Post-Tonsillectomy Pain Control: Consensus Or Controversy?

References

• Baugh RF , ArcherSM , MitchellRBet al. Clinical practice guideline: tonsillectomy in children . Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg.144 ( 1 Suppl ), S1 – S30 ( 2011 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schechter MS , Section on Pediatric Pulmonology Subcommittee on Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome . Technical report: diagnosis and management of childhood obstructive sleep apnea syndrome . Pediatrics109 ( 4 ), e69 ( 2002 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel HH , StraightCE , LehmanEB , TannerM , CarrMM . Indications for tonsillectomy: a 10-year retrospective review . Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol.78 ( 12 ), 2151 – 2155 ( 2014 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman M , WilsonM , LinHC , ChangHW . Updated systematic review of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy for treatment of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome . Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg.140 ( 6 ), 800 – 808 ( 2009 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vigo G , MartiniG , ZoppiS , VittadelloF , ZulianF . Tonsillectomy efficacy in children with PFAPA syndrome is comparable to the standard medical treatment: a long-term observational study . Clin. Exp. Rheumatol.32 ( 4 Suppl. 84 ), S156 – S159 ( 2014 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isaacson G . Pediatric tonsillectomy: an evidence-based approach . Otolaryngol. Clin. North. Am.47 ( 5 ), 673 – 690 ( 2014 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonuck K , ParikhS , BassilaM . Growth failure and sleep disordered breathing: a review of the literature . Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol.70 ( 5 ), 769 – 778 ( 2006 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawamura T , YoshimuraM , MiyazakiYet al. A multicenter randomized controlled trial of tonsillectomy combined with steroid pulse therapy in patients with immunoglobulin a nephropathy . Nephrol. Dial. Transplant29 ( 8 ), 1546 – 1553 ( 2014 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maeda I , HayashiT , SatoKKet al. Tonsillectomy has beneficial effects on remission and progression of IgA nephropathy independent of steroid therapy . Nephrol. Dial. Transplant.27 ( 7 ), 2806 – 2813 ( 2012 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutters KA , IsaacsonG . Post-tonsillectomy pain in children . Am. J. Nurs.114 ( 2 ), 36 – 42 ( 2014 ).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Isaacson G . Tonsillectomy healing . Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol.121 ( 10 ), 645 – 649 ( 2012 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart DW , RaggPG , SheppardS , ChalkiadisGA . The severity and duration of postoperative pain and analgesia requirements in children after tonsillectomy, orchidopexy, or inguinal hernia repair . Paediatr. Anaesth.22 ( 2 ), 136 – 143 ( 2012 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrott DA , PiiraT , GoodenoughB , ChampionGD . Efficacy and safety of acetaminophen vs ibuprofen for treating children’s pain or fever: a meta-analysis . Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med.158 ( 6 ), 521 – 526 ( 2004 ).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pierce CA , VossB . Efficacy and safety of ibuprofen and acetaminophen in children and adults: a meta-analysis and qualitative review . Ann. Pharmacother.44 ( 3 ), 489 – 506 ( 2010 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merry AF , EdwardsKE , AhmadZ , BarberC , MahadevanM , FramptonC . Randomized comparison between the combination of acetaminophen and ibuprofen and each constituent alone for analgesia following tonsillectomy in children . Can. J. Anaesth.60 ( 12 ), 1180 – 1189 ( 2013 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michelet D , Andreu-GallienJ , BensalahTet al. A meta-analysis of the use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs for pediatric postoperative pain . Anesth. Analg.114 ( 2 ), 393 – 406 ( 2012 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bedwell JR , PierceM , LevyM , ShahRK . Ibuprofen with acetaminophen for postoperative pain control following tonsillectomy does not increase emergency department utilization . Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg.151 ( 6 ), 963 – 966 ( 2014 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallagher TQ , WilcoxL , McguireE , DerkayCS . Analyzing factors associated with major complications after adenotonsillectomy in 4776 patients: comparing three tonsillectomy techniques . Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg.142 ( 6 ), 886 – 892 ( 2010 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Homer JJ , SwallowJ , SempleP . Audit of pain management at home following tonsillectomy in children . J. Laryngol. Otol.115 ( 3 ), 205 – 208 ( 2001 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riggin L , RamakrishnaJ , SommerDD , KorenG . A 2013 updated systematic review & meta-analysis of 36 randomized controlled trials; no apparent effects of non steroidal anti-inflammatory agents on the risk of bleeding after tonsillectomy . Clin. Otolaryngol.38 ( 2 ), 115 – 129 ( 2013 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis SR , NicholsonA , CardwellME , SiviterG , SmithAF . Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and perioperative bleeding in paediatric tonsillectomy . Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.7 , CD003591 ( 2013 ).
