343
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

BRAF in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: The Future Starts Now

, , , , , , , , & show all
Pages 2069-2081 | Published online: 30 Nov 2015

References

  • Mercer KE , PritchardCA . Raf proteins and cancer: B-Raf is identified as a mutational target . Biochim. Biophys. Acta1653 , 25 – 40 ( 2003 ).
  • Sclafani F , GulloG , SheahanK , CrownJ . BRAF mutations in melanoma and colorectal cancer: a single oncogenic mutation with different tumour phenotypes and clinical implications . Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol.87 , 55 – 68 ( 2013 ).
  • Chang L , KarinM . Mammalian MAP kinase signalling cascades . Nature410 , 37 – 40 ( 2001 ).
  • Peyssonnaux C , EycheneA . The Raf/MEK/ERK pathway: new concepts of activation . Biol. Cell.93 , 53 – 62 ( 2001 ).
  • Schlessinger J . Cell signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases . Cell103 ( 2 ), 211 – 225 ( 2000 ).
  • Chong H , VikisHG , GuanKL . Mechanisms of regulating the Raf kinase family . Cell Signal.15 , 463 – 469 ( 2003 ).
  • Hanahan D , WeinbergRA . Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation . Cell144 , 646 – 674 ( 2011 ).
  • Davies H , BignellGR , CoxCet al. Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer . Nature417 , 949 – 954 ( 2002 ).
  • Fransen K , KlintenasM , OsterstromA , DimbergJ , MonsteinHJ , SoderkvistP . Mutation analysis of the BRAF, ARAF and RAF-1 genes in human colorectal adenocarcinomas . Carcinogenesis25 , 527 – 533 ( 2004 ).
  • Tol J , NagtegaalID , PuntCJ . BRAF mutation in metastatic colorectal cancer . N. Engl. J. Med.361 ( 1 ), 98 – 99 ( 2009 ).
  • Zhang BH , GuanKL . Activation of B-Raf kinase requires phosphorylation of the conserved residues Thr598 and Ser601 . EMBO J.19 , 5429 – 5439 ( 2000 ).
  • Rajagopalan H , BardelliA , LengauerC , KinzlerKW , VogelsteinB , VelculescuVE . Tumorigenesis: RAF/RAS oncogenes and mismatch-repair status . Nature (Lond.)418 , 934 ( 2002 ).
  • Yuen ST , DaviesH , ChanTLet al. Similarity of the phenotypic patterns associated with BRAF and KRAS mutations in colorectal neoplasia . Cancer Res.62 , 6451 – 6455 ( 2002 ).
  • Hall RD , KudchadkarRR . BRAF mutations: signaling, epidemiology, and clinical experience in multiple malignancies . Cancer Control221 , 221 – 231 ( 2014 ).
  • Samowitz WS , SweeneyC , HerrickJet al. Poor survival associated with the BRAF V600E mutation in microsatellitestable colon cancers . Cancer Res.65 , 6063 – 6069 ( 2005 ).
  • Tran B , KopetzS , TieJ , GibbsPet al. Impact of BRAF mutation and microsatellite instability on the pattern of metastatic spread and prognosis in metastatic colorectal cancer . Cancer117 ( 20 ), 4623 – 4632 ( 2011 ).
  • Saridaki Z , TzardiM , SfakianakiMet al. BRAFV600E mutation analysis in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) in daily clinical practice: correlations with clinical characteristics, and its impact on patients’ outcome . PLoS ONE8 ( 12 ), e84604 ( 2013 ).
  • Richman SD , SeymourMT , ChambersPet al. KRAS and BRAF mutations in advanced colorectal cancer are associated with poor prognosis but do not preclude benefit from oxaliplatin or irinotecan: results from the MRC FOCUS trial . J. Clin. Oncol.127 ( 35 ), 5931 – 5937 ( 2009 ).
  • Douillard JY , OlinerKS , SienaSet al. Panitumumab-FOLFOX4 treatment and RAS mutations in colorectal cancer . N. Engl. J. Med.369 ( 11 ), 1023 – 1034 ( 2013 ).
