References
- Bogduk N . The sources of low back pain. In: The Lumbar Spine and Back Pain. (4th Edition). Jayson MIV (Ed.). Churchill Livingston, NY, USA 61–88 (1992).
- Bogduk N , AprillC, DerbyR. Discography. In: Spine Care (Volume 1). White AH (Ed.). Mosby, MO, USA 219–238 (1995).
- Manchikanti L , BoswellMV, SinghV et al. Comprehensive evidence-based guidelines for interventional techniques in the management of chronic spinal pain. Pain Physician 12 , 699–802 (2009).
- Helm S , HayekSM, BenyaminR, ManchikantiL. Systematic review of the effectiveness of thermal annular procedures in treating discogenic low back pain. Pain Physician12 , 207–232 (2009).
- Walsh TR , WeinsteinJN, SprattKF et al. Lumbar discography in normal subjects. A controlled, prospective study. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 72(7) , 1081–1088 (1990).
- Carragee EJ , TannerCM, YangB et al. False positive findings on lumbar discography: reliability of subjective concordance assessment during provocative disc injection. Spine 24(23) , 2542–2547 (1999).
- Derby R , HowardMW, GrantJM et al. The ability of pressure-controlled discography to predict surgical and nonsurgical outcomes. Spine 24(4) , 364–371; discussion 371–372 (1999).
- International Spine Intervention Society. Lumbar disc stimulation. In: Practice Guidelines for Spinal Diagnostic and Treatment Procedures. Bogduk N (Ed.). International Spine Intervention Society, CA, USA, 20–46 (2004).
- Wolfer LR , DerbyR, LeeJE, LeeSH. Systematic review of lumbar provocation discography in asymptomatic subjects with a meta-analysis of false-positive rates. Pain Physician11 , 513–538 (2008).
- Derby R , LeeSH, LeeJE, LeeSH. Comparison of pressure-controlled provocation discography using automated versus manual syringe pump manometry in patients with chronic low back pain. Pain Med.12(1) , 18–26 (2011).
- Hedges LV , OlkinI. Statistical Methods for Meta-Analysis. Academic Press, FL, USA (1985).
- Cooper G , KahnS, LutzG. Predictive value of provocative lumbar disc stimulation. Proceedings of the International Spine Intervention Society, Las Vegas, NV, USA 174–179 (2008).
- Wolfer LR , CarrageeE, AkuthotaV. Lumbar provocation discography: helpful or harmful? PM R2(10) , 957–960 (2010).
- Carragee EJ , DonAS, HurwitzEL et al. Does discography cause accelerated progression of degeneration changes in the lumbar disc: a ten-year matched cohort study. Spine 34(21) , 2338–2345 (2009).
- Osti OL , FraserRD, Vernon-RobertsB. Discitis after discography: the role of prophylactic agents. J. Bone Joint Surg. Br.72 , 271–274 (1990).
- Simmons JW , McMillinJN, EmerySF et al. Intradiscal steroids: a prospective double-blind clinical trial. Spine 17(Suppl. 6) , S172–S175 (1992).
- Khot A , BowditchM, PowellJ et al. The use of intradiscal steroid therapy for lumbar spinal discogenic pain: a randomized controlled trial. Spine 29(8) , 833–837 (2004).
- Derby R , EekB, LeeSH, SeoKS, KimBJ. Comparison of intradiscal restorative injections and intradiscal electrothermal treatment in the treatment of low back pain. Pain Physician7 , 63–66 (2004).
- Pauza KJ , HowellS, DreyfussP, PelozaJH, DawsonK, BogdukN. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of intradiscal electrothermal therapy for the treatment of discogenic low back pain. Spine J.4 , 27–35 (2004).
- Freeman BJC , FraserRD, CainCMJ, HallDJ, ChappleDCL. A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial: intradiscal electrothermal therapy versus placebo for the treatment of chronic discogenic low back pain. Spine30 , 2369–2377 (2005).
- Herkowitz H . Lumbar spine fusions in the treatment of degenerative conditions: current indications and recommendations. J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg.3 , 123–135 (1995).
- Leufven C , NordwallA. Management of chronic disabling low back pain with 360 degree fusion: results from pain provocation tests and concurrent posterior lumbar interbody fusion, posterolateral fusion, and pedicle screw instrumentation in patients with chronic disabling low back pain. Spine24 , 2042–2045 (1999).
- Fritzell P , HaggO, WessbergP et al. 2001 Volvo Award winner in clinical studies: lumbar fusion versus non-surgical treatment for chronic low back pain: a multicenter randomized controlled trial from the Swedish Lumbar Spine Study Group. Spine 26 , 2521–2532 (2001).