Low-Frequency Kras Mutations are Prevalent in Lung Adenocarcinomas

References

• Forbes SA , BamfordS , DunhamCGet al. COSMIC: Mining the world’s knowledge on somatic cancer mutations . Cancer Res.72 ( 8 ), ( 2012 ).
   Google Scholar
• Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer . http://cancer.sanger.ac.uk/cancergenome/projects/cosmic .
   Google Scholar
• The Cancer Genome Atlas . http://cancergenome.nih.gov .
   Google Scholar
• Imielinski M , BergerAH , HammermanPSet al. Mapping the hallmarks of lung adenocarcinoma with massively parallel sequencing . Cell150 ( 6 ), 1107 – 1120 ( 2012 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network . The Cancer Genome Atlas Pan-Cancer analysis project . Nat. Genet.45 ( 10 ), 1113 – 1120 ( 2013 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• cBioPortal for Cancer Genomics . www.cbioportal.org/public-portal .
   Google Scholar
• Govindan R , DingL , GriffithMet al. Genomic landscape of non-small cell lung cancer in smokers and never-smokers . Cell150 ( 6 ), 1121 – 1134 ( 2012 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding L , GetzG , WheelerDAet al. Somatic mutations affect key pathways in lung adenocarcinoma . Nature455 ( 7216 ), 1069 – 1075 ( 2008 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blair BG , BardelliA , ParkBH . Somatic alterations as the basis for resistance to targeted therapies . J. Pathol.232 ( 2 ), 244 – 254 ( 2014 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciriello G , MillerML , AksoyBA , SenbabaogluY , SchultzN , SanderC . Emerging landscape of oncogenic signatures across human cancers . Nat. Genet.45 ( 10 ), 1127 – 1133 ( 2013 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding L , RaphaelBJ , ChenF , WendlMC . Advances for studying clonal evolution in cancer . Cancer Lett.340 ( 2 ), 212 – 219 ( 2013 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz Jr LA , WilliamsRT , WuJet al. The molecular evolution of acquired resistance to targeted EGFR blockade in colorectal cancers . Nature486 ( 7404 ), 537 – 540 ( 2012 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng L , AlexanderRE , MacLennanGTet al. Molecular pathology of lung cancer: Key to personalized medicine . Mod. Pathol.25 ( 3 ), 347 – 369 ( 2012 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayoola A , BarochiaA , BelaniK , BelaniCP . Primary and acquired resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer: an update . Cancer Invest.30 ( 5 ), 433 – 446 ( 2012 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanner NT , PastisNJ , ShermanC , SimonGR , LewinD , SilvestriGA . The role of molecular analyses in the era of personalized therapy for advanced NSCLC . Lung Cancer76 ( 2 ), 131 – 137 ( 2012 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sriram KB , FrancisSMS , TanME , BowmanRV , YangIA , FongKM . EGFR mutation testing in non-small cell lung cancer . Curr. Respir. Med. Rev.6 ( 4 ), 310 – 321 ( 2010 ).
   Google Scholar
• Douillard JY , ShepherdFA , HirshVet al. Molecular predictors of outcome with gefitinib and docetaxel in previously treated non-small-cell lung cancer: data from the randomized phase III INTEREST trial . J. Clin. Oncol.28 ( 5 ), 744 – 752 ( 2010 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maemondo M , InoueA , KobayashiKet al. Gefitinib or chemotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer with mutated EGFR . N. Engl. J. Med.362 ( 25 ), 2380 – 2388 ( 2010 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brugger W , TrillerN , Blasinska-MorawiecMet al. Prospective molecular marker analyses of EGFR and KRAS from a randomized, placebo-controlled study of erlotinib maintenance therapy in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer . J. Clin. Oncol.29 ( 31 ), 4113 – 4120 ( 2011 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linardou H , DahabrehIJ , KanaloupitiDet al. Assessment of somatic k-RAS mutations as a mechanism associated with resistance to EGFR-targeted agents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer and metastatic colorectal cancer . Lancet Oncol.9 ( 10 ), 962 – 972 ( 2008 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mao C , QiuLX , LiaoRYet al. KRAS mutations and resistance to EGFR-TKIs treatment in patients with non-small cell lung cancer: A meta-analysis of 22 studies . Lung Cancer69 ( 3 ), 272 – 278 ( 2010 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons BL , MyersMB . KRAS mutant tumor subpopulations can subvert durable responses to personalized cancer treatments . Pers. Med.10 ( 2 ), 191 – 199 ( 2013 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons BL , MyersMB . Personalized cancer treatment and the myth of KRAS wild-type colon tumors . Discov. Med.15 ( 83 ), 259 – 267 ( 2013 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasovits C , PavlakisN . EGFR-targeted therapy and resistance . Cancer Forum37 ( 2 ), 166 – 170 ( 2013 ).
   Google Scholar
• Nakata A , GotohN . Recent understanding of the molecular mechanisms for the efficacy and resistance of EGF receptor-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer . Expert Opin. Ther. Targets16 ( 8 ), 771 – 781 ( 2012 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCubrey JA , SteelmanLS , ChappellWHet al. Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR cascade inhibitors: how mutations can result in therapy resistance and how to overcome resistance . Oncotarget3 ( 10 ), 1068 – 1111 ( 2012 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arcila ME , OxnardGR , NafaKet al. Rebiopsy of lung cancer patients with acquired resistance to EGFR inhibitors and enhanced detection of the T790M mutation using a locked nucleic acid-based assay . Clin. Cancer Res.17 ( 5 ), 1169 – 1180 ( 2011 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu HA , ArcilaME , RekhtmanNet al. Analysis of tumor specimens at the time of acquired resistance to EGFR-TKI therapy in 155 patients with EGFR-mutant lung cancers . Clin. Cancer Res.19 ( 8 ), 2240 – 2247 ( 2013 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohashi K , SequistLV , ArcilaMEet al. Lung cancers with acquired resistance to EGFR inhibitors occasionally harbor BRAF gene mutations but lack mutations in KRAS, NRAS, or MEK1 . Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA109 ( 31 ), E2127 – E2133 ( 2012 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Remon J , MoránT , MajemMet al. Acquired resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors in EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer: A new era begins . Cancer Treat. Rev.40 ( 1 ), 93 – 101 ( 2014 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers MB , WangY , McKimKL , ParsonsBL . Hotspot oncomutations: Implications for personalized cancer treatment . Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn.12 ( 6 ), 603 – 620 ( 2012 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jancik S , DrabekJ , BerkovcovaJet al. A comparison of Direct sequencing, Pyrosequencing, High resolution melting analysis, TheraScreen DxS, and the K-ras StripAssay for detecting KRAS mutations in non small cell lung carcinomas . J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res.31 ( 1 ), ( 2012 ).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rechsteiner M , Von TeichmanA , RuschoffJHet al. KRAS, BRAF, and TP53 deep sequencing for colorectal carcinoma patient diagnostics . J. Mol. Diagn.15 ( 3 ), 299 – 311 ( 2013 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Q , JiaP , LiFet al. Detecting somatic point mutations in cancer genome sequencing data: a comparison of mutation callers . Genome Med.5 ( 10 ), ( 2013 ).
   Google Scholar
• Gerstung M , BeiselC , RechsteinerMet al. Reliable detection of subclonal single-nucleotide variants in tumour cell populations . Nat. Commun.3 , 811 ( 2012 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stead LF , SuttonKM , TaylorGR , QuirkeP , RabbittsP . Accurately identifying low-allelic fraction variants in single samples with next-generation sequencing: Applications in tumor subclone resolution . Hum. Mutat.34 ( 10 ), 1432 – 1438 ( 2013 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons BL , Marchant-MirosKE , DelongchampRRet al. ACB-PCR quantification of K-RAS codon 12 GAT and GTT mutant fraction in colon tumor and non-tumor tissue . Cancer Invest.28 ( 4 ), 364 – 375 ( 2010 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers MB , McKimKL , ParsonsBL . A subset of papillary thyroid carcinomas contain KRAS mutant subpopulations at levels above normal thyroid . Mol. Carcinog.53 ( 2 ), 159 – 167 ( 2014 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sudo H , Li-SucholeikiXC , MarcelinoLAet al. Fetal-juvenile origins of point mutations in the adult human tracheal-bronchial epithelium: Absence of detectable effects of age, gender or smoking status . Mutat. Res.646 ( 1–2 ), 25 – 40 ( 2008 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerra C , MijimolleN , DhawahirAet al. Tumor induction by an endogenous K-ras oncogene is highly dependent on cellular context . Cancer Cell4 ( 2 ), 111 – 120 ( 2003 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arena S , IsellaC , MartiniM , De MarcoA , MedicoE , BardelliA . Knock-in of oncogenic Kras does not transform mouse somatic cells but triggers a transcriptional response that classifies human cancers . Cancer Res.67 ( 18 ), 8468 – 8476 ( 2007 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKinzie PB , ParsonsBL . Accumulation of K-Ras codon 12 mutations in the F344 rat distal colon following azoxymethane exposure . Environ. Mol. Mutagen.52 ( 5 ), 409 – 418 ( 2011 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meng F , WangY , MyersMBet al. p53 codon 271 CGT to CAT mutant fraction does not increase in nasal respiratory and olfactory epithelia of rats exposed to inhaled naphthalene . Mutat. Res.721 ( 2 ), 199 – 205 ( 2011 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y , ArltVM , RoufosseCAet al. ACB-PCR measurement of H-ras codon 61 CAA‐‐>CTA mutation provides an early indication of aristolochic acid I carcinogenic effect in tumor target tissues . Environ. Mol. Mutagen.53 ( 7 ), 495 – 504 ( 2012 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers M , McKinzieP , WangY , MengF , ParsonsB . ACB-PCR Quantification of Somatic Oncomutation . In : Molecular Toxicology Protocols.KeohavongP , GrantSG ( Eds ). Humana Press , NY, USA345 – 363 ( 2014 ).
