Persistent Pain in Chronically Ill Children without Detectable Disease Activity

References

• IASP task force on taxonomy: part III: pain terms: a current list of definitions and notes on usage. In: Classification of Chronic Pain. Merskey H , BogdukN (Eds) . IASP Press , Seattle, WA, USA , 209–214 ( 1994 ).
   Google Scholar
• Mayer EA ,  BushnellMC .  Functional Pain Syndromes: Presentation and Psychophysiology.IASP Press ,  Seattle, WA, USA  ( 2009 ). 
   Google Scholar
• Stedman T . Stedman’s Medical Dictionary ( 28th Edition ). Lippincott Williams and Wilkins , Philadelphia, PA, USA ( 2006 ).
   Google Scholar
• Lindley KJ , GlaserD , MillaPJ . Consumerism in healthcare can be detrimental to child health: lessons from children with functional abdominal pain . Arch. Dis. Child.90 ( 4 ), 335 – 337 ( 2005 ). 
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer EA , BushnellMC . Functional pain disorders: time for a paradigm shift . In: Functional Pain Syndromes: Presentation and Psychophysiology.MayerEA , BushnellMC (Eds). IASP Press , Seattle, WA, USA , 531 – 565 ( 2009 ).
   Google Scholar
• Woolf CJ .  Central sensitization: implications for the diagnosis and treatment of pain .  Pain152 ( Suppl. 3 ),  3 – 15  ( 2011 ). 
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapps N , Van OudenhoveL , EnckP , AzizQ . Brain imaging of visceral functions in healthy volunteers and IBS patients . J. Psychosom. Res.64 , 599 – 604 ( 2008 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gracely RH , PetzkeF , WolfJM , ClawDJ . Functional magnetic resonance imagining evidence of augmented pain processing in fibromyalgia . Arthritis Rheum.46 , 1333 – 1343 ( 2002 ). 
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May A . New insights into headache: an update on functional and structural imaging findings . Nat. Rev. Neurol.5 , 199 – 209 ( 2009 ). 
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Backonja M , AttalN , BaronRet al. Value of quantitative sensory testing in neurological and pain disorders: neuPSIG consensus . Pain154 , 1807 – 1819 ( 2013 ). 
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fillingim RB , KingCD , Ribiero-DasilvaMC , Rahim-WilliamsB , RileyRL . Sex, gender, and pain: a review of recent clinical and experimental findings . J. Pain10 , 447 – 485 ( 2009 ). 
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valrie CR , BrombergMH , PalermoTM , SchanbergLE . A systematic review of sleep in pediatric pain populations . J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr.34 , 120 – 128 ( 2013 ). 
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohja A , ChelminskyTC , ChelminskyG . Comorbidities in pediatric patients with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome . J. Pediatr.158 , 20 – 23 ( 2011 ). 
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold JI , MahrerNE , YeeJ , PalermoTM . Pain, fatigue and health-related quality of life in children and adolescents with chronic pain . Clin. J. Pain25 , 407 – 412 ( 2009 ). 
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bair MJ , WuJ , DamushT , SutherlandJM , KroenkeK . Association of depression and anxiety alone and in combination with chronic musculoskeletal pain in primary care patients . Psychosom. Med.70 , 890 – 897 ( 2008 ). 
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von Baeyer CL ,  ChampionGD .  Commentary: multiple pains as functional pain syndromes .  J. Pediatr. Psychol.36 ,  433 – 437  ( 2011 ). 
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Compas BE , JaserSS , DunnMJ , RodriguezEM . Coping with chronic illness in childhood and adolescence . Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol.8 , 455 – 480 ( 2012 ). 
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grover M , HerfarthH , DrossmanDA . The functional-organic dichotomoy: postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease-irritable bowel syndrome . Clin. Gastroenterol.7 , 48 – 53 ( 2009 ). 
   Google Scholar
• Long MD , DrossmanDA . Inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, or what? A challenge to the functional-organic dichotomy . Am. J. Gastroenterol.105 , 1796 – 1798 ( 2010 ). 
