References
- WHO . WHOs pain ladder . www.who.int/cancer/palliative/painladder/en/index.html
- Bell TJ , PanchalSi , MiaskowskiCet al. The prevalence, severity, and impact of opioid-induced bowel dysfunction: results of a US and European Patient Survey (PROBE 1) . Pain Med.10 , 35 – 42 ( 2009 ).
- Schubert I , IhleP , SabatowskiR . Increase in opiate prescription in Germany between 2000 and 2010: a study based on insurance data . Dtsch Arztebl. Int.110 ( 4 ), 45 – 51 ( 2013 ).
- Carman W , ShuhuaS , CookS , WurzelmannJ , McAfeeA . Coronary heart disease outcomes among chronic opioid users and cycloloxygenase-2 users compared with a general population cohort . Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Safety20 , 754 – 762 ( 2011 ).
- Pflughaupt M , ScharnagelR , GossrauG , KaiserU , KochT , SabatowskiR . Physicians’ knowledge and attitudes concerning the use of opioids in the treatment of chronic cancer and non-cancer pain . Schmerz4 ( 3 ), 267 – 275 ( 2010 ).
- Cicero TJ , WongG , TianY , LynskeyM , TodorovA , IsenbergK . Co-morbidity and utilization of medical services by pain patients receiving opioid medications: data from an insurance claims database . Pain144 ( 1–2 ), 20 – 27 ( 2009 ).
- Manchikanti L , AilinaniH , KoyyalaguntaDet al. A systematic review of randomized trials of long-term opioid management for chronic non-cancer pain . Pain Physician14 ( 2 ), 91 – 121 ( 2011 ).
- Hamunen K , PaakkariP , KalsoE . Trends in opioid consumption in the Nordic countries 2002–2006 . Eur. J. Pain13 ( 9 ), 954 – 962 ( 2009 ).
- Fredheim OM , SkurtveitS , BreivikH , BorchgrevinkPC . Increasing use of opioids from 2004 to 2007 – pharmacoepidemiological data from a complete national prescription database in Norway . Eur. J. Pain14 ( 3 ), 289 – 294 ( 2010 ).
- Fredheim OM , SkurtveitS , MorozA , BreivikH , BorchgrevinkPC . Prescription pattern of codeine for non-malignant pain: a pharmaco-epidemiological study from the Norwegian Prescription Database . Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand.53 ( 5 ), 627 – 633 ( 2009 ).
- Fredheim OM , BorchgrevinkPC , NordstrandB , ClausenT , SkurtveitS . Prescription of analgesics to patients in opioid maintenance therapy: a pharmacoepidemiological study . Drug Alcohol Depend.116 ( 1–3 ), 158 – 162 ( 2011 ).
- Fredheim OM , MoksnesK , BorchgrevinkPC , SkurtveitS . Opioid switching to methadone: a pharmacoepidemiological study from a national prescription database . Palliat. Med.26 ( 6 ), 804 – 812 ( 2012 ).
- Skurtveit S , FuruK , BramnessJ , SelmerR , TverdalA . Benzodiazepines predict use of opioids – a follow-up study of 17,074 men and women . Pain Med.11 ( 6 ), 805 – 814 ( 2010 ).
- Garcia del Pozo J , CarvajalA , ViloriaJM , VelascoA , Garcia del PozoV . Trends in the consumption of opioid analgesics in Spain. Higher increases as fentanyl replaces morphine . Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol.64 ( 4 ), 411 – 415 ( 2008 ).
- Cepeda MS , EtropolskiM , WeinsteinR , FifeD , BostonR , MatchoA . Dose patterns in commercially insured subjects chronically exposed to opioids: a large cohort study in the United States . BMC Palliat. Care9 , 14 ( 2010 ).
- Fredheim OM , SkurtveitS , MorozA , BreivikH , BorchgrevinkPC . Prescription pattern of codeine for non-malignant pain: a pharmaco-epidemiological study from the Norwegian Prescription Database . Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand.53 ( 5 ), 627 – 633 ( 2009 ).
- Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) . Codeine: restricted use as analgesic in children and adolescent after European safety review . www.mhra.gov.uk/Safetyinformation/DrugSafetyUpdate/CON287006
- Tholen K , HoffmannF . High use of tramadol in Germany: an analysis of statutory health insurance data . Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf.21 ( 9 ), 1013 – 1021 ( 2012 ).
- Sweetman SC . Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference (37th Edition).Pharmaceutical Press , London, UK ( 2011 ).
- Kao MC , MinhLC , HuangG , MitraR , SmickM . Trends in ambulatory physician opioid prescription in the United States, 1997–2000 . PM R6 ( 7 ), 575 – 582.e4 ( 2014 ).
- Braden JB , SullivanMD , RayGTet al. Trends in long-term opioid therapy for noncancer pain among persons with a history of depression . Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry31 ( 6 ), 564 – 570 ( 2009 ).
- Merrill JO , Von KorffM , Banta-GreenCJet al. Prescribed opioid difficulties, depression and opioid dose among chronic opioid therapy patients . Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry34 ( 6 ), 581 – 587 ( 2012 ).
- Turk DC , SwansonKS , GatchelRJ . Predicting opioid misuse by chronic pain patients: a systematic review and literature synthesis . Clin. J. Pain24 , 497 – 508 ( 2008 ).