References
- Lazarou J , PomeranzBH, CoreyPN. Incidence of adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients – a meta-analysis of prospective studies. JAMA279(15) , 1200–1205 (1998).
- Gurwitz JH , FieldTS, HarroldLR et al. Incidence and preventability of adverse drug events among older persons in the ambulatory setting. JAMA 289(9) , 1107–1116 (2003).
- Juurlink DN , MamdaniM, KoppA, LaupacisA, RedelmeierDA. Drug–drug interactions among elderly patients hospitalized for drug toxicity. JAMA289(13) , 1652–1658 (2003).
- Shah RR . Can pharmacogenetics help rescue drugs withdrawn from the market? Pharmacogenomics7(6) , 889–908 (2006).
- Zhang W , RoedererMW, Chen W-Q, Fan L, Zhou H-H. Pharmacogenetics of drugs withdrawn from the market. Pharmacogenomics13(2) , 223–231 (2012).
- Huang SM , TempleR, ThrockmortonDC, LeskoLJ. Drug interaction studies: study design, data analysis, and implications for dosing and labeling. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.81(2) , 298–304 (2007).
- Huang SM , StrongJM, ZhangL et al. New era in drug interaction evaluation. US Food and Drug Administration update on CYP enzymes, transporters, and the guidance process. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 48(6) , 662–670 (2008).
- Xie HG , KimRB, WoodAJ, SteinCM. Molecular basis of ethnic differences in drug disposition and response. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol.41 , 815–850 (2001).
- Bradford LD . CYP2D6 allele frequency in European Caucasians, Asians, Africans and their descendants. Pharmacogenomics3(2) , 229–243 (2002).
- Lee CR , GoldsteinJA, PieperJA. Cytochrome P450 2C9 polymorphisms: a comprehensive review of the in-vitro and human data. Pharmacogenetics12(3) , 251–263 (2002).
- Gaedigk A , SimonSD, PearceRE, BradfordLD, KennedyMJ, LeederJS. The CYP2D6 activity score: translating genotype information into a qualitative measure of phenotype. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.83(2) , 234–242 (2008).
- Phillips KA , VeenstraDL, OrenE, LeeJK, SadeeW. Potential role of pharmacogenomics in reducing adverse drug reactions: a systematic review. JAMA286(18) , 2270–2279 (2001).
- Shimada T , YamazakiH, MimuraM, InuiY, GuengerichFP. Interindividual variations in human liver cytochrome-P-450 enzymes involved in the oxidation of drugs, carcinogens and toxic-chemicals – studies with liver-microsomes of 30 Japanese and 30 Caucasians. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.270(1) , 414–423 (1994).
- Suri A , BramerSL. Effect of omeprazole on the metabolism of cilostazol. Clin. Pharmacokinet.37(Suppl. 2) , 53–59 (1999).
- Yoo HD , ChoHY, LeeYB. Population pharmacokinetic analysis of cilostazol in healthy subjects with genetic polymorphisms of CYP3A5, CYP2C19 and ABCB1. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol.69(1) , 27–37 (2010).
- Brockmoller J , KirchheinerJ, SchmiderJ et al. The impact of the CYP2D6 polymorphism on haloperidol pharmacokinetics and on the outcome of haloperidol treatment. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 72(4) , 438–452 (2002).
- Seeringer A , KirchheinerJ. Pharmacogenetics-guided dose modifications of antidepressants. Clin. Lab. Med.28(4) , 619–626 (2008).
- Swen JJ , NijenhuisM, de Boer A et al. Pharmacogenetics: from bench to byte – an update of guidelines. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.89(5) , 662–673 (2011).
- de Leon J , ArmstrongSC, CozzaKL. Clinical guidelines for psychiatrists for the use of pharmacogenetic testing for CYP450 2D6 and CYP450 2C19. Psychosomatics47(1) , 75–85 (2006).
- Mas S , LlerenaA, SaizJ, BernardoM, LafuenteA. Strengths and weaknesses of pharmacogenetic studies of antipsychotic drugs: the potential value of the PEPs study. Pharmacogenomics13(15) , 1773–1782 (2012).
- Drolet B , RousseauG, DaleauP, CardinalR, SimardC, TurgeonJ. Pimozide (Orap) prolongs cardiac repolarization by blocking the rapid component of the delayed rectifier potassium current in native cardiac myocytes. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. Ther.6(3) , 255–260 (2001).
- Shapiro E , ShapiroAK, FulopG et al. Controlled study of haloperidol, pimozide and placebo for the treatment of Gilles de la Tourette‘s syndrome. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 46(8) , 722–730 (1989).
- Rogers HL , BhattaramA, ZinehI et al. CYP2D6 genotype information to guide pimozide treatment in adult and pediatric patients: basis for the US Food and Drug Administration‘s new dosing recommendations. J. Clin. Psychiatry73(9) , 1187–1190 (2012).
- Michalets EL . Update: clinically significant cytochrome P-450 drug interactions. Pharmacotherapy18(1) , 84–112 (1998).
- Bezabeh S , MackeyAC, KluetzP, JapparD, KorvickJ. Accumulating evidence for a drug–drug interaction between methotrexate and proton pump inhibitors. Oncologist17(4) , 550–554 (2012).
- Falcon RW , KakudaTN. Drug interactions between HIV protease inhibitors and acid-reducing agents. Clin. Pharmacokinet.47(2) , 75–89 (2008).
- Boyer EW , ShannonM. The serotonin syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med.352(11) , 1112–1120 (2005).
- Marcus FI . Drug interactions with amiodarone. Am. Heart. J.106(4 Pt 2) , 924–930 (1983).
- Binkhorst L , Van Gelder T, Mathijssen RH. Individualization of tamoxifen treatment for breast carcinoma. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.92(4) , 431–433 (2012).
- Sadhasivam S , ChidambaranV. Pharmacogenomics of opioids and perioperative pain management. Pharmacogenomics13(15) , 1719–1740 (2012).
▪ Websites
- US FDA. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Clinical pharmacogenomics: premarketing evaluation in early phase clinical studies (2011). www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/UCM243702.pdf
- US FDA. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Drug interaction studies – study design, data analysis, implications for dosing, and labeling recommendations (2012). www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/UCM292362.pdf
- Micromedex® 2.0. www.thomsonhc.com/home/dispatch
- University of Washington. Metabolism & Transport Drug Interaction Database (2012). www.druginteractioninfo.org/Home.aspx
- PharmGKB. The Pharmacogenomics Knowledge Base (2012). www.pharmgkb.org
- Flockhart DA; Indiana University School of Medicine. Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table (2011). http://medicine.iupui.edu/clinpharm/ddis
- US FDA. Drugs@FDA: FDA Approved Drug Products (2012). www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda
- NIH. DailyMed (2012). http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/
- Actelion Pharms Ltd Tracleer® (bosentan) Tablets. US Labeling Information (2012). www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/021290s022lbl.pdf
- US FDA. Code of Federal Regulations Title 21: Food and Drugs. Revised as of April 1, 2011. www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=201.56
- Teva Pharmaceuticals Orap® (pimozide) Tablets. US Labeling Information (2011). www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/017473s046lbl.pdf
- Valeant Pharmaceuticals Xenazine® (tetrabenazine) Tablets. US Labeling Information (2011). www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/021894s004lbl.pdf
- Prestwick Pharmaceuticals Inc. Xenazine (Tetrabenazine) Tablets. FDA Drug Approval Package. Clinical Pharmacology Biopharmaceutics Review(s) (2008). www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2008/021894s000TOC.cfm
- Sanofi Aventis Plavix® (clopidrogrel). US Labeling Information (2011). www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/020839s055lbl.pdf