   Google Scholar
• Thiagarajan J , BatesS , HitchcockM , Morgan-HughesJ . Blood loss following tonsillectomy in children. A blind comparison of diclofenac and papaveretum . Anaesthesia48 ( 2 ), 132 – 135 ( 1993 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bean-Lijewski JD , KruitboschSH , HutchinsonL , BrowneB . Post-tonsillectomy pain management in children: can we do better?Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg.137 ( 4 ), 545 – 551 ( 2007 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keidan I , ZaslanskyR , EviatarE , SegalS , SarfatySM . Intraoperative ketorolac is an effective substitute for fentanyl in children undergoing outpatient adenotonsillectomy . Paediatr. Anaesth.14 ( 4 ), 318 – 323 ( 2004 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeganeh Mogadam A , FazelMR , ParvizS . Comparison of analgesic effect between gabapentin and diclofenac on post-operative pain in patients undergoing tonsillectomy . Arch. Trauma Res.1 ( 3 ), 108 – 111 ( 2012 ).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Francois M , ConstenL , RezvaniYet al. The efficacy and tolerance of tiaprofenic acid vs paracetamol after tonsillectomy in children . Journal Francais d’Oto Rhino Laryngologie43 ( 6 ), 437 – 440 ( 1994 ).
   Google Scholar
• Sutherland CJ , MontgomeryJE , KestinIG . A comparison of intramuscular tenoxicam with intramuscular morphine for pain relief following tonsillectomy in children . Paediatr. Anaesth.8 ( 4 ), 321 – 324 ( 1998 ).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oztekin S , HepaguslarH , KarAA , OzzeybekD , ArtikaslanO , ElarZ . Preemptive diclofenac reduces morphine use after remifentanil-based anaesthesia for tonsillectomy . Paediatr. Anaesth.12 ( 8 ), 694 – 699 ( 2002 ).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sutherland CJ , MontgomeryJE , KestinIG . A comparison of intramuscular tenoxicam with intramuscular morphine for pain relief following tonsillectomy in children . Paediatr. Anaesth.8 ( 4 ), 321 – 324 ( 1998 ).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tawalbeh MI , NawasrehOO , HusbanAM . Comparative study of diclofenac sodium and paracetamol for treatment of pain after adenotonsillectomy in children . Saudi Med. J.22 ( 2 ), 121 – 123 ( 2001 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jitpakdee T , MandeeS . Strategies for preventing side effects of systemic opioid in postoperative pediatric patients . Paediatr. Anaesth.24 ( 6 ), 561 – 568 ( 2014 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly LE , RiederM , Van Den AnkerJet al. More codeine fatalities after tonsillectomy in North American children . Pediatrics129 ( 5 ), e1343 – e1347 ( 2012 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madadi P , KorenG . Pharmacogenetic insights into codeine analgesia: implications to pediatric codeine use . Pharmacogenomics9 ( 9 ), 1267 – 1284 ( 2008 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciszkowski C , MadadiP , PhillipsMS , LauwersAE , KorenG . Codeine, ultrarapid-metabolism genotype, and postoperative death . N. Engl. J. Med.361 ( 8 ), 827 – 828 ( 2009 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuehn BM . FDA: No codeine after tonsillectomy for children . JAMA309 ( 11 ), 1100 ( 2013 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Health canada’s review recommends codeine only be used in patients aged 12 and over ( 2013 ). http://healthycanadians.gc.ca/recall-alert-rappel-avis/hc-sc/2013/33915a-eng.php
   Google Scholar
• Quality-based procedures clinical handbook for paediatric tonsillectomy with and without adenoidectomy ( 2013 ). www.health.gov.on.ca/en/pro/programs/ecfa/docs/qbp_tonsil.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Orliaguet G , HamzaJ , CouloignerVet al. A case of respiratory depression in a child with ultrarapid CYP2D6 metabolism after tramadol . Pediatrics135 ( 3 ), e753 – e755 ( 2015 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown KA , LaferriereA , LakheeramI , MossIR . Recurrent hypoxemia in children is associated with increased analgesic sensitivity to opiates . Anesthesiology105 ( 4 ), 665 – 669 ( 2006 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly LE , SommerDD , RamakrishnaJet al. Morphine or ibuprofen for post-tonsillectomy analgesia: a randomized trial . Pediatrics135 ( 2 ), 307 – 313 ( 2015 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews S , CranswickN , HillSet al. WHO model formulary for children ( 2010 ). http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s17151e/s17151e.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Steward DL , GriselJ , Meinzen-DerrJ . Steroids for improving recovery following tonsillectomy in children . Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.8 , CD003997 ( 2011 ).
   Google Scholar
• Park SK , KimJ , KimJM , YeonJY , ShimWS , LeeDW . Effects of oral prednisolone on recovery after tonsillectomy . Laryngoscope125 ( 1 ), 111 – 117 ( 2015 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palme CE , TomasevicP , PohlDV . Evaluating the effects of oral prednisolone on recovery after tonsillectomy: a prospective, double-blind, randomized trial . Laryngoscope110 ( 12 ), 2000 – 2004 ( 2000 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermans V , De PooterF , De GrooteF , De HertS , Van Der LindenP . Effect of dexamethasone on nausea, vomiting, and pain in paediatric tonsillectomy . Br. J. Anaesth.109 ( 3 ), 427 – 431 ( 2012 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellis JR , PirmohamedM , NunnAJet al. Dexamethasone and haemorrhage risk in paediatric tonsillectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis . Br. J. Anaesth.113 ( 1 ), 23 – 42 ( 2014 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki S , YasunagaH , MatsuiH , HoriguchiH , FushimiK , YamasobaT . Impact of systemic steroids on post tonsillectomy bleeding: analysis of 61 430 patients using a national inpatient database in Japan . JAMA Otolaryngol. – Head Neck Surg.140 ( 10 ), 906 – 910 ( 2014 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikkelsen S , HilstedKL , AndersenPJet al. The effect of gabapentin on post-operative pain following tonsillectomy in adults . Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand.50 ( 7 ), 809 – 815 ( 2006 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oztekin S , DuruS . Analgesic effects of gabapentin and diclofenac on post-operative pain in patients undergoing tonsillectomy . Arch. Trauma Res.3 ( 3 ), e11443 ( 2014 ).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ortiz MI , Romero-QuezadaLC . Comparison of analgesic effect between gabapentin and diclofenac on post-operative pain in patients undergoing tonsillectomy . Arch. Trauma Res.2 ( 3 ), 138 – 139 ( 2013 ).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moore A . Gabapentin and post tonsillectomy pain – the next best thing?Arch. Trauma Res.1 ( 4 ), 188 – 190 ( 2013 ).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jeon EJ , ParkYS , ParkSS , LeeSK , KimDH . The effectiveness of gabapentin on post-tonsillectomy pain control . Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol.266 ( 10 ), 1605 – 1609 ( 2009 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park SS , KimDH , NamIC , LeeIH , HwangJW . The effectiveness of pregabalin for post-tonsillectomy pain control: a randomized controlled trial . PLoS ONE10 ( 2 ), e0117161 ( 2015 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Javid MJ , HajijafariM , HajipourA , MakaremJ , KhazaeipourZ . Evaluation of a low dose ketamine in post tonsillectomy pain relief: a randomized trial comparing intravenous and subcutaneous ketamine in pediatrics . Anesth. Pain Med.2 ( 2 ), 85 – 89 ( 2012 ).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Siddiqui AS , RaeesUS , SiddiquiSZ , RazaSA . Efficacy of pre-incisional peritonsillar infiltration of ketamine for post-tonsillectomy analgesia in children . J. Coll. Physicians Surg. Pak.23 ( 8 ), 533 – 537 ( 2013 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayatollahi V , BehdadS , HatamiM , MoshtaghiunH , BaghianimoghadamB . Comparison of peritonsillar infiltration effects of ketamine and tramadol on post-tonsillectomy pain: a double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial . Croat. Med. J.53 ( 2 ), 155 – 161 ( 2012 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inanoglu K , Ozbakis AkkurtBC , TurhanogluS , OkuyucuS , AkogluE . Intravenous ketamine and local bupivacaine infiltration are effective as part of a multimodal regime for reducing post-tonsillectomy pain . Med. Sci. Monit.15 ( 10 ), CR539 – CR543 ( 2009 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erhan OL , GoksuH , AlpayC , BestasA . Ketamine in post-tonsillectomy pain . Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol.71 ( 5 ), 735 – 739 ( 2007 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ericsson E , BrattwallM , LundebergS . Swedish guidelines for the treatment of pain in tonsil surgery in pediatric patients up to 18 years . Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol.79 ( 4 ), 443 – 450 ( 2015 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tugrul S , DegirmenciN , ErenSB , DoganR , VeysellerB , OzturanO . Analgesic effect of magnesium in post-tonsillectomy patients: a prospective randomised clinical trial . Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol.272 ( 9 ), 2483 – 2487 ( 2015 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozkiris M , KapusuzZ , SaydamL . Comparison of ropivacaine, bupivacaine and lidocaine in the management of post-tonsillectomy pain . Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol.76 ( 12 ), 1831 – 1834 ( 2012 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haksever M , OzmenS , AkdumanD , SolmazF . Topical bupivacaine compared with bupivacaine infiltration for post-tonsillectomy pain relief in children: a prospective randomized controlled clinical study . Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol.271 ( 9 ), 2555 – 2559 ( 2014 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozmen OA , OzmenS . Topical bupivacaine compared with lidocaine with epinephrine for post-tonsillectomy pain relief in children: a randomized controlled study . Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol.75 ( 1 ), 77 – 80 ( 2011 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grainger J , SaravanappaN . Local anaesthetic for post-tonsillectomy pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis . Clin. Otolaryngol.33 ( 5 ), 411 – 419 ( 2008 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin JM , ByunJY , BaekBJ , LeeJY . Effect of cold-water cooling of tonsillar fossa and pharyngeal mucosa on post-tonsillectomy pain . Am. J. Otolaryngol.35 ( 3 ), 353 – 356 ( 2014 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbey P , BretlerS , AvrahamY , Sharabi-NovA , IbrgimovS , LuderA . Acupuncture for posttonsillectomy pain in children: a randomized, controlled study . Paediatr. Anaesth.25 ( 6 ), 603 – 609 ( 2015 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soltani R , SoheilipourS , HajhashemiV , AsghariG , BagheriM , MolaviM . Evaluation of the effect of aromatherapy with lavender essential oil on post-tonsillectomy pain in pediatric patients: a randomized controlled trial . Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol.77 ( 9 ), 1579 – 1581 ( 2013 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohebbi S , NiaFH , KelantariF , NejadSE , HamediY , AbdR . Efficacy of honey in reduction of post tonsillectomy pain, randomized clinical trial . Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol.78 ( 11 ), 1886 – 1889 ( 2014 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amani S , KheiriS , AhmadiA . Honey versus diphenhydramine for post-tonsillectomy pain relief in pediatric cases: a randomized clinical trial . J. Clin. Diagn. Res.9 ( 3 ), SC01 – SC04 ( 2015 ).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zubieta JK , HeitzegMM , SmithYRet al. COMT val158met genotype affects mu-opioid neurotransmitter responses to a pain stressor . Science299 ( 5610 ), 1240 – 1243 ( 2003 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosarac B , FoxAA , CollardCD . Effect of genetic factors on opioid action . Curr. Opin. Anaesthesiol.22 ( 4 ), 476 – 482 ( 2009 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nafiu OO , ShanksAM , HayangaAJ , TremperKK , CampbellDAJr . The impact of high body mass index on postoperative complications and resource utilization in minority patients . J. Natl. Med. Assoc.103 ( 1 ), 9 – 15 ( 2011 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Constant I , Ayari KhalfallahS , BrunaudAet al. How to replace codeine after tonsillectomy in children under 12 years of age? Guidelines of the French Oto-Rhino-Laryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Society (SFORL) . Eur. Ann. Otorhinolaryngol. Head Neck Dis.131 ( 4 ), 233 – 238 ( 2014 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar