References
- US Department of Veterans’ Affairs . Pain Management Opioid Taper Decision Tool: A VA Clinician’s Guide ( 2018 ). https://www.pbm.va.gov/AcademicDetailingService/Documents/Pain_Opioid_Taper_Tool_IB_10_939_P96820.pdf .
- Lembke A , HumphreysK , NewmarkJ . Weighing the risks and benefits of chronic opioid therapy . Am. Fam. Physician93 ( 12 ), 982 – 990 ( 2016 ).
- Dowell D , HaegerichT , ChouR . CDC Guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain: United States, 2016 . MMWR Recomm. Rep.65 ( 1 ), 1 – 49 ( 2016 ).
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Pocket Guide: Tapering Opioids for Chronic Pain ( 2018 ). https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/pdf/clinical_pocket_guide_tapering-a.pdf .
- Tennant F . Ultra-high dose opioid therapy: uncommon and declining but still needed . Pract. Pain Manag.13 ( 4 ), 1 – 6 ( 2013 ).
- Edlund MJ , MartinBC , RussoJE , DeVriesA , BradenJB , SullivanMD . The role of opioid prescription in incident opioid abuse and dependence among individuals with chronic noncancer pain: the role of opioid prescription . Clin. J. Pain30 ( 7 ), 557 – 564 ( 2014 ).
- RxPerts Industry Insights: Morphine Equivalent Dosing ( 2018 ). http://www.wolterskluwercdi.com/sites/default/files/documents/ebooks/morphine-equivalent-dosing-ebook.pdf?v3 .
- Murphy L , Babaei-RadR , BunaDet al. Guidance on opioid tapering in the context of chronic pain: evidence, practical advice and frequently asked questions . Can. Pharm. J.151 ( 2 ), 114 – 120 ( 2018 ).
- Gilson AM , MaurerMA , RyanKM , RathouzPJ , ClearyJF . Using a morphine equivalence metric to quantify opioid consumption: examining the capacity to provide effective treatment of debilitating pain at the global, regional and country levels . J. Pain Symptom Manage.45 ( 4 ), 681 – 700 ( 2013 ).
- Rennick A , AtkinsonT , CiminoNM , StrasselsSA , McPhersonML , FudinJ . Variability in opioid equivalence calculations . Pain Med.17 ( 5 ), 892 – 898 ( 2016 ).
- Nilsen H , StilesT , LandroN , ForsE , KaasS , BorchgrevinkP . Patients with problematic opioid use can be weaned from codeine without pain escalation . Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand.54 , 571 – 579 ( 2010 ).
- Townsend C , KerkvlietJ , BruceBet al. A longitudinal study of the efficacy of a comprehensive pain rehabilitation program with opioid withdrawal: Comparison of treatment outcomes based on opioid use status at admission . Pain140 , 177 – 189 ( 2008 ).
- Crisostomo R , SchmidtJ , HootenW , KerkvlietJ , TownsendC , BruceB . Withdrawal of analgesic medication for chronic low-back pain patients: improvements in outcomes of multidisciplinary rehabilitation regardless of surgical history . Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil.87 , 527 – 536 ( 2008 ).
- Berna C , KulichR , RathmellJ . Tapering long-term opioid therapy in chronic noncancer pain: evidence and recommendations for everyday practice . Mayo Clin. Proc.90 ( 6 ), 828 – 842 ( 2015 ).
- Zhou K , JiaP , BhargavaSet al. Opioid tapering in patients with prescription opioid use disorder: a retrospective study . Scand. J. Pain17 , 167 – 173 ( 2017 ).
- Darnall BD , ZiadniMS , StiegRL , MackeyIG , KaoMC , FloodP . Patient-centered prescription opioid tapering in community outpatients with chronic pain . JAMA Intern. Med.178 ( 5 ), 707 – 708 ( 2018 ).
- Fishbain D , RosomoffH , CutlerR . Opiate detoxification protocols: a clinical manual . Ann. Clin. Psychiatry5 , 53 – 65 ( 1993 ).