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faure G , GiguereL . Functional gastrointestinal and visceral hypersensitivity in children and adolescents suffering from Crohn’s disease . Inflamm. Bowel Dis.14 , 1569 – 1574 ( 2008 ). 
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman LA , SrinathAL , GoyalAet al. The overlap of functional abdominal pain in pediatric Crohn’s disease . Inflamm. Bowel Dis.19 , 826 – 831 ( 2013 ). 
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halpin SJ , FordAC . Prevalence of symptoms meeting criteria for irritible bowel syndrome in inflammatory bowel disease: systemic review and meta-analysis . Am. J. Gastroenterol.107 , 1474 – 1482 ( 2012 ). 
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasquin A , Di LorenzoC , ForbesDet al. Childhood functional gastrointestinal disorders: child/adolescent . Gastroenterol.30 , 1527 – 1537 ( 2006 ). 
   Google Scholar
• Vivinus-Nébot M , Frin-MathyG , BziouecheHet al. Functional bowel symptoms in quiescent inflammatory bowel diseases: role of epithelial barrier disruption and low-grade inflammation . Gastroenterology144 , S538 ( 2013 ). 
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reigada LC , BenkovKJ , BruzzeseJMet al. Integrating illness concerns into cognitive behavioral therapy for children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease and co-occurring anxiety . J. Spec. Pediatr. Nurs.18 , 133 – 134 ( 2013 ). 
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson RD , CraigA , CrawfordEAet al. Longitudinal results of cognitive behavioral treatments for youths with inflammatory bowel disease and depressive symptoms . J. Clin. Psychol. Med. Settings19 , 329 – 337 ( 2012 ). 
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballas SK . Pain management of sickle cell disease . Hematol. Oncol. Clin. North Am.19 , 785 – 802 ( 2005 ). 
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Platt OS , ThoringtonBD , BrambillaDJet al. Pain in sickle cell disease: rates and risk factors . N. Engl. J. Med.325 , 11 – 16 ( 1991 ). 
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yusuf HR , AtrashHK , GrosseSD , ParkerCS , GrantAM . Emergency department visits made by patients with sickle cell disease: a descriptive study, 1999–2007 . Am. J. Prev. Med.38 , S536 – S541 ( 2010 ). 
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang Y , ShahA , WatsonM , MankadVN . Comparison of costs to the health sector of comprehensive and episodic health care for sickle cell disease patients . Public Health Rep.110 , 80 – 86 ( 1997 ). 
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballas SK . Sickle Cell Pain . IASP Press , Seattle, WA, USA ( 1998 ).
   Google Scholar
• Ballas SK , BausermanRL , MccarthyWF , CastroOL , SmithWR , WaclawiwMA . Utilization of analgesics in the multicenter study of hydroxyurea in sickle cell anemia: effect of sex, age, and geographical location . Am. J. Hematol.85 , 613 – 615 ( 2010 ). 
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dampier C , ElyB , BrodeckiD , O’NealP . Characterisitics of pain managed at home in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease by using diary self-reports . J. Pain3 , 461 – 470 ( 2002 ). 
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro BS , DingesDF , OrneECet al. Home management of sickle cell-related pain in children and adolescents: natural history and impact on school attendance . Pain61 , 139 – 144 ( 1995 ). 
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith WR , PenberthyLT , BovbjergVEet al. Daily assessment of pain in adults with sickle cell disease . Ann. Intern. Med.148 , 94 – 101 ( 2008 ). 
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zempsky WT , O’HaraEA , SantanelliJPet al. Validation of the sickle cell pain burden interview-youth . J. Pain14 ( 9 ), 975 – 982 ( 2013 ). 
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandow AM , StuckeyCL , HilleryCA , HoffmanRG , PanepintoJA . Patients with sickle cell disease have increased sensitivityto cold and heat . Am. J. Hematol.88 , 37 – 43 ( 2013 ). 
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walco GA , DampierC , HartsteinG , DjordjevicD , MillerL . The relationship between recurrent clinical pain and pain threshold in children . Adv. Pain Res. Ther.15 , 333 – 334 ( 1990 ). 
   Google Scholar
• Gil KM , EdensJL , WilsonJJet al. Coping strategies and laboratory pain in children with sickle cell disease . Ann. Behav. Med.9 , 22 – 29 ( 1997 ). 
   Google Scholar
• Gil KM , WilsonJJ , EdensJLet al. Effects of cognitive coping skills training on coping strategies and experimental pain sensitivity in African American adults with sickle cell disease . Health Psychol.15 ( 1 ), 3 – 10 ( 1996 ). 
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballas S . New era dawns on sickle cell pain . Blood116 , 311 – 312 ( 2010 ). 
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zempsky WT , LoiselleKA , MckayKet al. Retrospective evaluation of pain assessment and treatment for acute vasoocclusive episodes in children with sickle cell disease . Pediatr. Blood Cancer51 , 265 – 268 ( 2008 ). 
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niebanck AE , Smith-WhitleyK , PollockAMet al. Headache in children with sickle cell disease: prevalence and associated factors . J. Pediatr.151 , 67 – 72 ( 2007 ). 
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zempsky WT , SantanelliJP , StevensM , KhadkaS , GaynorL . Evidence of altered pain processing in adolescents and young adults with sickle cell disease . Presented at:The 9th International Symposium on Pedaitric Pain.Stockholm, Sweden , 17–20June 2013 .
   Google Scholar
• Kohli DR , LiY , KhasabovSGet al. Pain-related behaviors and neurochemical alterations in mice expressing sickle hemoglobin; modulation by cannabinoids . Blood116 , 456 – 465 ( 2010 ). 
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang ZJ ,  WilkieDJ ,  MolokieR . Neurobiological mechanisms of pain in sickle cell disease .  Hematology Am. Soc. Hematol. Educ. Program 2010 ,  403 – 408  ( 2010 ). 
   Google Scholar
• Smith WR , SchererM . Sickle cell pain: advances in epidemiology and etiology . Hematology Am. Soc. Hematol. Educ. Program 2010 , 409 – 415 ( 2010 ).
   Google Scholar
• Sacks JJ , HelmickCG , LuoYH , IlowiteNT , BowyerS . Prevalence of and annual ambulatory health care visits for pediatric arthritis and other rheumatologic conditions in the United States in 2001–2004 . Arthritis Rheum.57 ( 8 ), 1439 – 1445 ( 2007 ). 
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Petty RE , SouthwoodTR , MannersPet al. International League of Associations for Rheumatology classification of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: second revision, Edmonton, 2001 . J. Rheumatol.31 ( 2 ), 390 – 392 ( 2004 ). 
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schanberg LE , AnthonyKK , GilKM , MaurinEC . Daily pain and symptoms in children with polyarticular arthritis . Arthritis Rheum.48 ( 5 ), 1390 – 1397 ( 2003 ). 
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schanberg LE , GilKM , AnthonyKK , YowE , RochonJ . Pain, stiffness, and fatigue in juvenile polyarticular arthritis: contemporaneous stressful events and mood as predictors . Arthritis Rheum.52 ( 4 ), 1196 – 1204 ( 2005 ). 
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Malleson PN , OenK , CabralDA , PettyRE , RosenbergAM , CheangM . Predictors of pain in children with established juvenile rheumatoid arthritis . Arthritis Rheum.51 ( 2 ), 222 – 227 ( 2004 ). 
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schanberg LE , LefebvreJC , KeefeFJ , KredichDW , GilKM . Pain coping and the pain experience in children with juvenile chronic arthritis . Pain73 ( 2 ), 181 – 189 ( 1997 ). 
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beukelman T , PatkarNM , SaagKGet al. American College of Rheumatology recommendations for the treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: initiation and safety monitoring of therapeutic agents for the treatment of arthritis and systemic features . Arthritis Care Res.63 , 465 – 482 ( 2011 ). 
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewitt EM , KimuraY , BeukelmanTet al. Consensus treatment plans for new-onset systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis . Arthritis Care Res.64 , 1001 – 1010 ( 2012 ). 
