Obesity-Related Dyslipidemia Associated with FAAH, Independent of Insulin Response, in Multigenerational Families of Northern European Descent

• Wang Y , BeydounMA, LiangL, CaballeroB, KumanyikaSK: Will all Americans become overweight or obese? Estimating the progression and cost of the us obesity epidemic.Obesity (Silver Spring)16 , 2323–2330 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yusuf S , HawkenS, OunpuuS et al.: Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case–control study.Lancet364 , 937–952 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kissebah AH , SonnenbergGE, MyklebustJ et al.: Quantitative trait loci on chromosomes 3 and 17 influence phenotypes of the metabolic syndrome.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA97 , 14478–14483 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashen MD , BlumenthalRS: Clinical practice. Low HDL cholesterol levels.N. Engl. J. Med.353 , 1252–1260 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheen AJ , PaquotN: Use of cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonists for the treatment of metabolic disorders.Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.23 , 103–116 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry EM , MechoulamR: Tetrahydrocannabinol and endocannabinoids in feeding and appetite.Pharmacol. Ther.95 , 185–190 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howlett AC : The cannabinoid receptors.Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat.68–69, 619–631 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benzinou M , ChèvreJC, WardKJ et al.: Endocannabinoid receptor 1 gene variations increase risk for obesity and modulate body mass index in European populations.Hum. Mol. Genet.17 , 1916–1921 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russo P , StrazzulloP, CappuccioFP et al.: Genetic variations at the endocannabinoid type 1 receptor gene (CNR1) are associated with obesity phenotypes in men.J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.92 , 2382–2386 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gazzerro P , CarusoMG, NotarnicolaM et al.: Association between cannabinoid type-1 receptor polymorphism and body mass index in a southern Italian population.Int. J. Obes.31 , 908–912 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peeters A , BeckersS, MertensI, van Hul W, van Gaal L: The G1422A variant of the cannabinoid receptor gene (CNR1) is associated with abdominal adiposity in obese men. Endocrine31 , 138–141 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baye TM , ZhangY, SmithE et al.: Genetic variation in cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) is associated with derangements in lipid homeostasis, independent of body mass index.Pharmacogenomics9 , 1647–1656 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cravatt BF , DemarestK, PatricelliMP et al.: Supersensitivity to anandamide and enhanced endogenous cannabinoid signaling in mice lacking fatty acid amide hydrolase.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA98 , 9371–9376 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillard CJ , ShiL, TunikiVR, FalckJR, CampbellWB: Studies of anandamide accumulation inhibitors in cerebellar granule neurons: comparison to inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase.J. Mol. Neurosci.33 , 18–24 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ueda N : Endocannabinoid hydrolases.Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat.68–69, 521–534 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sipe JC , WaalenJ, GerberA, BeutlerE: Overweight and obesity associated with a missense polymorphism in fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH).Int. J. Obes. (Lond.)29 , 755–759 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen DP , AndreasenCH, AndersenMK et al.: The functional Pro129Thr variant of the FAAH gene is not associated with various fat accumulation phenotypes in a population-based cohort of 5,801 whites.J. Mol. Med.85 , 445–449 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieb W , ManningAK, FlorezJC et al.: Variants in the CNR1 and the FAAH genes and adiposity traits in the community.Obesity17 , 755–760 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durand E , LecoeurC, DelplanqueJ et al.: Evaluating the association of FAAH common gene variation with childhood, adult severe obesity, and type 2 diabetes in the French population.Obesity Facts1 , 305–309 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aberle J , FedderwitzI, KlagesN, GeorgeE, BeilFU: Genetic variation in two proteins of the endocannabinoid system and their influence on body mass index and metabolism under low fat diet.Horm. Metab. Res.39 , 395–397 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comuzzie AG , FunahashiT, SonnenbergG et al.: The genetic basis of plasma variation in adiponectin, a global endophenotype for obesity and the metabolic syndrome.J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.86 , 4321–4325 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curran JE , JowettJB, ElliottKS et al.: Genetic variation in selenoprotein S influences inflammatory response.Nat. Genet.37 , 1234–1241 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin LJ , ComuzzieAG, SonnenbergGE et al.: Major quantitative trait locus for resting heart rate maps to a region on chromosome 4.Hypertension43 , 1146–1151 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith EM , WangX, LittrellJ et al.: Comparison of linkage disequilibrium patterns between the HapMap CEPH samples and a family-based cohort of Northern European descent.Genomics88 , 407–414 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonnenberg GE , KrakowerGR, KissebahAH: A novel pathway to the manifestations of metabolic syndrome.Obes. Res.12 , 180–186 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walder K , Kerr-BaylesL, CivitareseA et al.: The mitochondrial rhomboid protease PSARL is a new candidate gene for Type 2 diabetes.Diabetologia48 , 459–468 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergman RN , IderYZ, BowdenCR, CobelliC: Quantitative estimation of insulin sensitivity.Am. J. Physiol.236 , E667–E677 (1979).