- There is a vast literature on dependency theory which emerged in the mid-to-late 1960s and early 1970s. See, for example, Samir Amin, Accumulation on a World Scale: A Critique of the Theory of Underdevelopment (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1974); André Gunder Frank, Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1969); Fernando Henrique Cardoso and Enzo Faletto, Dependency and Development in Latin America (Berkeley: UCLA Press, 1979).
- For a good study of dependent development as it applies to the Brazilian economy, see Peter Evans, Dependent Development (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979). For a study of dependency as it relates to the occupied territories, see Yusif A. Sayigh, “The Palestinian Economy Under Occupation: Dependency and Pauperization,” Journal of Palestine Studies 15, no. 4 (Summer 1986): 46–67.
- Eliyahu Kanovsky, The Economic Impact of the Six-Day War: Israel, the Occupied Territories, Egypt and Jordan (New York: Praeger, 1970), 174–75.
- E. Efrat, “Geographical Review: Settlement Pattern and Economic Changes in the Gaza Strip 1947–1977,” Middle East Journal 31, no. 3 (Summer 1977): 350; and Fawzi Gharaibeh, The Economies of the West Bank and Gaza Strip (Boulder: Westview Press, 1985), 16.
- Brian Van Arkadie, Benefits and Burdens: A Report on the West Bank and Gaza Strip Economies Since 1967 (New York: Camegie Endowment for International Peace, 1977), 30–31.
- Meron Benvenisti, The West Bank Data Project: A Survey of Israel's Policies (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1984), 9.
- Calculated from the Statistical Abstract of Israel, no. 37 (Jerusalem: Central Bureau of Statistics, 1986).
- Judaea, Samaria and Gaza Area Statistics 15, no. 2 (Jerusalem: Central Bureau of Statistics, 1985).
- Statistical Abstract of Israel, 1986.
- Gharaibeh, Economies, 18–23.
- United Nations, General Assembly, Economic and Social Council, 38th Session, Living Conditions of the Palestinian People in the Occupied Palestinian Territories: Report of the Secretary General, 22 June 1983, 10. See also Mona Younis, Community Development versus Personal Prosperity: Israel's Pacification Policy in the Occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip, Center for Hebraic Studies, Yarmouk University, Information Series 2, no. 1 (February 1987), 46–48.
- Gharaibeh, Economies, 33.
- Kanovsky, Economic Impact, 176.
- Quoted in Ziad Abu-Amr, “The Gaza Economy Since 1948” (Paper presented to the Welfare Association Symposium on “Economic Development Under Prolonged Occupation,” St. Catherine's College, Oxford, England, 3–5 January 1985). Original source, Muhammad ‘Ali Khulusi, Al-Tanmiyah al-Iqtisadiyyah fi Qita' Ghazzah: 1948–1967, [Economic Development in the Gaza Strip: 1948–1967] (Cairo: The United Commercial Press, 1967), 61–64.
- Gharaibeh, Economies, 40.
- Ibid., 38.
- Ibid., 38; and Kanovsky, Economic Impact, 179.
- Calculated from Statistical Abstract of Israel 1986, and Statistical Abstract of Israel, no. 36 (Jerusalem: Central Bureau of Statistics, 1985).
- Ibid.; See also Civil Administration of Gaza, Eighteenth Year of the Administration, April 1984-March 1985 (Gaza Strip: Civil Administration, 1985), 31.
- Calculated from Statistical Abstract of Israel, 1986.
- Israel Zamir, “The Market of Children at Erez Junction,” 'Al HaMishmar, 1 August 1978; and Amos Elon, “The Market of Children at Ashkelon,” Ha'Aretz, 2 August 1978.
- Gharaibeh, Economies, 50.
- Abu-Amr “Gaza Economy.”
- Statistical Abstract of Israel, 1986.
- Abu-Amr, “Gaza Economy,” as quoted in Khulusi, Economic Development, 81. This source estimates that agriculture's share of GDP before 1967 was 70 percent.
- Kanovsky, Economic Impact, 175.
- Van Arkadie, Benefits and Burdens, 30.
- Benvenisti, West Bank Data Project, 15.
- Hisham M. Awartani, “Agriculture,” in Emile A. Nakleh, ed., A Palestinian Agenda For the West Bank and Gaza (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1980), 17.
- Interview with ‘Abd al-Latif Abu Middayn, Chairman, Agricultural Cooperative for Citrus Marketing, Gaza Strip, summer 1985. Also see, Gideon Weigert, “Green Revolution in the Gaza Strip,” Jerusalem Post, 17 February 1980. This is a very imbalanced view of Gazan agriculture, but it does discuss the use of drip irrigation in the Gaza Strip.
- M. K. Budeiri, “Changes in the Economic Structure of the West Bank and Gaza Strip under Israeli Occupation,” Labour Capital and Society 15, no. 1 (April 1982): 54; Awartani, “Agriculture,” 17.
- Gharaibeh, Economies, 62. See also (in English translation) Sharif Kanana and Rashad al-Madani, Al-lstitan wa-Musadarat al-Aradi fi Qita' Ghazzah 1967–1984 [Settlement and Land Confiscation in the Gaza Strip 1967–1984] (Birzeit, West Bank: Center for Research and Documentation, Birzeit University, 1985); and Benvenisti, West Bank Data Project, 13, which places the number of dunams under cultivation in 1967–68 at 204,000. The figure for 1985 is quoted in the Report of the Military Government 1985–86 (State of Israel, 1986).
- Statistical Abstract of Israel, 1986.
- Gharaibeh, Economies, 75; and Statistical Abstract of Israel, various issues. See also, David Kahan, The Agricultural Development of the Administered Territories: Part I, Palestinian Sector (Jerusalem: The West Bank Data Base Project, April 1983).
- Interview with Abu Middayn, summer 1985. See also Budeiri, Changes in the Economic Structure, 54.
- Interview with several citrus producers who asked not to be identified. However, this fact is common knowledge among researchers working in the Gaza Strip. See Ann M. Lesch, “Gaza: Forgotten Corner of Palestine,” Journal of Palestine Studies 15, no. 1 (August 1986): 47. Also see, Ikhlas Rayyes Nusseibeh, “Gaza Orange Market Faces Difficult Time,” al-Fajr, 29 March 1981, 6; Civil Administration of Gaza, Eighteenth Year of the Administration, 16; and Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs, State of Israel, Letter to the American Near East Refugee Aid (ANERA) outlining policies on planting of trees in the Occupied Territories, 1981.
- Ibid.
- Interview with an Israeli government official who asked not to be identified.
- Ibid.
- Interview with Abu Middayn and other businessmen in the Gaza Strip, winter 1986.
- Bank Leumi rates quoted in August 1985.
- See Report of the Gaza Strip Citrus Producers Association, (GSCPA) (Gaza Strip, 1985); and Lesch, “Gaza,” 47.
- Interviews with several officials in the Arab Citrus Packing Company, winter 1986.
- The section on export markets is based on data collected through interviews with several members of Gaza's citrus community in the summer of 1985 and the winter of 1986. They include Mayor al-Shawwa, members of the Citrus Producers Association, members of the Arab Citrus Packing Company, and individual farmers and merchants. See also al-Fajr, 19 October 1984, 8–9, for a discussion of export problems in the occupied territories.
- Report of the GSCPA.
- Agricultural Statistics Quarterly 1984–1985 16, no. 3 (Jerusalem: Central Bureau of Statistics, April–June 1985).
- Civil Administration of Gaza, Eighteenth Year of the Administration, 16.
- Interviews with Israeli officials in the Department of Defense and with rural development consultants to the U.S. funded private voluntary organizations working in the Gaza Strip.
- Agricultural Statistics Quarterly 1984–1985.
- Statistical Abstract of Israel, 1986.
- Elias H. Tuma and Haim Darin-Darbkin, The Economic Case for Palestine (London: Croom-Helm, 1978), 74; and interviews with municipal authorities in the Gaza Strip.
