Chronic Pain-Related Remodeling of Cerebral Cortex – ‘Pain Memory‘: A Possible Target for Treatment of Chronic Pain

• Breivik H , CollettB, VentafriddaV, CohenR, GallacherD. Survey of chronic pain in Europe: prevalence, impact on daily life, and treatment. Eur. J. Pain10 , 287–333 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johannes CB , LeTK, ZhouX, JohnstonJA, DworkinRH. The prevalence of chronic pain in United States adults: results of an internet-based survey. J. Pain11(11) , 1230–1239 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von Hehn CA , BaronR, WoolfCJ. Deconstructing the neuropathic pain phenotype to reveal neural mechanisms. Neuron73(4) , 638–652 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serra J . Microneurography findings in fibromyalgia patients. Presented at: 14th World Congress of Pain. Milan, Italy (2012).
   Google Scholar
• Strassman AM , LevyD. Response properties of dural nociceptors in relation to headache. J. Neurophysiol.95(3) , 1298–1306 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolf CJ , SalterMW. Neuronal plasticity: increasing the gain in pain. Science288(5472) , 1765–1769 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basbaum AI , BautistaDM, ScherrerGG, JuliusD. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of pain. Cell139(2) , 267–284 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binshtok AM . Mechanisms of nociceptive transduction and transmission: a machinery for pain sensation and tools for selective analgesia. Int. Rev. Neurobiol.97 , 143–177 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costigan M , ScholzJ, WoolfCJ. Neuropathic pain: a maladaptive response of the nervous system to damage. Ann. Rev. Neurosci.32 , 1–32 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hucho T , LevineJD. Signaling pathways in sensitization: toward a nociceptor cell biology. Neuron55(3) , 365–376 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latremoliere A , WoolfCJ. Central sensitization: a generator of pain hypersensitivity by central neural plasticity. J. Pain10 , 895–926 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apkarian AV , BushnellMC, TreedeRD, ZubietaJK. Human brain mechanisms of pain perception and regulation in health and disease. Eur. J. Pain9(4) , 463–484 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tracey I , MantyhPW. The cerebral signature for pain perception and its modulation. Neuron55(3) , 377–391 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seifert F , MaihöfnerC. Central mechanisms of experimental and chronic neuropathic pain: findings from functional imaging studies. Cell Mol. Life Sci.66(3) , 375–390 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treede RD , KenshaloDR, GracelyRH, JonesAK. The cortical representation of pain. Pain79(2–3) , 105–111 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peyron R , LaurentB, García-LarreaL. Functional imaging of brain responses to pain. A review and meta-analysis. Neurophysiol. Clin.30(5) , 263–288 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen KB , LoitoileR, KosekE et al. Patients with fibromyalgia display less functional connectivity in the brain‘s pain inhibitory network. Mol. Pain 8 , 32 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sprenger T , ValetM, BoeckerH et al. Opioidergic activation in the medial pain system after heat pain. Pain 122(1–2) , 63–67 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maihöfner C , ForsterC, BirkleinF, NeundörferB, HandwerkerHO. Brain processing during mechanical hyperalgesia in complex regional pain syndrome: a functional MRI study. Pain114(1–2) , 93–103 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iannetti GD , HughesNP, LeeMC, MourauxA. Determinants of laser-evoked EEG responses: pain perception or stimulus saliency? J. Neurophysiol.100(2) , 815–828 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legrain V , IannettiGD, PlaghkiL, MourauxA. The pain matrix reloaded: a salience detection system for the body. Prog. Neurobiol.93(1) , 111–124 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiech K , LinCS, BrodersenKH, BingelU, PlonerM, TraceyI. Anterior insula integrates information about salience into perceptual decisions about pain. J. Neurosci.30(48) , 16324–16331 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gracely RH , PetzkeF, WolfJM, ClauwDJ. Functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence of augmented pain processing in fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum.46(5) , 1333–1343 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giesecke T , GracelyRH, GrantMA et al. Evidence of augmented central pain processing in idiopathic chronic low back pain. Arthritis Rheum. 50(2) , 613–623 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becerra L , MorrisS, BazesS et al. Trigeminal neuropathic pain alters responses in CNS circuits to mechanical (brush) and thermal (cold and heat) stimuli. J. Neurosci. 26(42) , 10646–10657 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maihöfner C , HandwerkerHO, BirkleinF. Functional imaging of allodynia in complex regional pain syndrome. Neurology66(5) , 711–717 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peyron R , SchneiderF, FaillenotI et al. An fMRI study of cortical representation of mechanical allodynia in patients with neuropathic pain. Neurology 63(10) , 1838–1846 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ducreux D , AttalN, ParkerF, BouhassiraD. Mechanisms of central neuropathic pain: a combined psychophysical and fMRI study in syringomyelia. Brain129(Pt 4) , 963–976 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pleger B , RagertP, SchwenkreisP et al. Patterns of cortical reorganization parallel impaired tactile discrimination and pain intensity in complex regional pain syndrome. Neuroimage 32(2) , 503–510 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wrigley PJ , PressSR, GustinSM et al. Neuropathic pain and primary somatosensory cortex reorganization following spinal cord injury. Pain 141(1–2) , 52–59 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lotze M , FlorH, GroddW, LarbigW, BirbaumerN. Phantom movements and pain. An fMRI study in upper limb amputees. Brain124(Pt 11) , 2268–2277 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baliki MN , ChialvoDR, GehaPY et al. Chronic pain and the emotional brain: specific brain activity associated with spontaneous fluctuations of intensity of chronic back pain. J. Neurosci. 26(47) , 12165–12173 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maciver K , LloydDM, KellyS, RobertsN, NurmikkoT. Phantom limb pain, cortical reorganization and the therapeutic effect of mental imagery. Brain131(Pt 8) , 2181–2191 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei F , QiuCS, KimSJ et al. Genetic elimination of behavioral sensitization in mice lacking calmodulin-stimulated adenylyl cyclases. Neuron 36(4) , 713–726 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li XY , KoHG, ChenT et al. Alleviating neuropathic pain hypersensitivity by inhibiting PKMzeta in the anterior cingulate cortex. Science 330(6009) , 1400–1404 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wager TD , RillingJK, SmithEE et al. Placebo-induced changes in fMRI in the anticipation and experience of pain. Science 303(5661) , 1162–1167 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrovic P , DietrichT, FranssonP, AnderssonJ, CarlssonK, IngvarM. Placebo in emotional processing – induced expectations of anxiety relief activate a generalized modulatory network. Neuron46(6) , 957–969 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fields H . State-dependent opioid control of pain. Nat. Rev. Neurosci.5(7) , 565–575 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geha PY , BalikiMN, ChialvoDR, HardenRN, PaiceJA, ApkarianAV. Brain activity for spontaneous pain of postherpetic neuralgia and its modulation by lidocaine patch therapy. Pain128(1–2) , 88–100 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parks EL , GehaPY, BalikiMN, KatzJ, SchnitzerTJ, ApkarianAV. Brain activity for chronic knee osteoarthritis: dissociating evoked pain from spontaneous pain. Eur. J. Pain15(8), 843 , e841–814 (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Baliki MN , BariaAT, ApkarianAV. The cortical rhythms of chronic back pain. J. Neurosci.31(39) , 13981–13990 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig AD . How do you feel? Interoception: the sense of the physiological condition of the body. Nat. Rev. Neurosci.3(8) , 655–666 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig AD . How do you feel now? The anterior insula and human awareness. Nat. Rev. Neurosci.10(1) , 59–70 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig AD , ChenK, BandyD, ReimanEM. Thermosensory activation of insular cortex. Nat. Neurosci.3(2) , 184–190 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song GH , VenkatramanV, HoKY, CheeMW, YeohKG, Wilder-SmithCH. Cortical effects of anticipation and endogenous modulation of visceral pain assessed by functional brain MRI in irritable bowel syndrome patients and healthy controls. Pain126(1–3) , 79–90 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer T , SeymourB, O‘DohertyJ, KaubeH, DolanRJ, FrithCD. Empathy for pain involves the affective but not sensory components of pain. Science303 , 1157–1162 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baliki MN , GehaPY, ApkarianAV, ChialvoDR. Beyond feeling: chronic pain hurts the brain, disrupting the default-mode network dynamics. J. Neurosci.28(6) , 1398–1403 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apkarian AV , SosaY, KraussBR et al. Chronic pain patients are impaired on an emotional decision-making task. Pain 108(1–2) , 129–136 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apkarian AV , HashmiJA, BalikiMN. Pain and the brain: specificity and plasticity of the brain in clinical chronic pain. Pain152(3 Suppl.) , S49–S64 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baliki MN , SchnitzerTJ, BauerWR, ApkarianAV. Brain morphological signatures for chronic pain. PloS ONE6(10) , e26010 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dasilva AF , BecerraL, PendseG, ChizhB, TullyS, BorsookD. Colocalized structural and functional changes in the cortex of patients with trigeminal neuropathic pain. PloS ONE3(10) , e3396 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wartolowska K , HoughMG, JenkinsonM, AnderssonJ, WordsworthBP, TraceyI. Structural changes of the brain in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum.64(2) , 371–379 (2012).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hofer SB , Mrsic-FlogelTD, BonhoefferT, HubenerM. Experience leaves a lasting structural trace in cortical circuits. Nature457(7227) , 313–317 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eto K , WakeH, WatanabeM et al. Inter-regional contribution of enhanced activity of the primary somatosensory cortex to the anterior cingulate cortex accelerates chronic pain behavior. J. Neurosci. 31(21) , 7631–7636 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SK , KatoG, IshikawaT, NabekuraJ.Phase-specific plasticity of synaptic structures in the somatosensory cortex of living mice during neuropathic pain. Mol. Pain7 , 87 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim SK , NabekuraJ. Rapid synaptic remodeling in the adult somatosensory cortex following peripheral nerve injury and its association with neuropathic pain. J. Neurosci.31(14) , 5477–5482 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatt DH , ZhangS, GanWB. Dendritic spine dynamics. Ann. Rev. Physiol.71 , 261–282 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holtmaat A , WilbrechtL, KnottGW, WelkerE, SvobodaK. Experience-dependent and cell-type-specific spine growth in the neocortex. Nature441(7096) , 979–983 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang G , PanF, GanWB. Stably maintained dendritic spines are associated with lifelong memories. Nature462(7275) , 920–924 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geha PY , BalikiMN, HardenRN, BauerWR, ParrishTB, ApkarianAV. The brain in chronic CRPS pain: abnormal gray–white matter interactions in emotional and autonomic regions. Neuron60(4) , 570–581 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ichesco E , QuinteroA, ClauwDJ et al. Altered functional connectivity between the insula and the cingulate cortex in patients with temporomandibular disorder: a pilot study. Headache 52(3) , 441–454 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baliki MN , PetreB, TorbeyS et al. Corticostriatal functional connectivity predicts transition to chronic back pain. Nat. Neurosci. 15(8) , 1117–1119 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Napadow V , KimJ, ClauwDJ, HarrisRE. Decreased intrinsic brain connectivity is associated with reduced clinical pain in fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum.64(7) , 2398–2403 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baliki MN , GehaPY, ApkarianAV, ChialvoDR. Beyond feeling: chronic pain hurts the brain, disrupting the default-mode network dynamics. J. Neurosci.28(6) , 1398–1403 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flor H , DenkeC, SchaeferM, GrüsserS. Effect of sensory discrimination training on cortical reorganisation and phantom limb pain. Lancet357(9270) , 1763–1764 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke K , KrebsEE, BairMJ. Pharmacotherapy of chronic pain: a synthesis of recommendations from systematic reviews. Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry31(3) , 206–219 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Ridder D , De Mulder G, Menovsky T, Sunaert S, Kovacs S. Electrical stimulation of auditory and somatosensory cortices for treatment of tinnitus and pain. Prog. Brain Res.166 , 377–388 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman DE . Synaptic mechanisms for plasticity in neocortex. Ann. Rev. Neurosci.32 , 33–55 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

▪ Website

• IASP taxonomy. International Association for the Study of Pain (2011). www.iasp-pain.org/Content/NavigationMenu/GeneralResourceLinks/PainDefinitions/default.htm (Accessed 3September2012)
   Google Scholar