   Google Scholar
• Subramanian J , MorgenszternD , GoodgameBet al. Distinctive characteristics of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in the young: A Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) analysis . J. Thorac. Oncol.5 ( 1 ), 23 – 28 ( 2010 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang H , DanilukJ , LiuYet al. Oncogenic K-Ras requires activation for enhanced activity . Oncogene33 ( 4 ), 532 – 535 ( 2013 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniluk J , LiuY , DengDet al. An NF-kappaB pathway-mediated positive feedback loop amplifies Ras activity to pathological levels in mice . J. Clin. Invest.122 ( 4 ), 1519 – 1528 ( 2012 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• di Magliano MP , LogsdonCD . Roles for KRAS in pancreatic tumor development and progression . Gastroenterology144 ( 6 ), 1220 – 1229 ( 2013 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons BL , ManjanathaMG , MyersMBet al. Temporal changes in K-ras mutant fraction in lung tissue of Big Blue B6C3F1 mice exposed to ethylene oxide . Toxicol. Sci.136 ( 1 ), 26 – 38 ( 2013 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karapetis CS , Khambata-FordS , JonkerDJet al. K-ras mutations and benefit from cetuximab in advanced colorectal cancer . N. Engl. J. Med.359 ( 17 ), 1757 – 1765 ( 2008 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchetti A , MilellaM , FelicioniLet al. Clinical implications of KRAS mutations in lung cancer patients treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors: An important role for mutations in minor clones . Neoplasia11 ( 10 ), 1084 – 1092 ( 2009 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eberhard DA , JohnsonBE , AmlerLCet al. Mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor and in KRAS are predictive and prognostic indicators in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer treated with chemotherapy alone and in combination with erlotinib . J. Clin. Oncol.23 ( 25 ), 5900 – 5909 ( 2005 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cadranel J , MauguenA , FallerMet al. Impact of Systematic EGFR and KRAS Mutation Evaluation on Progression-Free Survival and Overall Survival in Patients with Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Treated by Erlotinib in a French Prospective Cohort (ERMETIC Project-Part 2) . J. Thorac. Oncol.7 ( 10 ), 1490 – 1502 ( 2012 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khambata-Ford S , HarbisonCT , HartLLet al. Analysis of potential predictive markers of cetuximab benefit in BMS099, a phase III study of cetuximab and first-line taxane/carboplatin in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer . J. Clin. Oncol.28 ( 6 ), 918 – 927 ( 2010 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Byrne KJ , GatzemeierU , BondarenkoIet al. Molecular biomarkers in non-small-cell lung cancer: a retrospective analysis of data from the phase 3 FLEX study . Lancet Oncol.12 ( 8 ), 795 – 805 ( 2011 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kandoth C , McLellanMD , VandinFet al. Mutational landscape and significance across 12 major cancer types . Nature502 ( 7471 ), 333 – 339 ( 2013 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dogan S , ShenR , AngDCet al. Molecular epidemiology of EGFR and KRAS mutations in 3026 lung adenocarcinomas: higher susceptibility of women to smoking-related kras-mutant cancers . Clin. Cancer Res.18 ( 22 ), 6169 – 6177 ( 2012 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitamura H , OkudelaK . Bronchioloalveolar neoplasia . Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol.4 ( 1 ), 97 – 99 ( 2010 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keohavong P , MadyHH , GaoWM , SiegfriedJM , LuketichJD , MelhemMF . Topographic analysis of K- ras mutations in histologically normal lung tissues and tumours of lung cancer patients . Br. J. Cancer85 ( 2 ), 235 – 241 ( 2001 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papadimitrakopoulou V . Development of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibitors and their application in personalized therapy for non-small-cell lung cancer . J. Thorac. Oncol.7 ( 8 ), 1315 – 1326 ( 2012 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Office of Medical Policy, Center for Drug Evaluation Research . Guidance for industry codevelopment of two or more unmarketed investigational drugs for use in combination . U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring, MD, USA ( 2010 ).
   Google Scholar
• Endo H , OkamiJ , OkuyamaHet al. Spheroid culture of primary lung cancer cells with neuregulin 1/her3 pathway activation . J. Thorac. Oncol.8 ( 2 ), 131 – 139 ( 2013 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kondo J , EndoH , OkuyamaHet al. Retaining cell-cell contact enables preparation and culture of spheroids composed of pure primary cancer cells from colorectal cancer . Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA108 ( 15 ), 6235 – 6240 ( 2011 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar