Nonmedical use of Prescription Opioids by Adolescents: A Review of the Literature

• Compton WM , VolkowND: Major increases in opioid analgesic abuse in the United States: concerns and strategies.Drug Alcohol Depend.81(2) , 103–107 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zacny J , BigelowG, ComptonP, FoleyK, IguchiM, SannerudC: College on problems of drug dependence taskforce on prescription opioid non-medical use and abuse: position statement.Drug Alcohol Depend.69(3) , 215–232 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishbain DA : Pharmacotherapeutic management of breakthrough pain in patients with chronic persistent pain.Am. J. Manag. Care14(5 Suppl. 1) , S123–S128 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Montagnini ML , ZaleonCR: Pharmacological management of cancer pain.J. Opioid Manag.5(2) , 89–96 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Manchikanti L , SinghA: Therapeutic opioids: a ten-year perspective on the complexities and complications of the escalating use, abuse, and nonmedical use of opioids.Pain Physician11(Suppl. 2) , S63–S88 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCabe SE , CranfordJA, WestBT: Trends in prescription drug abuse and dependence, co-occurrence with other substance use disorders, and treatment utilization: results from two national surveys.Addict. Behav.33(10) , 1297–1305 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston LD , O‘MalleyPM, BachmanJG, Schulenberg JE; National Institute on Drug Abuse: Monitoring the future national survey results on drug use, 1975–2008: volume I, secondary school students. NIH Publication09–7402 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• United States Department of Health and Human Services. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Office of Applied Studies. Treatment Episode Data Set – Admissions (TEDS-A), 2008 [Computer file]. ICPSR27241-v2. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor] (2010).
   Google Scholar
• United States Department of Health and Human Services. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Office of Applied Studies. Treatment Episode Data Set – Admissions (TEDS-A), 2000 [Computer file]. ICPSR03672-v9. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor] (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Gilson AM , KreisPG: The burden of the nonmedical use of prescription opioid analgesics.Pain Med.10(Suppl. 2) , S89–S100 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Drug Abuse Warning Network, 2007: Area Profiles of Drug-Related Mortality. Rockville, MD: Office of Applied Studies, HHS Publication No. SMA 09–4407, DAWN Series D-31 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Results from the 2008 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National Findings. Rockville, MD: Office of Applied Studies, NSDUH Series H-36, HHS Publication No. SMA 09–4434 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• McCabe SE , WestBT, MoralesM, CranfordJA, BoydCJ: Does early onset of non-medical use of prescription drugs predict subsequent prescription drug abuse and dependence? Results from a national study.Addiction102(12) , 1920–1930 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th Edition): DSM-IV-TR. American Psychiatric Association. Washington, DC, USA (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Inciardi JA , SurrattHL, MartinSS, GealtR: Prevalence of narcotic analgesic abuse among students: individual or polydrug abuse?Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med.158(5) , 498–499 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schepis TS , Krishnan-SarinS: Sources of prescriptions for misuse by adolescents: differences in sex, ethnicity, and severity of misuse in a population-based study.J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psych.48(8) , 828–836 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman RA : The changing face of teenage drug abuse – the trend toward prescription drugs.N. Engl. J. Med.354(14) , 1448–1450 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeSantis AD , HaneAC: “Adderall is definitely not a drug”: justifications for the illegal use of ADHD stimulants.Subst. Use Misuse45(1–2) , 31–46 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schepis TS , Krishnan-SarinS: Characterizing adolescent prescription misusers: a population-based study.J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psych.47(7) , 745–754 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sung HE , RichterL, VaughanR, JohnsonPB, ThomB: Nonmedical use of prescription opioids among teenagers in the United States: trends and correlates.J. Adolesc. Health37(1) , 44–51 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu LT , PilowskyDJ, PatkarAA: Non-prescribed use of pain relievers among adolescents in the United States.Drug Alcohol Depend.94(1–3) , 1–11 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu LT , RingwaltCL, MannelliP, PatkarAA: Prescription pain reliever abuse and dependence among adolescents: a nationally representative study.J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psych.47(9) , 1020–1029 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldsworthy RC , MayhornCB: Prescription medication sharing among adolescents: prevalence, risks, and outcomes.J. Adolesc. Health45(6) , 634–637 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd CJ , McCabeSE, CranfordJA, YoungA: Adolescents‘ motivations to abuse prescription medications.Pediatrics118(6) , 2472–2480 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd CJ , McCabeSE, TeterCJ: Medical and nonmedical use of prescription pain medication by youth in a Detroit-area public school district.Drug Alcohol Depend.81 , 37–45 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd CJ , YoungA, GreyM, McCabeSE: Adolescents‘ nonmedical use of prescription medications and other problem behaviors.J. Adolesc. Health45(6) , 543–550 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCabe SE , BoydCJ, CranfordJA, TeterCJ: Motives for nonmedical use of prescription opioids among high school seniors in the United States: self-treatment and beyond.Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med.163(8) , 739–744 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCabe SE , BoydCJ, TeterCJ: Illicit use of opioid analgesics by high school seniors.J. Subst. Abuse Treat.28(3) , 225–230 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCabe SE , BoydCJ, YoungA: Medical and nonmedical use of prescription drugs among secondary school students.J. Adolesc. Health40(1) , 76–83 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subramaniam GA , StitzerMA: Clinical characteristics of treatment-seeking prescription opioid vs. heroin-using adolescents with opioid use disorder.Drug Alcohol Depend.101(1–2) , 13–19 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subramaniam GA , StitzerML, WoodyG, FishmanMJ, KolodnerK: Clinical characteristics of treatment-seeking adolescents with opioid versus cannabis/alcohol use disorders.Drug Alcohol Depend.99(1–3) , 141–149 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brands B , Paglia-BoakA, SprouleBA, LeslieK, AdlafEM: Nonmedical use of opioid analgesics among Ontario students.Can. Fam. Physician56(3) , 256–262 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skinner HA : The drug abuse screening test.Addict Behav.7(4) , 363–371 (1982).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston LD , O‘MalleyPM: Why do the nation‘s students use drugs and alcohol? Self-reported reasons from nine national surveys.J. Drug Issues16(1) , 29–66 (1986).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephenson MT , HoyleRH, PalmgreenP, SlaterMD: Brief measures of sensation seeking for screening and large-scale surveys.Drug Alcohol Depend.72(3) , 279–286 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight JR , HarrisSK, SherrittL et al.: Prevalence of positive substance abuse screen results among adolescent primary care patients.Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med.161(11) , 1035–1041 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballantyne JC : Opioid analgesia: perspectives on right use and utility.Pain Physician10(3) , 479–491 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Noble M , TregearSJ, TreadwellJR, SchoellesK: Long-term opioid therapy for chronic noncancer pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy and safety.J. Pain Symptom Manage.35(2) , 214–228 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noble M , TreadwellJR, TregearSJ et al.: Long-term opioid management for chronic noncancer pain.Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.1 , CD006605 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

▪ Website

• Office of National Drug Control Policy. Proper disposal of prescription drugs www.ncjrs.gov/ondcppubs/publications/pdf/prescrip_disposal.pdf (Accessed 3September2010)
   Google Scholar