  • Van Cutsem E , LenzHJ , KöhneCHet al. Fluorouracil, leucovorin, and irinotecan plus cetuximab treatment and RAS mutations in colorectal cancer . J. Clin. Oncol.33 ( 7 ), 692 – 700 ( 2015 ).
  • Mao C , LiaoR-Y , QiuL-Xet al. BRAF V600E mutation and resistance to anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis . Mol. Biol. Rep.38 , 2219 – 2223 ( 2011 ).
  • Bokemeyer C , Van CutsemE , RougierPet al. Addition of cetuximab to chemotherapy as first-line treatment for KRAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer: pooled analysis of the CRYSTAL and OPUS randomised clinical trials . Eur. J. Cancer48 , 1466 – 1475 ( 2012 ).
  • Yuan Z-X , WangX-Y , QinQ-Yet al. The prognostic role of BRAF mutation in metastatic colorectal cancer receiving anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies: a meta-analysis . PLoS ONE8 , e65995 ( 2013 ).
  • Cui D , CaoD , YangYet al. Effect of BRAF V600E mutation on tumor response of anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies for first-line metastatic colorectal cancertreatment: a meta-analysis of randomized studies . Mol. Biol. Rep.41 , 1291 – 1298 ( 2014 ).
  • Therkildsen C , BergmannT , Henrichsen-SchnackTet al. The predictive value of KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA and PTEN for anti-EGFR treatment in metastatic colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis . Acta Oncol.53 , 852 – 864 ( 2014 ).
  • Wang Q , HuWG , SongQB , WeiJ . BRAF V600E mutation as a predictive factor of anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies therapeutic effects in metastatic colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis . Chin. Med. Sci. J.29 , 197 – 203 ( 2014 ).
  • Pietrantonio F , PetrelliF , CoinuAet al. Predictive role of BRAF mutations in patients with advanced colorectal cancer receiving cetuximab and panitumumab: a meta-analysis . Eur. J. Cancer51 ( 5 ), 587 – 594 ( 2015 ).
  • Masi G , LoupakisF , SalvatoreLet al. Bevacizumab with FOLFOXIRI (irinotecan, oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and folinate) as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer: a Phase 2 trial . Lancet Oncol.11 ( 9 ), 845 – 852 ( 2010 ).
  • Loupakis F , CremoliniC , SalvatoreLet al. FOLFOXIRI plus bevacizumab as first-line treatment in BRAF mutant metastatic colorectal cancer . Eur. J. Cancer50 , 57 – 63 ( 2014 ).
  • Loupakis F , CremoliniC , MasiGet al. Initial therapy with FOLFOXIRI and bevacizumab for metastatic colorectal cancer . N. Engl. J. Med.371 ( 17 ), 1609 – 1618 ( 2014 ).
  • Loupakis F , CremoliniC , LonardiSet al. Subgroup analyses in RAS mutant, BRAF mutant and all-wt mCRC pts treated with FOLFOXIRI plus bevacizumab (bev) or FOLFOXIRI plus bev in the TRIBE study . J. Clin. Oncol.32 ( Suppl. 5s ), Abstract 3519 ( 2014 ).
  • Basso M , StrippoliA , OrlandiAet al. KRAS mutational status affects oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy independently from basal mRNA ERCC1 expression in metastatic colorectal cancer patients . Br. J. Cancer108 ( 1 ), 115 – 120 ( 2013 ).
  • Orlandi A , Di SalvatoreM , BagalàCet al. ERCC1 induction after oxaliplatin exposure may depend on KRAS mutational status in colorectal cancer cell line: in vitro veritas . J. Cancer6 ( 1 ), 70 – 81 ( 2015 ).
  • Flaherty KT , PuzanovI , KimKBet al. Inhibition of mutated, activated BRAF in metastatic melanoma . N. Engl. J. Med.363 , 809 – 819 ( 2010 ).
  • Long GV , StroyakovskiyD , GogasNet al. Combined BRAF and MEK inhibition versus BRAF inhibition alone in melanoma . N. Engl. J. Med.371 , 1877 – 1888 ( 2014 ).