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lomholt JJ , ThastumM , HerlinT . Pain experience in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis treated with anti-TNF agents compared to non-biologic standard treatment . Pediatr. Rheumatol. Online J.11 , 21 ( 2013 ). 
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schanberg LE . Persistent pain in controlled organic disease: juvenile idiopathic arthritis . Presented at:The 9th International Symposium on Pediatric Pain.Stockholm, Sweden , 17–20June 2013 .
   Google Scholar
• Bromberg MH ,  ConnellyM ,  AnthonyKK ,  GilKM  & SchanbergLE .  Self-reported pain and disease symptoms persist in juvenile idiopathic arthritis despite treatment advances: an electronic diary study .  Arthritis Rheum.66 , 462 – 469  ( 2014 ). 
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogeweg JA , KuisW , OostendorpRAB , HeldersPJM . General and segemental reduced pain thresholds in juvenile chronic arthritis . Pain62 , 11 – 17 ( 1995 ). 
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leegaard A , LomholtJJ , ThastumM , HerlinT . Decreased pain threshold in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a cross-sectional study . J. Rheumatol.40 , 1212 – 1217 ( 2013 ). 
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thastum M , ZachariaeR , ScholerM , BjerringP , HerlinT . Cold pressor pain: comparing responses of juvenile arthritis patients and their parents . Scand. J. Rheumatol.26 , 272 – 279 ( 1997 ). 
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varni JW , RapoffMA , WaldronSA , GraggRA , BernsteinBH , LindsleyCB . Chronic pain and emotional distress in children and adolescents . J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr.17 ( 3 ), 154 – 161 ( 1996 ). 
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bromberg MH , GilKM , SchanbergLE . Daily sleep quality and mood as predictors of pain in children with juvenile polyarticular arthritis . Health Psychol.31 , 202 – 209 ( 2011 ). 
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connelly M , BrombergMH , AnthonyKK , GilKM , FranksL , SchanbergLA . Emotion regulation predicts pain and functioning in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: an electronic diary study . J. Pediatr. Psychol.37 , 43 – 52 ( 2012 ). 
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anthony KK , BrombergMH , GilKM , SchanbergLE . Parental perceptions of child vulnerability and parent stress as predictors of pain and adjustment in children with chronic arthritis . Child. Health Care50 , 53 – 69 ( 2011 ). 
   Google Scholar
• Connelly M , AnthonyKK , SarniakR , BrombergMH , GilKM , SchanbergLE . Parent pain responses as predictors of daily activities and mood in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: the utility of electronic diaries . J. Pain Symptom Manage.39 ( 3 ), 579 – 590 ( 2010 ). 
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross CK , LavigneJV , HayfordJR , BerrySL , SinacoreJM , PachmanLM . Psychological factors affecting reported pain in juvenile idiopathic arthritis . J. Pediatr. Psychol.35 , 561 – 573 ( 1993 ). 
   Google Scholar
• Schechter NL . Chronic pain syndromes in childhood: one trunk, many branches . In: Oxford Textbook of Pediatric Pain.McGrathPJ , StevensB , WalkerSE , ZempskyWT (Eds). Oxford University Press , Oxford, UK ( 2013 ).
   Google Scholar
• Coakley R , SchechterNL . Chronic pain is like…: the clinical use of analogy and metaphor in the treatment of chronic pain in children . Pediatr. Pain Lett.15 , 12 – 18 ( 2013 ). 
   Google Scholar
• Mior S . Exercise in the treatment of chronic pain . Clin. J. Pain17 , S77 – S85 ( 2001 ). 
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palermo T . Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Pain in Children and Adolescents.Oxford University Press , Oxford, UK ( 2012 ).
   Google Scholar
• Noel M , PetterM , ParkerJA , ChambersCT . Cognitive behavior therapy for pediatric chronic pain: the problem, research, and practice . J. Cogn. Psychother.26 , 143 – 156 ( 2012 ). 
   Google Scholar
• Grady D , BerkowitzSA , KatzMH . Opioids for chronic pain . Arch. Intern. Med.171 , 1426 – 1427 ( 2011 ). 
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar