673
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Perspective

Mirror Therapy Versus Augmented/Virtual Reality Applications: Towards a Tailored Mechanism-Based Treatment for Phantom Limb Pain

&
Pages 151-159 | Received 05 Sep 2018, Accepted 19 Nov 2018, Published online: 25 Jan 2019

References

  • Richardson C , GlennS , NurmikkoT , HorganM . Incidence of phantom phenomena including phantom limb pain 6 months after major lower limb amputation in patients with peripheral vascular disease . Clin. J. Pain22 ( 4 ), 353 – 358 ( 2006 ).
  • Kern U , BuschV , RocklandM , KohlM , BirkleinF . [Prevalence and risk factors of phantom limb pain and phantom limb sensations in Germany. A nationwide field survey] . Schmerz23 ( 5 ), 479 – 488 ( 2009 ).
  • Melzack R . Phantom limbs and the concept of a neuromatrix . Trends Neurosci.13 ( 3 ), 88 – 92 ( 1990 ).
  • Ephraim PL , WegenerST , MackenzieEJ , DillinghamTR , PezzinLE . Phantom pain, residual limb pain, and back pain in amputees: results of a national survey . Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil.86 ( 10 ), 1910 – 1919 ( 2005 ).
  • Bekrater-Bodmann R , SchredlM , DiersMet al. Post-amputation pain is associated with the recall of an impaired body representation in dreams-results from a nation-wide survey on limb amputees . PLoS ONE10 ( 3 ), e0119552 ( 2015 ).
  • Van Der Schans CP , GeertzenJH , SchoppenT , DijkstraPU . Phantom pain and health-related quality of life in lower limb amputees . J. Pain Symptom. Manag.24 ( 4 ), 429 – 436 ( 2002 ).
  • Alviar MJ , HaleT , DungcaM . Pharmacologic interventions for treating phantom limb pain . Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.10 , CD006380 ( 2016 ).
  • Foell J , Bekrater-BodmannR , FlorH , ColeJ . Phantom limb pain after lower limb trauma: origins and treatments . Int. J. Low. Extrem. Wounds10 ( 4 ), 224 – 235 ( 2011 ).
  • Pons TP , GarraghtyPE , OmmayaAK , KaasJH , TaubE , MishkinM . Massive cortical reorganization after sensory deafferentation in adult macaques . Science252 ( 5014 ), 1857 – 1860 ( 1991 ).
  • Flor H , ElbertT , KnechtSet al. Phantom-limb pain as a perceptual correlate of cortical reorganization following arm amputation . Nature375 ( 6531 ), 482 – 484 ( 1995 ).
  • Grusser SM , WinterC , MuhlnickelWet al. The relationship of perceptual phenomena and cortical reorganization in upper extremity amputees . Neuroscience102 ( 2 ), 263 – 272 ( 2001 ).
  • Flor H , DiersM , AndohJ . The neural basis of phantom limb pain . Trends Cogn. Sci.17 ( 7 ), 307 – 308 ( 2013 ).
  • Makin TR , ScholzJ , FilippiniN , Henderson SlaterD , TraceyI , Johansen-BergH . Phantom pain is associated with preserved structure and function in the former hand area . Nat. Commun.4 , 1570 ( 2013 ).
  • Flor H , NikolajsenL , Staehelin JensenT . Phantom limb pain: a case of maladaptive CNS plasticity?Nat. Rev. Neurosci.7 ( 11 ), 873 – 881 ( 2006 ).
  • Ramachandran VS , Rogers-RamachandranD , CobbS . Touching the phantom limb . Nature377 ( 6549 ), 489 – 490 ( 1995 ).
  • Ramachandran VS , AltschulerEL . The use of visual feedback, in particular mirror visual feedback, in restoring brain function . Brain132 ( Pt 7 ), 1693 – 1710 ( 2009 ).
  • Moseley GL . Graded motor imagery for pathologic pain: a randomized controlled trial . Neurology67 ( 12 ), 2129 – 2134 ( 2006 ).
  • Chan BL , WittR , CharrowAPet al. Mirror therapy for phantom limb pain . N. Engl. J. Med.357 ( 21 ), 2206 – 2207 ( 2007 ).
  • Finn SB , PerryBN , ClasingJEet al. A randomized, controlled trial of mirror therapy for upper extremity phantom limb pain in male amputees . Front. Neurol.8 , 267 ( 2017 ).
  • Foell J , Bekrater-BodmannR , DiersM , FlorH . Mirror therapy for phantom limb pain: brain changes and the role of body representation . Eur. J. Pain18 ( 5 ), 729 – 739 ( 2014 ).
  • Rothgangel A , BraunS , WinkensB , BeurskensA , SmeetsR . Traditional and augmented reality mirror therapy for patients with chronic phantom limb pain (PACT study): results of a three-group, multicentre single-blind randomized controlled trial . Clin. Rehabil.32 ( 12 ), 1591 – 1608 ( 2018 ).
  • Thieme H , MorkischN , MehrholzJet al. Mirror therapy for improving motor function after stroke . Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.7 , CD008449 ( 2018 ).
  • Barbin J , SeethaV , CasillasJM , PaysantJ , PerennouD . The effects of mirror therapy on pain and motor control of phantom limb in amputees: a systematic review . Ann. Phys. Rehabil. Med.59 ( 4 ), 270 – 275 ( 2016 ).
  • Herrador Colmenero L , Perez MarmolJM , Marti-GarciaCet al. Effectiveness of mirror therapy, motor imagery, and virtual feedback on phantom limb pain following amputation: a systematic review . Prosthet. Orthot. Int.42 ( 3 ), 288 – 298 ( 2018 ).
  • Griffin SC , CurranS , ChanAWYet al. Trajectory of phantom limb pain relief using mirror therapy: retrospective analysis of two studies . Scand. J. Pain15 , 98 – 103 ( 2017 ).
  • Sumitani M , MiyauchiS , MccabeCSet al. Mirror visual feedback alleviates deafferentation pain, depending on qualitative aspects of the pain: a preliminary report . Rheumatology47 ( 7 ), 1038 – 1043 ( 2008 ).
  • Deconinck FJ , SmorenburgAR , BenhamA , LedebtA , FelthamMG , SavelsberghGJ . Reflections on mirror therapy: a systematic review of the effect of mirror visual feedback on the brain . Neurorehabil. Neural Repair29 ( 4 ), 349 – 361 ( 2015 ).
  • Guo F , XuQ , Abo SalemHM , YaoY , LouJ , HuangX . The neuronal correlates of mirror therapy: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study on mirror-induced visual illusions of ankle movements . Brain Res.1639 , 186 – 193 ( 2016 ).
  • Michielsen ME , SmitsM , RibbersGMet al. The neuronal correlates of mirror therapy: an fMRI study on mirror induced visual illusions in patients with stroke . J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry82 ( 4 ), 393 – 398 ( 2011 ).
  • Synofzik M , VosgerauG , NewenA . I move, therefore I am: a new theoretical framework to investigate agency and ownership . Conscious Cogn.17 ( 2 ), 411 – 424 ( 2008 ).
  • Longo MR , LongC , HaggardP . Mapping the invisible hand: a body model of a phantom limb . Psychol. Sci.23 ( 7 ), 740 – 742 ( 2012 ).
  • Longo MR , BettiV , AgliotiSM , HaggardP . Visually induced analgesia: seeing the body reduces pain . J. Neurosci.29 ( 39 ), 12125 – 12130 ( 2009 ).
  • Diers M , LofflerA , ZieglgansbergerW , TrojanJ . Watching your pain site reduces pain intensity in chronic back pain patients . Eur. J. Pain20 ( 4 ), 581 – 585 ( 2016 ).
  • Hunter JP , KatzJ , DavisKD . The effect of tactile and visual sensory inputs on phantom limb awareness . Brain126 ( Pt 3 ), 579 – 589 ( 2003 ).
  • Imaizumi S , AsaiT , KoyamaS . Agency over phantom limb enhanced by short-term mirror therapy . Front. Hum. Neurosci.11 , 483 ( 2017 ).
  • Osumi M , SumitaniM , WakeNet al. Structured movement representations of a phantom limb associated with phantom limb pain . Neurosci. Lett.605 , 7 – 11 ( 2015 ).
  • Kikkert S , MezueM , Henderson SlaterD , Johansen-BergH , TraceyI , MakinTR . Motor correlates of phantom limb pain . Cortex95 , 29 – 36 ( 2017 ).
  • Cole J , CrowleS , AustwickG , SlaterDH . Exploratory findings with virtual reality for phantom limb pain; from stump motion to agency and analgesia . Disabil. Rehabil.31 ( 10 ), 846 – 854 ( 2009 ).
  • Shimada S , HirakiK , OdaI . The parietal role in the sense of self-ownership with temporal discrepancy between visual and proprioceptive feedbacks . Neuroimage24 ( 4 ), 1225 – 1232 ( 2005 ).
  • Franz EA , FuY , MooreMet al. Fooling the brain by mirroring the hand: Brain correlates of the perceptual capture of limb ownership . Restor. Neurol. Neurosci.34 ( 5 ), 721 – 732 ( 2016 ).
  • Macdonald PA , PausT . The role of parietal cortex in awareness of self-generated movements: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study . Cereb. Cortex13 ( 9 ), 962 – 967 ( 2003 ).
  • Tsakiris M . My body in the brain: a neurocognitive model of body-ownership . Neuropsychologia48 ( 3 ), 703 – 712 ( 2010 ).
  • Katayama O , OsumiM , KodamaT , MoriokaS . Dysesthesia symptoms produced by sensorimotor incongruence in healthy volunteers: an electroencephalogram study . J. Pain Res.9 , 1197 – 1204 ( 2016 ).
  • Foell J , Bekrater-BodmannR , MccabeCS , FlorH . Sensorimotor incongruence and body perception: an experimental investigation . Front. Hum. Neurosci.7 , 310 ( 2013 ).
  • Ramachandran VS , BrangD , McgeochPD . Size reduction using Mirror Visual Feedback (MVF) reduces phantom pain . Neurocase15 ( 5 ), 357 – 360 ( 2009 ).
  • Dunn J , YeoE , MoghaddampourP , ChauB , HumbertS . Virtual and augmented reality in the treatment of phantom limb pain: a literature review . NeuroRehabilitation40 ( 4 ), 595 – 601 ( 2017 ).
  • Ortiz-Catalan M , GuethmundsdottirRA , KristoffersenMBet al. Phantom motor execution facilitated by machine learning and augmented reality as treatment for phantom limb pain: a single group, clinical trial in patients with chronic intractable phantom limb pain . Lancet388 ( 10062 ), 2885 – 2894 ( 2016 ).
  • Mercier C , SiriguA . Training with virtual visual feedback to alleviate phantom limb pain . Neurorehabil. Neural Repair23 ( 6 ), 587 – 594 ( 2009 ).
  • Trojan J , DiersM , FuchsXet al. An augmented reality home-training system based on the mirror training and imagery approach . Behav. Res. Methods46 , 634 – 640 ( 2013 ).
  • Sano Y , IchinoseA , WakeNet al. Reliability of phantom pain relief in neurorehabilitation using a multimodal virtual reality system . Conf. Proc. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc.2015 , 2482 – 2485 ( 2015 ).
  • Wake N , SanoY , OyaR , SumitaniM , KumagayaSI , KuniyoshiY . Multimodal virtual reality platform for the rehabilitation of phantom limb pain . Presented at: Proceedings of the International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering, NER . Montpellier, France , July , 787 – 790 ( 2015 ).
  • Osumi M , IchinoseA , SumitaniMet al. Restoring movement representation and alleviating phantom limb pain through short-term neurorehabilitation with a virtual reality system . Eur. J. Pain21 ( 1 ), 140 – 147 ( 2017 ).
  • Murray CD , PettiferS , HowardTet al. The treatment of phantom limb pain using immersive virtual reality: three case studies . Disabil. Rehabil.29 , 1465 – 1469 ( 2007 ).
  • Wake N , SanoY , OyaR , SumitaniM , KumagayaS , KuniyoshiY . Multimodal virtual reality platform for the rehabilitation of phantom limb pain . Presented at : 2015 7th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering (NER) . Montpellier, France ( 2015 ).
  • Ortiz-Catalan M , SanderN , KristoffersenMB , HakanssonB , BranemarkR . Treatment of phantom limb pain (PLP) based on augmented reality and gaming controlled by myoelectric pattern recognition: a case study of a chronic PLP patient . Front. Neurosci.8 , 24 ( 2014 ).
  • Rothgangel A , BraunS , SmeetsR , BeurskensA . Design and development of a telerehabilitation platform for patients with phantom limb pain: a user-centered approach . JMIR Rehabil. Assist. Technol.4 ( 1 ), e2 ( 2017 ).
  • Lendaro E , Ortiz-CatalanM . Classification of non-weight bearing lower limb movements: towards a potential treatment for phantom limb pain based on myoelectric pattern recognition . Conf. Proc. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc.2016 , 5457 – 5460 ( 2016 ).
  • Tung ML , MurphyIC , GriffinSCet al. Observation of limb movements reduces phantom limb pain in bilateral amputees . Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol.1 ( 9 ), 633 – 638 ( 2014 ).
  • Wosnitzka M , PapenhoffM , ReinersmannA , MaierC . [Mirror therapy for the treatment of phantom limb pain after bilateral thigh amputation. A case report] . Schmerz28 ( 6 ), 622 – 627 ( 2014 ).
  • Perry BN , AlphonsoAL , TsaoJW , PasquinaPF , ArmigerRS , MoranCW . A virtual integrated environment for phantom limb pain treatment and modular prosthetic limb training . Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Virtual Rehabilitation (ICVR)PA, USA , 153 – 157 ( 2013 ).
  • Mendez I , HansenBW , GrabowCMet al. Evaluation of the Myo armband for the classification of hand motions . IEEE Int. Conf. Rehabil. Robot2017 , 1211 – 1214 ( 2017 ).
  • Tsakiris M , CarpenterL , JamesD , FotopoulouA . Hands only illusion: multisensory integration elicits sense of ownership for body parts but not for non-corporeal objects . Exp. Brain Res.204 ( 3 ), 343 – 352 ( 2010 ).
  • Tsakiris M , PrabhuG , HaggardP . Having a body versus moving your body: how agency structures body-ownership . Conscious Cogn.15 ( 2 ), 423 – 432 ( 2006 ).
  • Diers M , KampingS , KirschPet al. Illusion-related brain activations: a new virtual reality mirror box system for use during functional magnetic resonance imaging . Brain Res.1594 , 173 – 182 ( 2015 ).
  • Bekrater-Bodmann R , FoellJ , DiersM , FlorH . The perceptual and neuronal stability of the rubber hand illusion across contexts and over time . Brain Res.1452 , 130 – 139 ( 2012 ).
  • Ismail MA , ShimadaS . ‘Robot’ hand illusion under delayed visual feedback: relationship between the senses of ownership and agency . PLoS ONE11 ( 7 ), e0159619 ( 2016 ).
  • Shimada S , QiY , HirakiK . Detection of visual feedback delay in active and passive self-body movements . Exp. Brain Res.201 ( 2 ), 359 – 364 ( 2010 ).
  • Metral M , GonthierC , LuyatM , GuerrazM . Body schema illusions: a study of the link between the rubber hand and kinesthetic mirror illusions through individual differences . Biomed. Res. Int.2017 , 6937328 ( 2017 ).
  • Turton AJ , PalmerM , GrieveS , MossTP , LewisJ , MccabeCS . Evaluation of a prototype tool for communicating body perception disturbances in complex regional pain syndrome . Front. Hum. Neurosci.7 , 517 ( 2013 ).
  • Rothgangel A , BraunS , De WitteL , BeurskensA , SmeetsR . Development of a clinical framework for mirror therapy in patients with phantom limb pain: an evidence-based practice approach . Pain Pract.16 ( 4 ), 422 – 434 ( 2016 ).
  • Schmalzl L , ThomkeE , RagnoC , NilserydM , StockseliusA , EhrssonHH . “Pulling telescoped phantoms out of the stump”: manipulating the perceived position of phantom limbs using a full-body illusion . Front. Hum. Neurosci.5 , 121 ( 2011 ).
  • Laver KE , GeorgeS , ThomasS , DeutschJE , CrottyM . Virtual reality for stroke rehabilitation . Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. ( 9 ), doi:10.1002/14651858 ( 2011 ).
  • Sluijs EM , KokGJ , Van Der ZeeJ . Correlates of exercise compliance in physical therapy . Phys. Ther.73 ( 11 ), 771 – 782 ; discussion 783–776 ( 1993 ).
  • Darnall BD , LiH . Home-based self-delivered mirror therapy for phantom pain: a pilot study . J. Rehabil. Med.44 ( 3 ), 254 – 260 ( 2012 ).
  • Hagenberg A , CarpenterC . Mirror visual feedback for phantom pain: international experience on modalities and adverse effects discussed by an expert panel: a Delphi study . PM R6 ( 8 ), 708 – 715 ( 2014 ).
  • Flor H , DenkeC , SchaeferM , GrusserS . Effect of sensory discrimination training on cortical reorganisation and phantom limb pain . Lancet357 ( 9270 ), 1763 – 1764 ( 2001 ).
  • Ehrsson HH , RosenB , StockseliusA , RagnoC , KohlerP , LundborgG . Upper limb amputees can be induced to experience a rubber hand as their own . Brain131 ( Pt 12 ), 3443 – 3452 ( 2008 ).
  • Feintuch U , RazL , HwangJet al. Integrating haptic-tactile feedback into a video-capture-based virtual environment for rehabilitation . Cyberpsychol. Behav.9 ( 2 ), 129 – 132 ( 2006 ).
  • Ichinose A , SanoY , OsumiM , SumitaniM , KumagayaSI , KuniyoshiY . Somatosensory feedback to the cheek during virtual visual feedback therapy enhances pain alleviation for phantom arms . Neurorehabil. Neural Repair31 ( 8 ), 717 – 725 ( 2017 ).
  • Sano Y , WakeN , IchinoseAet al. Tactile feedback for relief of deafferentation pain using virtual reality system: a pilot study . J. Neuroeng. Rehabil.13 ( 1 ), 61 ( 2016 ).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.