Nonopioid Versus Opioid Agents for Chronic Neuropathic Pain, Rheumatoid Arthritis Pain, Cancer Pain and Low Back Pain

References

• Gureje O , Von KorffM , SimonGEet al. Persistent pain and well-being: a World Health Organization study in primary care . JAMA280 ( 2 ), 147 – 5151 ( 1998 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nahin RL . Estimates of pain prevalence and severity in adults: United States, 2012 . J. Pain16 ( 8 ), 769 – 880 ( 2015 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boudreau D , Von KorffM , RutterCMet al. Trends in long-term opioid therapy for chronic non-cancer pain . Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf.18 ( 12 ), 1166 – 1175 ( 2009 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowell D , HaegerichTM , ChouR . CDC guidelines for prescribing opioids for chronic pain–United States, 2016 . JAMA315 ( 15 ), 1624 – 1645 ( 2016 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volkow ND , McLellanAT . Opioid abuse in chronic pain–misconceptions and mitigation strategies . N. Engl. J. Med.374 ( 13 ), 1253 – 1263 ( 2016 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Division of Unintentional Injury Prevention . Prescription Opioid Overdose Data . US Department of Health & Human Services , GA, USA . www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/data/overdose.html .
   Google Scholar
• Results from the 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: summary of national findings. NSDUH series H-48 . Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration , MD, USA , HHS publication no. (SMA), 14-4863 ( 2014 ).
   Google Scholar
• Network for Public Health Law (US) . Legal Interventions to Reduce Overdose Mortality: Naloxone Access and Overdose Good Samaritan Laws . Robert Wood Johnson Foundation ( 2017 ). www.networkforphl.org/_asset/qz5pvn/network-naloxone-10-4.pdf .
   Google Scholar
• Wilkerson RG , KimHK , WindsorTAet al. The opioid epidemic in the United States . Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am.34 ( 2 ), e1 – e23 ( 2016 ).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saarto T , WiffenPJ . Antidepressants for neuropathic pain . Cochrane Database of Syst. Rev.4 , CD005454 ( 2007 ).
   Google Scholar
• Wiffen PJ , DerryS , MooreRAet al. Carbamazepine for acute and chronic pain in adults . Cochrane Database of Syst. Rev.1 , CD005451 ( 2011 ).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McNicol ED , MidbariA , EisenbergE . Opioids for neuropathic pain . Cochrane Database of Syst. Rev.8 , CD006146 ( 2013 ).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moore RA , WiffenPJ , DerrySet al. Gabapentin for chronic neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia in adults . Cochrane Database of Syst. Rev.4 , CD007938 ( 2014 ).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Finnerup NB , AttalN , HaroutounianSet al. Pharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain in adults: systematic review, meta-analysis, and updated NeuPSIG recommendations . Lancet Neurol.14 ( 2 ), 162 – 173 ( 2015 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramiro S , RadnerH , van der HeijdeDet al. Combination therapy for pain management in inflammatory arthritis (rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, other spondyloarthritis . Cochrane Database of Syst. Rev.10 , CD008886 ( 2011 ).
   Google Scholar
• Richards BL , WhittleSL , BuchbinderR . Antidepressants for pain management in rheumatoid arthritis . Cochrane Database of Syst. Rev.11 , CD008920 ( 2011 ).
   Google Scholar
• Whittle SL , RichardsBL , HusniEet al. Opioid therapy for treating rheumatoid arthritis pain . Cochrane Database of Syst. Rev.11 , CD003113 ( 2011 ).
   Google Scholar
• Richards BL , WhittleSL , BuchbinderR . Neuromodulators for pain management in rheumatoid arthritis . Cochrane Database of Syst. Rev.1 , CD008921 ( 2012 ).
   Google Scholar
• Richards BL , WhittleSL , BuchbinderR . Muscle relaxants for pain management in rheumatoid arthritis . Cochrane Database of Syst. Rev.1 , CD008922 ( 2012 ).
   Google Scholar
• Nicholson AB , WatsonGR , DerrySet al. Methadone for cancer pain . Cochrane Database of Syst. Rev.2 , CD003971 ( 2007 ).
