References
- Oyetayo OO , JamesC, MartinezA, RobersonK, TalbertRL. The Hispanic diabetes management program. Impact of community pharmacists on clinical outcomes. J. Am. Pharm. Assoc.51(5) , 623–626 (2011).
- Stafford L , PetersonGM, BereznickiLR, JacksonSL. A role for pharmacists in community-based post-discharge warfarin management: protocol for the ‘the role of community pharmacy in post hospital management of patients initiated on warfarin‘ study. BMC Health Serv. Res.11 , 16 (2011).
- Rodis JL , ThomasRA. Stepwise approach to developing point-of-care testing services in the community/ambulatory pharmacy setting. J. Am. Pharm. Assoc.46(5) , 594–604 (2006).
- Taylor JR , LopezLM. Cholesterol: point-of-care testing. Ann. Pharmacother.38(7–8) , 1252–1257 (2004).
- Spear BB , Heath-ChiozziM, HuffJ. Clinical application of pharmacogenetics. Trends Mol. Med.7(5) , 201–204 (2001).
- Ingelman-Sundberg M . Pharmacogenomic biomarkers for prediction of severe adverse drug reactions. N. Engl. J. Med.358(6) , 637–639 (2008).
- Taché SV , SönnichsenA, AshcroftDM. Prevalence of adverse drug events in ambulatory care: a systematic review. Ann. Pharmacother.45(7–8) , 977–989 (2011).
- Lazarou J , PomeranzBH, CoreyPN. Incidence of adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. JAMA279(15) , 1200–1205 (1998).
- Forster AJ , MurffHJ, PetersonJF, GandhiTK, BatesDW. Adverse drug events occurring following hospital discharge. J. Gen. Intern. Med.20(4) , 317–323 (2005).
- Budnitz DS , LovegroveMC, NadineN, RichardsCL. Emergency hospitalizations for adverse drug events in older Americans. N. Engl. J. Med.365 , 2002–2012 (2011).
- American Heart Association Writing Group. Heart disease and stroke statistics 2012 update. Circulation125 , e212–e230 (2012).
- Kazui M , NishiyaY, IshizukaT et al. Identification of the human cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the two oxidative steps in the bioactivation of clopidogrel to its pharmacologically active metabolite. Drug Metab. Dispos. 38(1) , 92–99 (2010).
- Brandt JT , CloseSL, IturriaSJ et al. Common polymorphisms of CYP2C19 and CYP2C9 affect the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic response to clopidogrel but not prasugrel. J. Thromb. Haemost. 5(12) , 2429–2436 (2007).
- Trenk D , HochholzerW, FrommMF et al. Cytochrome P450 2C19 681G>A polymorphism and high on-clopidogrel platelet reactivity associated with adverse 1-year clinical outcome of elective percutaneous coronary intervention with drug-eluting or bare-metal stents. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 51(20) , 1925–1934 (2008).
- Shuldiner AR , O‘ConnellJR, BlidenKP et al. Association of cytochrome P450 2C19 genotype with the antiplatelet effect and clinical efficacy of clopidogrel therapy. JAMA 302(8) , 849–857 (2009).
- Mega JL , SimonT, ColletJP et al. Reduced function CYP2C19 genotype and risk of adverse clinical outcomes among patients treated with clopidogrel predominantly for PCI: a meta-analysis. JAMA 304(16) , 1821–1830 (2010).
- Kim KA , ParkPW, HongSJ, ParkJY. The effect of CYP2C19 polymorphism on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of clopidogrel: a possible mechanism for clopidogrel resistance. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.84(2) , 236–242 (2008).
- Scott SA , SangkuhlK, GardnerEE et al. Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium guidelines for cytochrome P450–2C19 (CYP2C19) genotype and clopidogrel therapy. Clin. Pharm. Ther. 90(2) , 328–332 (2011).
- Mega JL , CloseSL, WiviottSD et al. Cytochrome p-450 polymorphisms and response to clopidogrel. N. Engl. J. Med. 360(4) , 354–362 (2009).
- Giusti B , GoriAM, MarcucciR et al. Relation of cytochrome P450 2C19 loss-of-function polymorphism to occurrence of drug-eluting coronary stent thrombosis. Am. J. Cardiol. 103(6) , 806–811 (2009).
- Sibbing D , StegherrJ, LatzW et al. Cytochrome P450 2C19 loss-of-function polymorphism and stent thrombosis following percutaneous coronary intervention. Eur. Heart J. 30(8) , 916–922 (2009).
- Collet JP , HulotJS, PenaA et al. Cytochrome P450 2C19 polymorphism in young patients treated with clopidogrel after myocardial infarction. a cohort study. Lancet 373(9660) , 309–317 (2008).
- Sofi F , GiustiB, MarcucciR, GoriAM, AbbateR, GensiniGF. Cytochrome P450 2C19*2 polymorphism and recurrences in patients taking clopidogrel: a meta-analysis. Pharmacogenomics J.11(3) , 199–206 (2011).
- Mega JL , HochholzerW, FrelingerAL et al. Dosing clopidogrel based on CYP2C19 genotype and the effect on platelet reactivity in patients with stable cardiovascular disease. JAMA 306(20) , 2221–2228 (2011).
- Swen JJ , StraatenTW, WesselsJA et al. Feasibility of pharmacy-initiated pharmacogenetic screening for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 68 , 363–370 (2012).
- Adams HJ , ZoppoG, AlbertsMJ et al. Guidelines for the early management of adults with ischemic stroke. Stroke 38 , 1655–1711 (2007).
- Smith SC , AllenJ, BlairSN et al. AHA/ACC guidelines for secondary prevention for patients with coronary and other vascular disease. 2006 update. Circulation 113 , 2363–2372 (2006).
- Relling MV , KleinTE. CPIC: clinical pharmacogenetic consortium of the pharmacogenomics research network. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.89(3) , 464–467 (2011).
- Swen JJ , NijenhuisM, BoerA et al. Pharmacogenetics: from bench to byte – an update of guidelines. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 89(5) , 662–673 (2011).
- Cayla G , HulotJ, O‘ConnorSA. Clinical, angiographic, and genetic factors associated with early coronary stent thrombosis. J. Am. Med. Assoc.306(16) , 1765–1774 (2011).
- Holmes MV , PerelP, ShahT et al. CYP2C19 genotype, clopidogrel metabolism, platelet function, and cardiovascular events. J. Am. Med. Assoc.306(24) , 2704–2714 (2011).
▪ Websites
- Rx list. Top 200 drugs (US) by prescriptions dispensed. www.rxlist.com/script/main/hp.asp (Accessed 1April2012)
- US FDA. Table of pharmacogenomic biomarkers in drug labels. www.fda.gov/drugs/scienceresearch/researchareas/pharmacogenetics/ucm083378.htm (Accessed 1April2012).
- Scripps Translational Science Institute. www.stsiweb.org/index.php/news_events/detail/vanderbilt_now_also_routinely_gene_testing_for_clopidogrel_metabolizer_stat (Accessed 1April2012)
- Lilly. Effient prescriber information. http://pi.lilly.com/us/effient.pdf (Accessed 1April2012)
- Boehringer Ingelheim. Aggrenox prescriber information. http://bidocs.boehringer-ingelheim.com/BIWebAccess/ViewServlet.ser?docBase=renetnt&folderPath=/Prescribing+Information/PIs/Aggrenox+Caps/Aggrenox.pdf (Accessed 1April2012)
- Health and DNA. Bringing personalized prescribing to the community pharmacy. http://healthanddna.blogspot.com/2011/11/bringing-personalized-prescribing-to.html (Accessed 1April2012)
- US Census Bureau. State and county quick facts. http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/37/3711800.html (Accessed 1April2012)
- Implementation of a personalized medicine (pharmacogenomics) service in a community pharmacy. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01495845 (Accessed 1April2012)
- North Carolina Association of Pharmacists. An overview of the clinical pharmacist practitioner in NC. www.ncpharmacists.org/displaycommon.cfm?an=13 (Accessed 1April2012)
- 110 Spartan RX. www.spartanbio.com/products/spartan-rx (Accessed 1April2012)