References
- NHS England . The long term plan. (2019). https://www.longtermplan.nhs.uk/
- Johnson JA , CaudleKE , GongLet al. Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guideline for pharmacogenetics-guided warfarin dosing: 2017 update. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.102(3), 397–404 (2017).
- Budnitz DS , LovegroveMC , ShehabN , RichardsCL. Emergency hospitalisations for adverse drug events in older Americans. N. Engl. J. Med.365(21), 2002–2012 (2011).
- Pirmohamed M , JamesS , MeakinSet al. Adverse drug reactions as cause of admission to hospital, prospective analysis of 18 820 patients. BMJ329, 15–19 (2004).
- Shahabi P , DubeMP. Cardiovascular pharmacogenomics; state of current knowledge and implementation in practice. Int. J. Cardiol.184, 772–795 (2015).
- Bourgeois S , JorgensenA , ZhangEJet al. A multi-factorial analysis of response to warfarin in a UK prospective cohort. Genome Med.8(1), 2 (2016).
- Pirmohamed M , BurnsideG , ErikssonNet al. A randomized trial of genotype-guided dosing of warfarin. N. Engl. J. Med.369(24), 2294–2303 (2013).
- Pirmohamed M , KamaliF , DalyAK , WadeliusM. Oral anticoagulation: a critique of recent advances and controversies. Trends Pharmacol. Sci.36(3), 153–163 (2015).
- Kimmel SE , FrenchB , KasnerSEet al. A pharmacogenetic versus a clinical algorithm for warfarin dosing. N. Engl. J. Med.369(24), 2283–2293 (2013).
- Gage BF , BassAR , LinHet al. Effect of genotype-guided warfarin dosing on clinical events and anticoagulation control among patients undergoing hip or knee arthroplasty: the GIFT randomized clinical trial. JAMA318(12), 1115–1124 (2017).
- Syn NL , WongAL , LeeSCet al. Genotype-guided versus traditional clinical dosing of warfarin in patients of Asian ancestry: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Med.16(1), 104 (2018).
- Verhoef TI , RedekopWK , LangenskioldS et al. Cost–effectiveness of pharmacogenetic-guided dosing of warfarin in the United Kingdom and Sweden. Pharmacogenomics J.16(5), 478–484 (2016).
- Jorgensen AL , PrinceC , FitzgeraldGet al. Implementation of genotype-guided dosing of warfarin with point-of-care genetic testing in three UK clinics: a matched-cohort study. BMC Med.17, 76 (2019).
- Department of Health . Innovation, health and wealth: accelerating adoption and diffusion in the NHS. (2011). https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130107070708/http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/documents/digitalasset/dh_134597.pdf
- UK Department of Health . Accelerated access review: final report (2016). https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/565072/AAR_final.pdf
- NHS England . Five year forward view (2014). www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/5yfv-web.pdf
- NHS England . NHS innovation into action: supporting delivery of the NHS five year forward view (2015). www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/nhs-inovation-into-action.pdf
- NHS England . Improving outcomes through personalised medicine (2016). www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/improving-outcomes-personalised-medicine.pdf
- Office for Life Sciences . A guide to navigating the innovation pathway in England (2016). https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/525787/AAR_how_to_guides.pdf
- Burn J , PirmohamedM. Direct oral anticoagulants versus warfarin: is new always better than the old?Open Heart5(1), e000712 (2018).
- Forde D , O’ConnorMB , GilliganO. Potentially avoidable inpatient nights among warfarin receiving patients; an audit of a single university teaching hospital. BMC Res. Notes2, 41 (2009).
- Shah A , ShewaleA , HayesCJ , MartinBC. Cost–effectiveness of oral anticoagulants for ischemic stroke prophylaxis among nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients. Stroke47(6), 1555–1561 (2016).
- Pirmohamed M . Warfarin: the end or the end of one size fits all therapy?J. Pers. Med.8(3), 1–9 (2018).
- Van Schaik RHN , IFCC Task Force on Pharmacogenetics. Clinical application of pharmacogenetics: where are we now?EJIFCC24(3), 105–112 (2013).