   Google Scholar
• Hadley G , DerryS , MooreRAet al. Transdermal fentanyl for cancer pain . Cochrane Database of Syst. Rev.10 , CD010270 ( 2013 ).
   Google Scholar
• Straube C , DerryS , JacksonKCet al. Codeine, alone and with paracetamol (acetaminophen), for cancer pain . Cochrane Database of Syst. Rev.9 , CD006601 ( 2014 ).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haywood A , GoodP , KhanSet al. Corticosteroids for the management of cancer-related pain in adults . Cochrane Database of Syst. Rev.4 , CD010756 ( 2015 ).
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt-Hansen M , BennettMI , ArnoldSet al. Oxycodone for cancer-related pain . Cochrane Database of Syst. Rev.2 , CD003870 ( 2015 ).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wiffen PJ , DerryS , NaessensKet al. Oral tapentadol for cancer pain . Cochrane Database of Syst. Rev.9 , CD011460 ( 2015 ).
   Google Scholar
• Bao YJ , HouW , KongXYet al. Hydromorphone for cancer pain . Cochrane Database of Syst. Rev.10 , CD011108 ( 2016 ).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wiffen PJ , WeeB , MooreRA . Oral morphine for cancer pain . Cochrane Database of Syst. Rev.4 , CD003868 ( 2016 ).
   Google Scholar
• Roelofs PD , DeyoRA , KoesBWet al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for low back pain . Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.1 , CD000396 ( 2008 ).
   Google Scholar
• Urquhart DM , HovingJL , AssendelftWWet al. Antidepressants for non-specific low back pain . Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.1 , CD001703 ( 2008 ).
   Google Scholar
• Chaparro LE , FurlanAD , DeshpandeAet al. Opioids compared with placebo or other treatment for chronic low back pain: an update of the Cochrane Review . Spine.39 ( 7 ), 556 – 63 ( 2014 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enthoven WT , RoelofsPD , DeyoRAet al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for chronic low back pain . Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.2 , CD012087 ( 2016 ).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saragiotto BT , MachadoGC , FerreiraMLet al. Paracetamol for low back pain . Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.6 , CD012230 ( 2016 ).
   Google Scholar
• Kvien TK . Epidemiology and burden of illness of rheumatoid arthritis . Pharmacoeconomics22 ( 2 Suppl. 1 ), 1 – 12 ( 2004 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kane CM , MulveyMR , WrightSet al. Opioids combined with antidepressants or antiepileptic drugs for cancer pain: systematic review and meta-analysis . Palliat. Med.32 ( 1 ), 276 – 286 ( 2018 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van den Beuken-van Everdingen MH , de GraeffA , JongenJLet al. national guideline working group Diagnosis treatment of cancer pain . Pharmacological treatment of pain in cancer patients: the role of adjuvant analgesics, a systematic review . Pain Pract.17 ( 3 ), 409 – 419 ( 2017 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noori S , DiwanS , MehtaN . Lumbar diskogenic back pain . In : Symptom Oriented Pain Management (2nd Edition) . BahetiDK , BakshiS , GuptaSG , GehdooRS ( Eds ). Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers , New Delhi, India ( 2017 ).
   Google Scholar
• Schechtman E . Odds ratio, relative risk, absolute risk reduction, and the use of number needed to treat—which of these should we use?Value Health5 ( 5 ), 431 – 436 ( 2002 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendes D , AlvesC , Batel-MarquesF . Number needed to treat (NNT) in clinical literature: an appraisal . BMC Medicine15 ( 1 ), 112 ( 2017 ).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Katz N , PaillardFC , Van InwegenR . A review of the use of the number needed to treat to evaluate the efficacy of analgesics . J. Pain16 ( 2 ), 116 – 123 ( 2015 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeshima N , SozuT , TajikaAet al. Which is more generalizable, powerful and interpretable in meta-analyses, mean difference or standardized mean difference? BMC Med. Res. Methodol. 14 , 30 – 37 ( 2014 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durlak JA . How to select, calculate, and interpret effect sizes . J. Pediatr. Psychol.34 ( 9 ), 917 – 928 ( 2009 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar