Clinical Decision Support for Personalized Medicine: An Opportunity for Pharmacist–Physician Collaboration

• Scott SA . Personalizing medicine with clinical pharmacogenetics. Genet. Med.13(12) , 987–995 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanek EJ , SandersCL, Johansen Taber KA et al. Adoption of pharmacogenomic testing by U.S. physicians: results of a nationwide survey. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.91(3) , 450–458 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurwitz D , ZikaE, HopkinsMM, GaisserS, IbarretaD. Pharmacogenetics in Europe: barriers and opportunities. Public Health Genomics12(3) , 134–141 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shields AE , LermanC. Anticipating clinical integration of pharmacogenetic treatment strategies for addiction: are primary care physicians ready? Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.83(4) , 635–639 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kadafour M , HaughR, PosinM, KayserSR, ShinJ. Survey on warfarin pharmacogenetic testing among anticoagulation providers. Pharmacogenomics10(11) , 1853–1860 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikediobi ON , ShinJ, NussbaumRL et al. Addressing the challenges of the clinical application of pharmacogenetic testing. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 86(1) , 28–31 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman W , PayneK. Removing barriers to a clinical pharmacogenetics service. Per. Med.5(5) , 471–480 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKinnon RA , WardMB, SorichMJ. A critical analysis of barriers to the clinical implementation of pharmacogenomics. Ther. Clin. Risk Manag.3(5) , 751–759 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCullough KB , FormeaCM, BergKD et al. Assessment of the pharmacogenomics educational needs of pharmacists. Am. J. Pharm. Educ. 75(3) , 51 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roederer MW , Van Riper M, Valgus J, Knafl G, McLeod H. Knowledge, attitudes and education of pharmacists regarding pharmacogenetic testing. Per. Med.9(1) , 19–27 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varmus H . Getting ready for gene-based medicine. N. Engl. J. Med.347(19) , 1526–1527 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feero WG , GuttmacherAE, CollinsFS. Genomic medicine – an updated primer. N. Engl. J. Med.362 , 2001–2011 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Coalition for Health Professional Education in Genetics. Core Competencies in Genetics for Health Professionals (3rd Edition). Lutherville, MD, USA (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Johnson JA , BootmanJL, EvansWE et al. Pharmacogenomics: a scientific revolution in pharmaceutical sciences and pharmacy practice. Report of the 2001–2002 Academic Affairs Committee. Am. J. Pharm. Educ. 66 , S12–S15 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurwitz D , LunshofJE, DedoussisG et al. Pharmacogenomics education: International Society of Pharmacogenomics recommendations for medical, pharmaceutical, and health schools deans of education. Pharmacogenomics J. 5(4) , 221–225 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgs JE , AndrewsJ, GurwitzD, PayneK, NewmanW. Pharmacogenetics education in British medical schools. Genomic Med.2 , 100–105 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Latif DA . Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics instruction in schools of pharmacy in the USA: is it adequate? Pharmacogenomics6(4) , 317–319 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy JE , GreenJS, AdamsLA, SquireRB, KuoGM, McKayA. Pharmacogenomics in the curricula of colleges and schools of pharmacy in the United States. Am. J. Pharm. Educ.74(1) , 7 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stead WW . Practical front-line challenges and the future of expert-based care. Presented at: 2007 Institute of Medicine Annual Meeting. Washington, DC, USA, 8 October 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Stead WW , StarmerJM. Beyond expert-based practice. In: Evidence-Based Medicine and the Changing Nature of Healthcare: Meeting Summary (IOM Roundtable on Evidence-Based Medicine). McClellan MB, McGinnis JM, Nabel EG, Olsen LM (Eds). National Academies Press, Washington, DC, USA, 94–105 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• El-Ibiary SY , ChengC, AlldredgeB. Potential roles for pharmacists in pharmacogenetics. J. Am. Pharm. Assoc.48(2) , e21–e29 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Crews KR , CrossSJ, McCormickJN et al. Development and implementation of a pharmacist-managed clinical pharmacogenetics service. Am. J. Health-Syst. Pharm. 