- Finkelstein J , FriedmanC , HripcsakG , CabreraM. Potential utility of precision medicine for older adults with polypharmacy: a case series study. Pharmgenomics Pers. Med.9, 31–45 (2016).
- Raby BA . Personalized medicine. UpToDate (2016). www.uptodate.com/contents/personalized-medicine
- Pirmohamed M . Personalized pharmacogenomics: predicting efficacy and adverse drug reactions. Annu. Rev. Genomics Hum. Genet.15, 349–370 (2014).
- Empey PE , StevensonJM , TutejaSet al. Multisite investigation of strategies for the implementation of CYP2C19 genotype-guided antiplatelet therapy. Clin. Pharm. Ther.104(4), 664–674 (2018).
- Cavallari LH , LeeCR , BeitelsheesALet al. Multisite investigation of outcomes with implementation of CYP2C19 genotype-guided antiplatelet therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention. JACC Cardiovasc. Interv.11(2), 181–191 (2018).
- Cavallari LH , Van DriestSL , ProwsCAet al. Multi-site investigation of strategies for the clinical implementation of CYP2D6 genotyping to guide drug prescribing. Genet. Med. doi:10.1038/s41436-019-0484-3 (2019) (Epub ahead of print).
- Dunnenberger HM , BiszewskiM , BellGCet al. Implementation of a multidisciplinary pharmacogenomics clinic in a community health system. Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm.73(23), 1956–1966 (2016).
- Harada S , ZhouY , DuncanSet al. Precision medicine at the University of Alabama at Birmingham: laying the foundational processes through implementation of genotype-guided antiplatelet therapy. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther102(3), 493–501 (2017).
- Hicks JK , StoweD , WillnerMAet al. Implementation of clinical pharmacogenomics within a large health system: from electronic health record decision support to consultation services. Pharmacotherapy36(8), 940–948 (2016).
- Borobia AM , DapiaI , TongHYet al. Clinical implementation of pharmacogenetic testing in a hospital of the Spanish National Health System: strategy and experience over 3 years. Clin. Transl. Sci.11(2), 189–199 (2018).
- Hughes DA , VilarFJ , WardCC , AlfirevicA , ParkBK , PirmohamedM. Cost–effectiveness analysis of HLA B*5701 genotyping in preventing abacavir hypersensitivity. Pharmacogenetics14(6), 335–342 (2004).
- Fargher EA , TrickerK , NewmanWet al. Current use of pharmacogenetic testing: a national survey of thiopurine methyltransferase testing prior to azathioprine prescription. J. Clin. Pharm. Ther.32(2), 187–195 (2007).
- Greenhalgh T , RobertG , MacFarlaneF , BateP , KyriakidouO. Diffusion of innovations in service organisations: systematic review and recommendations. Milbank Q.82(4), 581–629 (2004).
- Berg M . Implementing information systems in healthcare organisations: myths and challenges. Int. J. Med. Inform.64, 143–156 (2001).
- O’Donnell PH , DanaheyK , JacobsMet al. Adoption of a clinical pharmacogenomics implementation program during outpatient care – initial results of the University of Chicago “1,200 Patients Project”. Am. J. Med. Genet C Semin. Med. Genet.166C(1), 68–75 (2014).
- de Lusignan S , SingletonA , WellsS. Lessons from the implementation of a near patient anticoagulant monitoring service in primary care. Inform. Prim. Care12, 27–33 (2004).
- Hardicre J . An exploration of the role of the research nurse and its impact. Bri. J. Nurs.22(3), 168–169 (2013).
- Grol R , GrimshawJ. From best evidence to best practice: effective implementation of change in patients’ care. Lancet362(9391), 1225–1230 (2003).
- Pirmohamed M . Acceptance of biomarker-based tests for application in clinical practice: criteria and obstacles. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.88(6), 862–866 (2010).
- Bell J . Life sciences industrial strategy: a report to the government from the life sciences sector (2017). https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/650447/LifeSciencesIndustrialStrategy_acc2.pdf