunotherapy.Clin. Exp. Immunol.99(3) , 369–375 (1995).
  • Eto M , KogaH, NomaH, YamaguchiA, YoshikaiY, NaitoS: Importance of urinary interleukin-18 in intravesical immunotherapy with bacillus Calmette–Guerin for superficial bladder tumors.Urol. Int.75(2) , 114–118 (2005).
  • Saint F , KurthN, MaillePet al.: Urinary IL-2 assay for monitoring intravesical bacillus Calmette–Guerin response of superficial bladder cancer during induction course and maintenance therapy.Int. J. Cancer107(3) , 434–440 (2003).
  • Watanabe E , MatsuyamaH, MatsudaKet al.: Urinary interleukin-2 may predict clinical outcome of intravesical bacillus Calmette–Guerin immunotherapy for carcinoma in situ of the bladder.Cancer Immunol. Immunother.52(8) , 481–486 (2003).
  • Magno C , MelloniD, GaliAet al.: The anti-tumor activity of bacillus Calmette–Guerin in bladder cancer is associated with an increase in the circulating level of interleukin-2.Immunol. Lett.81(3) , 235–238 (2002).
  • Sanchez-Carbayo M , UrrutiaM, RomaniR, HerreroM, Gonzalez de Buitrago JM, Navajo JA: Serial urinary IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, TNFα, UBC, CYFRA 21–1 and NMP22 during follow-up of patients with bladder cancer receiving intravesical BCG. Anticancer Res.21(4B) , 3041–3047 (2001).
  • Kaempfer R , GerezL, FarbsteinHet al.: Prediction of response to treatment in superficial bladder carcinoma through pattern of interleukin-2 gene expression.J. Clin.Oncol.14(6) , 1778–1786 (1996).
  • Alexandroff AB , JacksonAM, SkibinskaA, JamesK: Production of IL-5, a classical T(h)2 cytokine, following bacillus Calmette Guerin immunotherapy of bladder cancer.Int. J. Oncol.9(1) , 179–182 (1996).
  • Peuchmaur M , VieillefondA, BenoitG, JardinA: [Analysis of lymphocyte subpopulations of the bladder following endovesical immunotherapy using BCG].Ann. Urol. (Paris)23(3) , 246–250 (1989).
  • Dethlefsen SM , MatsuuraN, ZetterBR: Mast cell accumulation at sites of murine tumor implantation: implications for angiogenesis and tumor metastasis.Invasion Metastasis14(1–6) , 395–408 (1994).
  • Siracusano S , VitaF, AbbateRet al.: The role of granulocytes following intravesical BCG prophylaxis.Eur. Urol.51(6) , 1589–1597 (2007).
  • Bohle A , ThanhauserA, UlmerAJ, ErnstM, FladHD, JochamD: Dissecting the immunobiological effects of bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) in vitro: evidence of a distinct BCG-activated killer (BAK) cell phenomenon.J. Urol.150(6) , 1932–1937 (1993).
  • Jackson AM , HawkyardSJ, PrescottS, RitchieAW, JamesK, ChisholmGD: An investigation of factors influencing the in vitro induction of LAK activity against a variety of human bladder cancer cell lines.J. Urol.147(1) , 207–211 (1992).
  • Brandau S , SuttmannH, RiemensbergerJet al.: Perforin-mediated lysis of tumor cells by Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette–Guerin-activated killer cells.Clin. Cancer Res.6(9) , 3729–3738 (2000).
  • Alexandroff AB , JacksonAM, PatersonTet al.: Role for CD40-CD40 ligand interactions in the immune response to solid tumours.Mol. Immunol.37(9) , 515–526 (2000).
  • Jackson AM , AlexandrovAB, PrescottS, JamesK, ChisholmGD: Role of adhesion molecules in lymphokine-activated killer cell killing of bladder cancer cells: further evidence for a third ligand for leucocyte function-associated antigen-1.Immunology76(2) , 286–291 (1992).
  • Suttmann H , JochamD, BohleA, BrandauS: The role of LFA-1 in the lysis of bladder cancer cells by bacillus Calmette–Guerin and interleukin 2-activated killer cells.Urol. Res.30(4) , 233–239 (2002).
  • Brandau S , BohleA: Activation of natural killer cells by bacillus Calmette–Guerin.Eur. Urol.39(5) , 518–524 (2001).
  • Suttmann H , JacobsenM, ReissK, JochamD, BohleA, BrandauS: Mechanisms of bacillus Calmette–Guerin mediated natural killer cell activation.J. Urol.172(4 Pt 1) , 1490–1495 (2004).
  • Durek C , BrandauS, UlmerAJ, FladHD, JochamD, BohleA: Bacillus-Calmette–Guerin (BCG) and 3D tumors: an in vitro model for the study of adhesion and invasion.J. Urol.162(2) , 600–605 (1999).
  • Brandau S , RiemensbergerJ, JacobsenMet al.: NK cells are essential for effective BCG immunotherapy.Int. J. Cancer92(5) , 697–702 (2001).
  • Alexandroff AB , BlackJ, BollinaPR, JamesK: Differential production of γ/δ T cells in the urine of bladder cancer patients receiving bacillus Calmette–Guerin immunotherapy.Int. J. Oncol.10 , 387–393 (1997).
  • Gueguen M , PatardJJ, GauglerBet al.: An antigen recognized by autologous CTLs on a human bladder carcinoma.J. Immunol.160(12) , 6188–6194 (1998).
  • Simons MP , NauseefWM, GriffithTS: Neutrophils and TRAIL: insights into BCG immunotherapy for bladder cancer.Immunol. Res.39(1–3) , 79–93 (2007).
  • Ludwig AT , MooreJM, LuoYet al.: Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand: a novel mechanism for bacillus Calmette–Guerin-induced antitumor activity.Cancer Res.64(10) , 3386–3390 (2004).
  • Zhang Y , KhooHE, EsuvaranathanK: Effects of bacillus Calmette–Guerin and interferon-α-2B on human bladder cancer in vitro.Int. J. Cancer71(5) , 851–857 (1997).
  • Brandau S , BohleA, ThanhauserAet al.: In vitro generation of bacillus Calmette–Guerin-activated killer cells.Clin. Infect. Dis.31(Suppl. 3) , S94–S100 (2000).
  • Jackson AM , AlexandrovAB, PrescottS, JamesK, ChisholmGD: Expression of adhesion molecules by bladder cancer cells: modulation by interferon-γ and tumour necrosis factor-α.J. Urol.148(5) , 1583–1586 (1992).
  • Jackson AM , PrescottS, HawkyardSJ, JamesK, ChisholmG: The immunomodulatory effects of urine from patients with superficial bladder cancer receiving intravesical evans BCG therapy.Cancer Immunol. Immunother.36(1) , 25–30 (1993).
  • Hawkyard SJ , JacksonAM, PrescottS, JamesK, ChisholmGD: The effect of recombinant cytokines on bladder cancer cells in vitro.J. Urol.150(2 Pt 1) , 514–518 (1993).
  • Alexandroff AB , RobinsRA, MurrayA, JamesK: Tumour immunology: false hopes – new horizons?Immunol. Today19(6) , 247–250 (1998).
  • Cooke PW , JamesND, GanesanR, WallaceM, BurtonA, YoungLS: CD40 expression in bladder cancer.J. Pathol.188(1) , 38–43 (1999).
  • O‘Donnell MA , LuoY, ChenX, SzilvasiA, HunterSE, ClintonSK: Role of IL-12 in the induction and potentiation of IFN-γ in response to bacillus Calmette–Guerin.J. Immunol.163(8) , 4246–4252 (1999).
  • Luo Y , ChenX, DownsTM, DeWolfWC, O‘DonnellMA: IFN-α 2B enhances Th1 cytokine responses in bladder cancer patients receiving Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette–Guerin immunotherapy.J. Immunol.162(4) , 2399–2405 (1999).
  • Martin-Orozco N , MuranskiP, ChungYet al.: T helper 17 cells promote cytotoxic T cell activation in tumor immunity.Immunity31(5) , 787–798 (2009).
  • Murugaiyan G , SahaB: Protumor vs antitumor functions of IL-17.J. Immunol.183(7) , 4169–4175 (2009).
  • Wilson NJ , BonifaceK, ChanJRet al.: Development, cytokine profile and function of human interleukin 17-producing helper T cells.Nat. Immunol.8(9) , 950–957 (2007).
  • Boniface K , BlomB, LiuYJ, de Waal MR: From interleukin-23 to T-helper 17 cells: human T-helper cell differentiation revisited. Immunol. Rev.226 , 132–146 (2008).
  • Alexandroff AB , NovitskayaES, ArmstrongDJ: Psoriasis as a multisystem inflammatory disease. In: Columbus F (Ed.).Advances in Medicine and Biology. Nova Science (2010) (In Press).
  • Oppmann B , LesleyR, BlomBet al.: Novel p19 protein engages IL-12p40 to form a cytokine, IL-23, with biological activities similar as well as distinct from IL-12.Immunity13(5) , 715–725 (2000).
  • Alexandroff AB , PauriahM, CampRD, LangCC, StruthersAD, ArmstrongDJ: More than skin deep - atherosclerosis as a systemic manifestation of psoriasis.Br. J. Dermatol.161 , 1–7 (2009).
  • Fietta P , DelsanteG: The effector T helper cell triade.Riv. Biol.102(1) , 61–74 (2009).
  • Louten J , BonifaceK, de Waal MR: Development and function of TH17 cells in health and disease. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.123(5) , 1004–1011 (2009).
  • Zhu X , MulcahyLA, MohammedRAet al.: IL-17 expression by breast-cancer-associated macrophages: IL-17 promotes invasiveness of breast cancer cell lines.Breast Cancer Res.10(6) , R95 (2008).
  • Saban MR , SimpsonC, DavisCet al.: Discriminators of mouse bladder response to intravesical bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG).BMC Immunol.8 , 6 (2007).
  • Wang L , YiT, KortylewskiM, PardollDM, ZengD, YuH: IL-17 can promote tumor growth through an IL-6-Stat3 signaling pathway.J. Exp. Med.206(7) , 1457–1464 (2009).
  • Banham AH , PowrieFM, Suri-PayerE: Foxp3+ regulatory T cells: current controversies and future perspectives.Eur. J. Immunol.36(11) , 2832–2836 (2006).
  • Tang Q , BluestoneJA: The Foxp3+ regulatory T cell: a jack of all trades, master of regulation.Nat. Immunol.9(3) , 239–244 (2008).
  • Coombes JL , SiddiquiKR, Rancibia-CarcamoCVet al.: A functionally specialized population of mucosal CD103+ DCs induces Foxp3+ regulatory T cells via a TGF-β and retinoic acid-dependent mechanism.J. Exp. Med.204(8) , 1757–1764 (2007).
  • Khader SA , CooperAM: IL-23 and IL-17 in tuberculosis.Cytokine41(2) , 79–83 (2008).
  • Bettelli E , CarrierY, GaoWet al.: Reciprocal developmental pathways for the generation of pathogenic effector Th17 and regulatory T cells.Nature441(7090) , 235–238 (2006).
  • Veldhoen M , HockingRJ, AtkinsCJ, LocksleyRM, StockingerB: TGFβ in the context of an inflammatory cytokine milieu supports de novo differentiation of IL-17-producing T cells.Immunity24(2) , 179–189 (2006).
  • Ayyoub M , DeknuydtF, RaimbaudIet al.: Human memory Foxp3+ Tregs secrete IL-17 ex vivo and constitutively express the T(h)17 lineage-specific transcription factor RORg t.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA106(21) , 8635–8640 (2009).
  • Voo KS , WangYH, SantoriFRet al.: Identification of IL-17-producing Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in humans.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA106(12) , 4793–4798 (2009).
  • Lee SJ , DrabikK, Van Wagoner NJ et al.: ICAM-1-induced expression of proinflammatory cytokines in astrocytes: involvement of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. J. Immunol.165(8) , 4658–4666 (2000).
  • Jackson AM , AlexandrovAB, GribbenSC, EsuvarnathanK, JamesK: Expression and shedding of ICAM-1 in bladder cancer and its immunotherapy.Int. J. Cancer55(6) , 921–925 (1993).
  • Young DG , JacksonAM, JamesK: Purification and characterisation of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and its effect on cell-mediated cytolysis of bladder tumour cells.Biochem. Soc. Trans.25(2) , 365S (1997).
  • Alexandroff AB , Graham-BrownRAC: Report from the 67th Annual Meeting of American Academy of Dermatology.Br. J. Dermatol.162(1) , 12–21 (2010).
  • Buijtels PC , Willemse-ErixHF, PetitPLet al.: Rapid identification of mycobacteria by Raman spectroscopy.J. Clin. Microbiol.46(3) , 961–965 (2008).
  • Kreunin P , ZhaoJ, RosserC, UrquidiV, LubmanDM, GoodisonS: Bladder cancer associated glycoprotein signatures revealed by urinary proteomic profiling.J. Proteome Res.6(7) , 2631–2639 (2007).
  • Ahirwar DK , AgrahariA, MandhaniA, MittalRD: Cytokine gene polymorphisms are associated with risk of urinary bladder cancer and recurrence after BCG immunotherapy.Biomarkers14(4) , 213–218 (2009).
  • Ahirwar DK , MandhaniA, DharaskarA, KesarwaniP, MittalRD: Association of tumour necrosis factor-α gene (T-1031C, C-863A, and C-857T) polymorphisms with bladder cancer susceptibility and outcome after bacille Calmette–Guerin immunotherapy.BJU Int.104(6) , 867–873 (2009).
  • Haley JL , YoungDG, AlexandroffA, JamesK, JacksonAM: Enhancing the immunotherapeutic potential of mycobacteria by transfection with tumour necrosis factor-α.Immunology96(1) , 114–121 (1999).
  • Young SL , MurphyM, ZhuXWet al.: Cytokine-modified Mycobacterium smegmatis as a novel anticancer immunotherapy.Int. J. Cancer112(4) , 653–660 (2004).
  • Heidecker L , BrasseurF, Probst-KepperM, GueguenM, BoonT, Van den Eynde BJ: Cytolytic T lymphocytes raised against a human bladder carcinoma recognize an antigen encoded by gene MAGE-A12. J. Immunol.164(11) , 6041–6045 (2000).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.