References
- Shaw LJ , BugiardiniR, MerzNB. Women and ischemic heart disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.54, 1561–1575 (2009).
- Rosamund W , FlegalK, FurieKet al.; for the Writing Group Members. Heart disease and stroke statistics – 2008 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and stroke statistics subcommittee. Circulation117, e25–e146 (2008).
- Heron MP , HoyertDL, XuJ, ScottC, Tejada-VeraB. Deaths: preliminary data for 2006. Natl Vital Stat. Rep.56, 1–52 (2008).
- Bairey Merz CN , ShawLJ, ReissSE. Ischemic heart disease in women: insights from the NHLBI-sponsored Women’s Ischemic Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) Study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.47(Suppl. 3), S21–S29 (2006).
- Mosca L , BankaCL, BenjaminEJet al.; for the Expert Panel/Writing Group. Evidence-based guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention in women: 2007 update. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.49, 1230–1250 (2007).
- Benjamin EJ , SmithSC Jr, CooperRS, HillMN, LuepkerRV. Task force #1 – magnitude of the prevention problem: opportunities and challenges. 33rd Bethesda Conference. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.40, 588–603 (2002).
- Roger VL , JacobsenSJ, WestonSAet al. Trends in the incidence and survival of patients with hospitalized myocardial infarction, Olmstead County, Minnesota, 1979 to 1994. Am. Intern. Med.136, 341–348 (2002).
- Bugiardini R , YanAT, YanRTet al. Factors influencing underutilization of evidence-based therapies in women. Eur. Heart J.32, 1337–1344 (2011).
- Johnston N , Schenck-GustafssonK, LagerqvistB. Are we using the cardiovascular medications and coronary angiography appropriately in men and women with chest pain. Eur. Heart J.32, 1331–1336 (2011).
- Fricker J . Women’s heart health: the focus of this issue. Eur. Heart J.32, 1333 (2011).
- Merz CV. The Yentl syndrome is alive and well. Eur. Heart J.32, 1313–1315 (2011).
- Ridker PM , CookNR, LeeIMet al. A randomized trial of low-dose aspirin in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in women. N. Engl. J. Med.352, 1293–1304 (2005).
- Shaw LJ , Bairey MerzCN, PepineCJet al. Insights from the NHLBI-sponsoredWomen’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) Study Part 1: gender differences in traditional and novel risk factors, symptom evaluation and gender optimized diagnostic strategies. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.47, S4–S20 (2006).
- Shaw LJ , BugiardiniR, MerzCN. Women and ischemic heart disease: evolving knowledge. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.54, 1561–1575 (2009).
- Walenga JM , BaraL, PetitouM, SamamaM, FareedJ, ChoayJ. The inhibition of the generation of thrombin and the antithrombotic effect of a pentasaccharide with sole anti-factor Xa activity. Thromb. Res.51(1), 23–33 (1988).
- Walenga J , HoppensteadtD, KujawskiMet al. Biochemical and pharmacological validation of the antithrombotic anticoagulant potential of foundaparinux, enoxaparin, and otamixaban as it impacts the management of ACS. Circulation116, 482–483 (2007) (Abstract 2.9).
- Kujawski MRF . Molecular weight dependence on the inhibition of thrombin activatable fibrinolytic inhibitor (TAFI) by heparins. Thesis, Loyola University of Chicago, Volume II, 333–335 (2007).
- Iacoviello L , DicastelnuouvoA, DeknijffPet al. Polymorphism in the coagulation factor VII gene and the risk of myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med.338, 79–85 (1998).
- Ernst E , ReschKI. Fibrinogen as a cardiovascular risk factor: a meta-analysis and review of the literature. Ann. Intern. Med.118 (12), 956–963 (1993).
- Barasch E , BenderlyM, GraffEet al. Plasma fibrinogen levels and their correlates in 6457 coronary heart disease patients. The Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention (BIP) study. J. Clin. Epidemiol.48, 757–765 (1995).
- Hajjar KA , GavishD, BreslowJLet al. Lipoprotein(a) modulation of endothelial cell surface fibrinolysis and its potential role in atherosclerosis. Nature339, 303–305 (1989).
- Hamsten A , de FaireU, WalldiusGet al. Plasminogen activator inhibitor in plasma: risk factor for recurrent myocardial infarction. Lancet2, 3–9 (1987).
- Jansson JH , NilssonTK, JohnsonO. von Willebrand factor in plasma: risk factor for recurrent myocardial infarction and death. Br. Heart J.66, 351–355 (1991).
- Folsom AR , WuKK, RosamondWDet al. Prospective study of the hemostatic factors and incidence of coronary heart disease: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Circulation96, 1102–1108 (1997).
- Schwertz DW , PenckoferS. Sex differences and the effects of sex hormones on hemostasis and vascular reactivity. Heart Lung30, 401–426 (2001).
- Kalaria VG , ZarebaW, MossAJet al. Gender-related differences in thrombogenic factors predicting recurrent cardiac events in patients after acute myocardial infarction. Am. J. Cardiol.85, 1401–1408 (2000).
- Capodanno D , AngiolilloDJ. Impact of race and gender on antithrombotic therapy. Thromb. Haemost.104, 471–484 (2010).
- Blomkalns AL , ChenAY, HochmanJSet al.; CRUSADE Investigators. Gender disparities in the diagnosis and treatment of non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome: large-scale observations from the CRUSADE (Can Rapid Risk Stratification of Unstable Angina Patients Suppress Adverse Outcomes With Early Implementation of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guidelines) National Quality Improvement Initiative. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.45, 802–836 (2005).
- Kim ESH , MononV. Status of women in cardiovascular clinical trails. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.29, 279–283 (2009).
- Chiaramonte GR , FriendR. Medical students’ and residents’ gender bias in diagnosis, treatment and interpretation of coronary heart disease symptoms. Health Psychol.25, 255–266 (2006).
- Rossouw JE , AndersonGL, PrenticeRLet al.; Writing Group for Women’s Health Initiative Investigators. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA288, 321–333 (2002).
- Francis CW , ConnaghanDG, ScottWLet al. Increased plasma concentration of cross-linked fibrin polymers in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation75, 1170–1177 (1987).
▪ Website
- CDC. State-specific mortality from sudden cardiac death – USA , 1999. www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5106a3.htm