68 , 143–150 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teagarden JR , StanekEJ. On pharmacogenomics in pharmacy benefit management. Pharmacotherapy32(2) , 103–111 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mesika Y , LeeBC, TsimermanY, RoitmanH, ParkHK. Using pharmacogenetics knowledge to increase accuracy of alerts for adverse drug events. In: User Centred Networked Healthcare: Proceedings of MIE 2011 – Volume 169, Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. Moen A, Andersen SK, Aarts J, Hurlen P (Eds). IOS Press, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 569–573 (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Mega JL , CloseSL, WiviottSD et al. Cytochrome P-450 polymorphisms and response to clopidogrel. N. Engl. J. Med. 360(4) , 354–362 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon T , VerstuyftC, Mary-KrauseM et al. For the French registry of acute ST-elevation and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (FAST-MI) investigators. Genetic determinants of response to clopidogrel and cardiovascular events. N. Engl. J. Med. 360(4) , 363–375 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mega JL , SimonT, ColletJP et al. Reduced-function CYP2C19 genotype and risk of adverse clinical outcomes among patients treated with clopidogrel predominantly for PCI: a meta-analysis. JAMA 304(16) , 1821–1830 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Close SL . Clopidogrel pharmacogenetics: metabolism and drug interactions. Drug Metabol. Drug Interact.26(2) , 45–51 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Plavix® (clopidogrel bisulfate) tablets, prescribing information. Bristol-Myers Squibb/Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, NJ, USA (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Hulot JS , ColletJP, SilvainJ et al. Cardiovascular risk in clopidogrel-treated patients according to cytochrome P450 2C19*2 loss-of-function allele or proton pump inhibitor coadministration. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 56(2) , 134–143 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes DR Jr, Dehmer GJ, Kaul S, Leifer D, O‘Gara PT, Stein CM. ACCF/AHA clopidogrel clinical alert: approaches to the FDA ‘boxed warning‘: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation task force on clinical expert consensus documents and the American Heart Association. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.56(4) , 321–341 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott SA , SangkuhlK, GardnerEE et al. Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium guidelines for cytochrome P450–2C19 (CYP2C19) genotype and clopidogrel therapy. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 90(2) , 328–332 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson JL , AdamsCD, AntmanEM et al. ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 50(7) , e1–e157 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patrono C , BaigentC, HirshJ, RothG. American College of Chest Physicians. Antiplatelet drugs: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (8th Edition). Chest133(Suppl. 6) , S199–S233 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kreutz RP , StanekEJ, AubertR et al. Impact of proton pump inhibitors on the effectiveness of clopidogrel after coronary stent placement: the Clopidogrel Medco Outcomes Study. Pharmacotherapy 30(8) , 787–796 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Royal Society. Personalised Medicines: Hopes and Realities. The Royal Society, London, UK (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Roger VL , GoAS, Lloyd-JonesDM et al.; American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics – 2012 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation125(1) , e2–e220 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castle LA , DreitleinWB, KourlasH, KhalidM, BarlowJF, EpsteinRS. A nationwide program combining test facilitation for CYP2C19 genotyping and drug utilization review for patients on clopidogrel. Presented at: 12th International Congress of Human Genetics. Montreal, Canada, 13 October 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Stanek EJ , VerbruggeRR, BarlowJF et al. Nationwide implementation and adoption of pharmacogenetic testing through a novel pharmacy-based approach. Presented at: Annual Meeting of the American Society of Human Genetics. Washington, DC, USA, 5 November 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Epstein RS , MoyerTP, AubertRE et al. Warfarin genotyping reduces hospitalization rates: results from the MM-WES (Medco-Mayo Warfarin Effectiveness Study). J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 55(25) , 2804–2812 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

▪ Websites

• Institute of Medicine (IOM). IOM roundtable on evidence-based medicine: learning healthcare system concepts v. 2008. www.iom.edu/∼/media/Files/Activity%20Files/Quality/VSRT/Learning%20Healthcare%20System%20Concepts%20v2008.pdf (Accessed 3January2012)
   Google Scholar
• Hsiao C, Hing E, Socey TC, Cai B. Electronic medical record/electronic health record systems of office-based physicians: United States, 2009 and preliminary 2010 state estimates. December 2010. www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/emr_ehr_09/emr_ehr_09.pdf (Accessed 3January2012)
   Google Scholar
• US FDA. Information for healthcare professionals: update to the labeling of clopidogrel bisulfate (marketed as Plavix) to alert healthcare professionals about a drug interaction with omeprazole (marketed as Prilosec and Prilosec OTC). November 17, 2009. www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/DrugSafetyInformationforHeathcareProfessionals/ucm190787.htm (Accessed 22March2012)
   Google Scholar
• US FDA. FDA drug safety communication: abnormal heart rhythms associated with high doses of Celexa (citalopram hydrobromide). August 24, 2011. www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm269086.htm (Accessed 3January2012)
   Google Scholar