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacini G , BergmanRN: MINMOD: a computer program to calculate insulin sensitivity and pancreatic responsivity from the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test.Comput. Methods Programs Biomed.23 , 113–122 (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saad MF , AndersonRL, LawsA et al.: A comparison between the minimal model and the glucose clamp in the assessment of insulin sensitivity across the spectrum of glucose tolerance. Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study.Diabetes43 , 1114–1121 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haffner SM , HowardG, MayerE et al.: Insulin sensitivity and acute insulin response in African–Americans, non-Hispanic whites, and Hispanics with NIDDM: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study.Diabetes46 , 63–69 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Consortium: A haplotype map of the human genome. Nature437 , 1299–1320 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Consortium: A second generation human haplotype map of over 3.1 million SNPs. Nature449 , 851–861 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith EM , LittrellJ, OlivierM: Automated SNP genotype clustering algorithm to improve data completeness in high-throughput SNP genotyping datasets from custom arrays.Genomics Proteomics Bioinformatics5 , 256–259 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gabriel SB , SalomonR, PeletA et al.: Segregation at three loci explains familial and population risk in Hirschsprung disease.Nat. Genet.31 , 89–93 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett JC , FryB, MallerJ, DalyMJ: Haploview: analysis and visualization of LD and haplotype maps.Bioinformatics21 , 263–265 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olivier M , ChuangLM, ChangMS et al.: High-throughput genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms using new biplex invader technology.Nucleic Acids Res.30(12) , E53 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olivier M : The Invader assay for SNP genotyping.Mutat. Res.573(1–2) , 103–110 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maes HM , NealeMC, EavesLJ: Genetic and environmental factors in relative body weight and human adiposity.Behav. Genet.27 , 325–351 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schousboe K , WillemsenG, KyvikKO et al.: Sex differences in heritability of BMI: a comparative study of results from twin studies in eight countries.Twin Res.6 , 409–421 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sipe JC , ChiangK, GerberAL, BeutlerE, CravattBF: A missense mutation in human fatty acid amide hydrolase associated with problem drug use.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA99 , 8394–8399 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devane WA , HanusL, BreuerA et al.: Isolation and structure of a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptor.Science258 , 1946–1949 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okamoto Y , MorishitaJ, TsuboiK, TonaiT, UedaN: Molecular characterization of a phospholipase D generating anandamide and its congeners.J. Biol. Chem.279 , 5298–5305 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu J , WangL, Harvey-WhiteJ et al.: A biosynthetic pathway for anandamide.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA103 , 13345–13350 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egertova M , CravattBF, ElphickMR: Comparative analysis of fatty acid amide hydrolase and cb(1) cannabinoid receptor expression in the mouse brain: evidence of a widespread role for fatty acid amide hydrolase in regulation of endocannabinoid signaling.Neuroscience119 , 481–496 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gulyas AI , CravattBF, BraceyMH et al.: Segregation of two endocannabinoid-hydrolyzing enzymes into pre- and postsynaptic compartments in the rat hippocampus, cerebellum and amygdala.Eur. J. Neurosci.20 , 441–458 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsou K , NogueronMI, MuthianS et al.: Fatty acid amide hydrolase is located preferentially in large neurons in the rat central nervous system as revealed by immunohistochemistry.Neurosci. Lett.254 , 137–140 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clement AB , HawkinsEG, LichtmanAH, CravattBF: Increased seizure susceptibility and proconvulsant activity of anandamide in mice lacking fatty acid amide hydrolase.J. Neurosci.23 , 3916–3923 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombo G , AgabioR, DiazG, LobinaC, RealiR, GessaGL: Appetite suppression and weight loss after the cannabinoid antagonist SR 141716.Life Sci.63 , PL113–PL117 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murdolo G , KempfK, HammarstedtA, HerderC, SmithU, JanssonPA: Insulin differentially modulates the peripheral endocannabinoid system in human subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue from lean and obese individuals.J. Endocrinol. Invest.30 , RC17–RC21 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jbilo O , Ravinet-TrillouC, ArnoneM et al.: The CB1 receptor antagonist rimonabant reverses the diet-induced obesity phenotype through the regulation of lipolysis and energy balance.FASEB J.19 , 1567–1569 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perwitz N , FasshauerM, KleinJ: Cannabinoid receptor signaling directly inhibits thermogenesis and alters expression of adiponectin and visfatin.Horm. Metab. Res.38 , 356–358 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jia JJ , TianYB, CaoZH et al.: The polymorphisms of UCP1 genes associated with fat metabolism, obesity and diabetes.Mol. Biol. Rep. (2009) (Epub ahead of print).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar

▪ Website

• Human Genome Browser Gateway http://genome.cse.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgGateway
   Google Scholar