  • Kopetz S , DesaiJ , ChanEet al. PLX4032 in metastatic colon cancer patients with mutant BRAF tumors . J. Clin. Oncol.28 ( Suppl. 15s ), Abstract 3534 ( 2010 ).
  • Corcoran RB , EbiH , TurkeABet al. EGFR-mediated re-activation of MAPK signaling contribuites to insensitivity of BRAF mutant colorectal cancers to RAF inhibition with vemurafenib . Cancer Discov.2 , 227 – 235 ( 2012 ).
  • Montero-Conde C , Ruiz-LlorenteS , DominguezJMet al. Relief of feedback inhibition of HER3 transcription by RAF and MEK inhibitors attenuates their antitumor effects in BRAF-mutant thyroid carcinomas . Cancer Discov.3 , 520 – 533 ( 2013 ).
  • Prahallad A , SunC , HuangSet al. Unresponsiveness of colon cancer to BRAF(V600E) inhibition through feedback activation of EGFR . Nature483 , 100 – 103 ( 2012 ).
  • Poulikakos PI , ZhangC , BollagG , ShokatKM , RosenN . RAF inhibitors transactivate RAF dimers and ERK signalling in cells with wild-type BRAF . Nature464 , 427 – 430 ( 2010 ).
  • Hatzivassiliou G , SongK , YenI , BrandhuberBJ , AndersonDJ , AlvaradoRet al. RAF inhibitors prime wild-type RAF to activate the MAPK pathway and enhance growth . Nature464 , 431 – 435 ( 2010 ).
  • Ahronian LG , SennottEM , Van AllenEMet al. Clinical acquired resistance to RAF inhibitor combinations in BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer through MAPK pathway alterations . Cancer Discov.5 , 358 – 367 ( 2015 ).
  • Falchook GS , LongGV , KurzrockRet al. RAF inhibitor Dabrafenib (GSK2118436) is active in melanoma brain metastases, multiple BRAF genotypes and diverse cancers . Lancet379 , 1893 – 1901 ( 2012 ).
  • Gomez-Roca CA , DelordJ , RobertCet al. Encorafenib (LGX818), an oral BRAF inhibitor, in patients (pts) with BRAF V600E metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC): results of dose expansion in an open-label, Phase 1 study . Ann. Oncol.25 ( Suppl. 4 ), iv182 – iv183 ( 2014 ).
  • Tabernero J , ChanE , BaselgaJet al. VE-BASKET, a Simon 2-stage adaptive design, Phase II, histology-independent study in nonmelanoma solid tumors harboring BRAF V600 mutations (V600m): activity of vemurafenib (VEM) with or without cetuximab (CTX) in colorectal cancer (CRC) . J. Clin. Oncol.32 ( Suppl. ), Abstract 3518 ( 2014 ).
  • Yaeger R , CercekA , O’ReillyEM , VakianiE , SaltzLBet al. Pilot trial of combined BRAF and EGFR inhibition in BRAF-mutant metastatic colorectal cancer patients . Clin. Cancer Res.21 ( 6 ), 1313 – 1320 ( 2015 ).
  • Lacouture ME , DuvicM , HauschildAet al. Analysis of dermatologic events in vemurafenib-treated patients with melanoma . Oncologist18 ( 3 ), 314 – 322 ( 2013 ).
  • Van Cutsem E , PeetersM , SienaSet al. Open-label Phase III trial of panitumumab plus best supportive care compared with best supportive care alone in patients with chemotherapy-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer . J. Clin. Oncol.25 ( 13 ), 1658 – 1664 ( 2007 ).
  • Lavoie H , ThevakumaranN , GavoryGet al. Inhibitors that stabilize a closed RAF kinase domain conformation induce dimerization . Nat. Chem. Biol.9 ( 7 ), 428 – 436 ( 2013 ).
  • Van Geel R , ElezE , BendellJCet al. Phase I study of the selective BRAFV600 inhibitor encorafenib (LGX818) combined with cetuximab and with or without the α-specific PI3K inhibitor BYL719 in patients with advanced BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer . J. Clin. Oncol.32 ( 5s Suppl. ), Abstract 3514 ( 2014 ).
  • Bendell JC , AtreyaCE , AndréTet al. Efficacy and tolerability in an open-label Phase I/II study of MEK inhibitor trametinib (T), BRAF inhibitor dabrafenib (D), and anti-EGFR antibody panitumumab (P) in combination in patients (pts) with BRAF V600E mutated colorectal cancer (CRC) . J. Clin. Oncol.32 ( Suppl. 5s ), Abstract 3515 ( 2014 ).
  • Hong DS , MorrisVK , El OstaBEet al. Phase 1b study of vemurafenib in combination with irinotecan and cetuximab in patients with BRAF-mutated advanced cancers and advanced cancers . J. Clin. Oncol.33 ( Suppl. 15 ), 3511 ( 2015 ).
  • Capper D , PreusserM , HabelAet al. Assessment of BRAF V600E mutation status by immunohistochemistry with a mutation-specific monoclonal antibody . Acta Neuropathol.122 , 11 – 19 ( 2011 ).
  • Toon CW , WalshMD , ChouAet al. BRAF V600E immunohistochemistry facilitates universal screening of colorectal cancers for Lynch syndrome . Am. J. Surg. Pathol.37 , 1592 – 1602 ( 2013 ).
  • Thiel A , HeinonenM , KantonenJet al. BRAF mutation in sporadic colorectal cancer and Lynch syndrome . Virchows Arch.463 ( 5 ), 613 – 621 ( 2013 ).
  • Roskoski R Jr . RAF protein-serine/threonine kinases: structure and regulation . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.399 , 313 – 317 ( 2010 ).
  • Saridaki Z , Papadatos-PastosD , TzardiMet al. BRAF mutations, microsatellite instability status and cyclin D1 expression predict metastatic colorectal patients’ outcome . Br. J. Cancer102 , 1762 – 1768 ( 2010 ).
  • Roth AD , TejparS , DelorenziMet al. Prognostic role of KRAS and BRAF in stage II and III resected colon cancer: results of the translational study on the PETACC-3, EORTC 40993, SAKK 60–00 trial . J. Clin. Oncol.28 , 466 – 474 ( 2010 ).
  • Ogino S , ShimaK , MeyerhardtJAet al. Predictive and prognostic roles of BRAF mutation in stage III colon cancer: results from intergroup trial CALGB 89803 . Clin. Cancer Res.18 , 890 – 900 ( 2012 ).
  • Pai RK , JayachandranP , KoongACet al. BRAF mutated, microsatellite-stable adenocarcinoma of the proximal colon: an aggressive adenocarcinoma with poor survival, mucinous differentiation, and adverse morphologic features . Am. J. Surg. Pathol.36 , 744 – 752 ( 2012 ).
  • Wang L , CunninghamJM , WintersJLet al. BRAF mutations in colon cancer are not likely attributable to defective DNA mismatch repair . Cancer Res.63 , 5209 – 5212 ( 2003 ).
  • Kalady MF , DejuliusKL , SanchezJAet al. BRAF mutations in colorectal cancer are associated with distinct clinical characteristics and worse prognosis . Dis. Colon Rectum55 , 128 – 133 ( 2012 ).
  • Le DT , UramJN , WangHet al. PD-1 blockade in tumors with mismatch-repair deficiency . N. Engl. J. Med.372 ( 26 ), 2509 – 2520 ( 2015 ).
  • Cremolini C , Di BartolomeoM , AmatuAet al. BRAF codons 594 and 596 mutations identify a new molecular subtype of metastatic colorectal cancer at favorable prognosis . Ann. Oncol.26 , 2092 – 2097 ( 2015 ).
  • Cremolini C , Di MaioM , PetrelliFet al. BRAF-mutated metastatic colorect cancer between past and future . Br. J. Cancer doi:10.1038/bjc.2015.316 ( 2015 ) ( Epub ahead of print ).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.