- Joe Stork, “Water and Israel's Occupation Strategy,” MERIP Middle East Report 13, no. 6 (July–August 1983): 23; and Lesch, “Gaza,” 47. For some studies on water, see Leslie C. Schmida, “Israel's Drive For Water,” The Link 17, no. 4 (November 1984); Subhi Kahhaleh, “The Water Problem in Israel and Its Repercussions on the Arab-Israeli Conflict,” IPS Papers, no. 9 (Beirut: The Institute for Palestine Studies, 1981); and Miriam Lowi, “The Politics of Water,” McGill Studies in International Development, no. 35 (Montreal: McGill University). For an Israeli interpretation, see J. Schwarz, “Water Resources in Judea, Samaria and the Gaza Strip,” in Daniel J. Elazar, ed., Judea, Samaria and Gaza: Views on the Present and Future (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1982), 81–102.
- Lesch, “Gaza,” 47; and interview with Abu Middayn, winter 1986.
- Ibid.
- Interviews with members of the local engineers association in the Gaza Strip. Data on water consumption is extremely difficult to obtain.
- See David Krivine's critique of Sara Roy, The Gaza Strip Survey (Jerusalem: The West Bank Data Base Project and Jerusalem Post Press, 1986) in “The Brighter Side of the Gaza Picture,” The Jerusalem Post, 5 September 1986.
- UNECWA, The Industrial and Economic Trends in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, ECWA/UNIDO, Industrial Division, December 1981, 2.
- Interviews with local business leaders; see also al-Fajr, 4 October 1985.
- Statistical Abstract of Israel, 1986.
- Ibid. Another study, published by UNIDO in March 1984 reports 1,015 industrial firms in the Gaza Strip.
- Hisham Awartani, A Survey of Industries in the West Bank and Gaza Strip (Birzeit, West Bank: Birzeit University, September 1979), 24. See also Jalal Da'ud, “Industry in the Gaza Strip,” SAMED (August 1980).
- Budeiri, Changes in the Economic Structure, 54.
- Interview with clothing subcontractors in the Gaza Strip, summer 1985.
- Statistical Abstract of Israel, 1986.
- UNECWA, Industrial and Economic Trends, 33.
- Ibid., 34.
- Ibid., 36.
- Awartani, Survey of Industries, 50.
- “Business as usual in the Occupied Territories,” in News From Within, 26 January 1987, Jerusalem. Cited in “The Business of Occupation,” Palestine Perspectives, no.29 (May–June 1987): 4.
- Ibid. The Jerusalem Post, 25 December 1986, published a report citing this figure.
- Judaea, Samaria and Gaza Area Statistics 15, no. 2.
- Al-Fajr, 4 October 1985; and Awartani, Survey of Industries, 51.
- Al-Fajr, 13 April 1984.
- Meron Benvenisti, US Government Funded Projects in the West Bank and Gaza (1977–1983) (Palestinian Sector), Working Paper no. 13 (Jerusalem: West Bank Data Base Project, 1984).
- Gharaibeh, Economies, 92.
- Abu-Amr, “Gaza Economy.”
- Abu-Amr, “Gaza Economy,” in Khulusi, Economic Development, 226.
- Van Arkadie, Benefits and Burdens, 79.
- Ibid.
- Judaea, Samaria and Gaza Area Statistics 15, no. 2.
- Statistical Abstract of Israel, 1986.
- Gharaibeh, Economies, 113.
- Ibid.
- Ibid., 114.
- Ibid., 100–102.
- Meron Benvenisti, 1986 West Bank Data Project Report (Jerusalem: The West Bank Data Base Project, 1986). See also State of Israel, State of Israel Budget 1986–1987, Jerusalem 1986.
- See Meron Benvenisti, “Gaza's Not So Bright Side,” The Jerusalem Post, 10 September 1986. This article was written in response to Krivine's critique. Financial data was taken from Bank of Israel Reports on the Administered Territories.
- Statistical Abstract of Israel, 1986.
- Based on calculations from Kan'ana and al-Madani, Settlement and Land Confiscation 32. See also Ann M. Lesch, The Gaza Strip: Heading Toward a Dead End, UFSI Reports, Part 2, no. 11, 1984; and al-Fajr, 18 October 1985, 8–9.
- Statistical Abstract of Israel, 1986.
- Benvenisti, West Bank Data Project, makes this point.
Journal of Palestine Studies
Volume 17, 1987 - Issue 1