191
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Characterization of the CYP2D6 Gene Locus and Metabolic Activity in Indo- and Afro-Trinidadians: Discovery of Novel Allelic Variants

, , &
Pages 261-276 | Published online: 11 Feb 2013

References

  • Ingelman-Sundberg M . Genetic polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6): clinical consequences, evolutionary aspects and functional diversity. Pharmacogenomics J.5(1) , 6–13 (2005).
  • Zhou SF . Polymorphism of human cytochrome P450 2D6 and its clinical significance: part I. Clin Pharmacokinet.48(11) , 689–723 (2009).
  • Zhou SF . Polymorphism of human cytochrome P450 2D6 and its clinical significance: part II. Clin Pharmacokinet.48(12) , 761–804 (2009).
  • Kirchheiner J , SchmidtH, Tzvetkov et al. Pharmacokinetics of codeine and its metabolite morphine in ultra-rapid metabolizers due to CYP2D6 duplication. Pharmacogenomics J.7(4) , 257–265 (2007).
  • de Leon J , ArmstrongSC, CozzaKL. Clinical guidelines for psychiatrists for the use of pharmacogenetic testing for CYP450 2D6 and CYP450 2C19. Psychosomatics47(1) , 75–85 (2006).
  • Kirchheiner J , NickchenK, BauerM et al. Pharmacogenetics of antidepressants and antipsychotics: the contribution of allelic variations to the phenotype of drug response. Mol. Psychiatry 9(5) , 442–473 (2004).
  • Thuerauf N , LunkenheimerJ. The impact of the CYP2D6-polymorphism on dose recommendations for current antidepressants. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci.256(5) , 287–293 (2006).
  • Zanger UM , RaimundoS, EichelbaumM. Cytochrome P450 2D6: overview and update on pharmacology, genetics, biochemistry. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol.369(1) , 23–37 (2004).
  • Bernard S , NevilleKA, NguyenAT, FlockhartDA. Interethnic differences in genetic polymorphisms of CYP2D6 in the U.S. population: clinical implications. Oncologist11(2) , 126–135 (2006).
  • Aklillu E , PerssonI, BertilssonL, JohanssonI, RodriguesF, Ingelman-SundbergM. Frequent distribution of ultrarapid metabolizers of debrisoquine in an Ethiopian population carrying duplicated and multiduplicated functional CYP2D6 alleles. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.278(1) , 441–446 (1996).
  • McLellan RA , OscarsonM, Seidegaård,J, EvansDA, Ingelman-SundbergM. Frequent occurrence of CYP2D6 gene duplication in Saudi Arabians. Pharmacogenetics7(3) , 187–191 (1997).
  • Bernal ML , SinuesB, JohanssonI et al. Ten percent of North Spanish individuals carry duplicated or triplicated CYP2D6 genes associated with ultrarapid metabolism of debrisoquine. Pharmacogenetics 9(5) , 657–660 (1999).
  • Adithan C , GerardN, NaveenAT, KoumaravelouK, ShashindranCH, KrishnamoorthyR. Genotype and allele frequency of CYP2D6 in Tamilian population. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol.59(7) , 517–520 (2003).
  • Naveen AT , AdithanC, SoyaSS, GerardN, KrishnamoorthyR. CYP2D6 genetic polymorphism in south Indian populations. Biol. Pharm. Bull.29(8) , 1655–1658 (2006).
  • Lamba V , LambaJK, DilawariJB, KohliKK. Genetic polymorphism of CYP2D6 in north Indian subjects. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol.54(9–10) , 787–791 (1998).
  • Mamidi RN , SatyavageeswaranS, VakkalankaS et al. Polymorphism of dextromethorphan oxidation in south Indian subjects. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 66(2) , 193–200 (1999).
  • Abraham BK , AdithanC, KiranPU, AsadM, KoumaravelouK. Genetic polymorphism of CYP2D6 in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh population in India. Acta Pharmacol. Sin.21(6) , 494–498 (2000).
  • Abraham BK , AdithanC, ShashindranCH, VasuS, AlekuttyNA. Genetic polymorphism of CYP2D6 in a Keralite (south India) population. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol.49(3) , 285–286 (2000).
  • Llerena A , DoradoP, RamirezR. CYP2D6 genotype and debrisoquine hydroxylation phenotype in Cubans and Nicaraguans. Pharmacogenomics J.12(2) , 176–183 (2012).
  • Gonzales-Tejera G , GaedigkA, CoreyS. Genetic variants of the drug-metabolizing enzyme CYP2D6 in Puerto Rican psychiatry patients: a preliminary report and potential implications for breast cancer patients. PR Health Sci. J.9(3) , 299–304 (2010).
  • Trinidad and Tobago. Ministry of Planning & Sustainable Development. Central Statistical Office (CSO). Population and Vital Statistics: Pocket Digest, Port of Spain: CSO (2009).
  • Laurence KO . Immigration into the West Indies in the 19th Century (3rd Edition), Caribbean Universities Press, London, UK (1971).
  • Soares-Ramesar MD . Survivors of Another Crossing: a History of East Indians in Trinidad, 1880–1946. School of Continuing Studies, The University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago (1994).
  • Maharajh HD , AbdoolP, Mohammed-EmamdeeR. The theory and practice of consultation-liaison (CL) psychiatry in Trinidad and Tobago with reference to suicidal behavior. ScientificWorldJournal30(8) , 920–928 (2008).
  • Maharajh RG . Depression and the nature of Trinidadian family practice: a cross-sectional study. BMC Fam. Pract.8 , 25 (2007).
  • Maharajh HD , KoningsM. Cannabis and suicidal behavior among adolescents: a pilot study from Trinidad. ScientificWorldJournal.5 , 576–585 (2005).
  • Trinidad and Tobago Ministry of Health. Statistics. Presented at: the 4th Annual Breast Cancer Conference. Presented by the Minister of Health, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, 30 October 2009.
  • Rao AV , MohammedWA, RagoonananC, Omo-IgbinomwanhiaNE. Evaluation of oestrogen and progesterone receptors, and c-erbB-2 in carcinoma of the breast in Trinidadian women. West Indian Med. J.51(1) , 4–9 (2002).
  • Burstein HJ , PrestrudAA, SeidenfeldJ et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline: update on adjuvant endocrine therapy for women with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 28(23) , 3784–3796 (2010).
  • Gaedigk A , BradfordLD, MarcucciKA, LeederJS. Unique CYP2D6 activity distribution and genotype–phenotype discordance in African Americans. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.72(1) , 76–89 (2002).
  • Gaedigk A , BradfordLD, LeederJS. Discovery of a novel non-functional cytochrome P4502D6 allele, CYP2D6*42, in African Americans. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.73(6) , 575–576 (2003).
  • Gaedigk A , EklundJD, PearceRE et al. Identification and characterization of CYP2D6*56B, an allele associated with the poor metabolizer phenotype. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 81(6) , 817–820 (2007).
  • Gaedigk A , CoetseeC. The CYP2D6 gene locus in South African coloureds: unique allele distributions, novel alleles and gene arrangements. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol.64(5) , 465–475 (2008).
  • Gaedigk A , SimonSD, PearceRE, BradfordLD, KennedyMJ, LeederJS. The CYP2D6 activity score: translating genotype information into a qualitative measure of phenotype. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.83(2) , 234–242 (2008).
  • Britzi M , BialerM, ArcaviL, ShachbariA, KapitulnikT, SobackS. Genetic polymorphism of CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 metabolism determined by phenotyping Israeli ethnic groups. Ther. Drug Monit.22(5) , 510–516 (2000).
  • Sambroolk J , FritschEF, ManiatisT. Molecular Cloning: a Laboratory Manual, (Volume 1) (2nd Edition). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, NY, USA (1989).
  • Gaedigk A , BradfordLD, AlanderSW, LeederJS. CYP2D6*36 gene arrangements within the CYP2D6 locus: association of CYP2D6*36 with poor metabolizer status. Drug Metab. Disposition34(4) , 563–569 (2006).
  • Gaedigk A , NdjountscheL, DivakaranK. Cytochrome P4502D6 (CYP2D6) gene locus heterogeneity: discovery of novel gene duplications in African Americans. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.81(2) , 242–251 (2007).
  • Gaedigk A , JaimeLK, BertinoJS. Identification of novel CYP2D7–2D6 hybrids: non-functional and functional variants. Front. Pharmacol.1 , 121 (2010).
  • Gaedigk A , FuhrU, JohnsonC, BérardA, BradfordLD, LeederJS. CYP2D7–2D6 hybrid tandems: identification of novel CYP2D6 duplication arrangements and implications for phenotype prediction. Pharmacogenomics11(1) , 43–53 (2010).
  • Gaedigk A , TwistGP, LeederJS. CYP2D6, SULT1A1 and UGT2B17 copy number variation: quantitative detection by multiplex PCR. Pharmacogenomics13(1) , 91–111 (2012).
  • Steimer W , ZöpfK, von Amelunxen S et al. Allele-specific change of concentration and functional gene dose for the prediction of steady-state serum concentrations of amitriptyline and nortriptyline in CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 extensive and intermediate metabolizers. Clin. Chem.50(9) , 1623–1633 (2004).
  • Sim SC , DalyAK, GaedigkA. CYP2D6 update: revised nomenclature for CYP2D7/2D6 hybrid genes. Pharmacogenet. Genomics22 , 692–694 (2012).
  • Hosono N , KatoM, KiyotaniK, MushirodaT, TakataS, SatoH. CYP2D6 genotyping for functional-gene dosage analysis by allele copy number detection. Clin. Chem.55(8) , 1546–1554 (2009).
  • Abduljalil K , FrankD, GaedigkA et al. Assessment of activity levels for CYP2D6*1, CYP2D6*2, and CYP2D6*41 genes by population pharmacokinetics of dextromethorphan. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 88(5) , 643–651 (2010).
  • Rouse I . The Tainos: Rise & Decline of the People Who Greeted Columbus. Yale University Press, CT, USA (1993).
  • Sachse C , BrockmöllerJ, BauerS, RootsI.Cytochrome P450 2D6 variants in a Caucasian population: allele frequencies and phenotypic consequences. Am. J. Hum. Genet.60(2) , 284–295 (1997).
  • Aklillu E , HerrlinK, GustafssonLL, BertilssonL, Ingelman-SundbergM. Evidence for environmental influence on CYP2D6-catalysed debrisoquine hydroxylation as demonstrated by phenotyping and genotyping of Ethiopians living in Ethiopia or in Sweden. Pharmacogenetics12(5) , 375–383 (2002).
  • Dorado P , HerasN, MachínE, HernándezF, TeranE, LlerenaA. CYP2D6 genotype and dextromethorphan hydroxylation phenotype in an Ecuadorian population. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol.68(5) , 637–644 (2012).
  • Hellum BH , HuZ, NilsenOG. The induction of CYP1A2, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 by six trade herbal products in cultured primary human hepatocytes. Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol.100(1) , 23–30 (2007).
  • Frank D , JaehdeU, FuhrU. Evaluation of probe drugs and pharmacokinetic metrics for CYP2D6 phenotyping. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol.63(4) , 321–333 (2007).
  • Borges S , LiL, HammanMA, JonesDR, HallSD, GorskiJC. Dextromethorphan to dextrorphan urinary metabolic ratio does not reflect dextromethorphan oral clearance. Drug Metab. Dispos.33(7) , 1052–1055 (2005).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.