Tearing Down Freedmen's Town and African American Displacement in Houston: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly of Urban Revival

References

• Allers, J., January 14, 2005, Historical Preservation in Houston. Available at http://kpft.igc.org/news/090602story4.html
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, M., 1964, The Federal Bulldozer: A Critical Analysis of Urban Renewal, 1949-1962. Cambridge, MA: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Atkinson, R., 2000, The hidden costs of gentrification: Displacement in central London. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment , Vol. 15, 307-326.
   Google Scholar
• Bardwell, S. K. and Nissimov, R., 1997, Feds help investigate church fire/Blaze at historic site is called suspicious. Houston Chronicle , February 22, p. A1.
   Google Scholar
• Black News, 2007, Houston Destroys Largest Black Historic District in United States. Retrieved July 20, 2004, from Black News Web site http://www.blacknews.com/pr/houston101.html
   Google Scholar
• Boddy, M., 2007, Designer neighborhoods: New-build, city-centre residential development, the case of Bristol. Environment and Planning A , Vol. 39, 86-105.
   Google Scholar
• Bullard, R. D., 1987, Invisible Houston: The Black Experience in Boom and Bust. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bullard, R. D., 1990, Dumping in Dixie: Race, Class, and Environmental Quality. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bullard, R. D., 1992, Housing problems and prospects in contemporary Houston. In H. Beeth and C. D. Wintz, editor, Black Dixie: Afro-Texan History and Culture in Houston. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press, 236-252.
   Google Scholar
• City of Houston, Department of Planning and Development, 1979, Montrose/4th Ward: Community Development Area. Houston, TX: City of Houston.
   Google Scholar
• City of Houston, Department of Planning and Development, 1992, Demographic and Land Use Profile for Houston, Texas. Houston, TX: City of Houston.
   Google Scholar
• City of Houston, Department of Planning and Development, 1994, Economic Profile for Houston, Texas . Houston, TX: City of Houston.
   Google Scholar
• City of Houston, Department of Planning and Development, 1999, Houston Corridor Guide to Sustainable Development for Enhanced Enterprise Community Development Corridors in Houston. Houston, TX: City of Houston.
   Google Scholar
• City of Houston, Department of Planning and Development, 2000, Main Street Corridor Master Plan: Design Concepts for Main Streets. Houston, TX: City of Houston.
   Google Scholar
• City of Houston, Department of Planning and Development, 2004, Tax Increment Reinvestment Zones. Houston, TX: City of Houston. Retrieved October 13, 2004, from http://www.houstontx.gov/planning/economic_dev/tirz.htm
   Google Scholar
• Clean Air Task Force, 2000, Death, Disease and Dirty Power: Mortality and Health Damage Due to Air Pollution from Power Plants. Boston, MA: Clean Air Task Force.
   Google Scholar
• Cook, L. J., 1999, Turmoil in the summer of TIRZ. Houston Business Journal , August 9. Retrieved from http://houston.bizjournals.com/houston/stories/1999/08/09/story1.html
   Google Scholar
• Cuff, D., 1985, Beyond the 1st resort: The case of public housing in Houston. Places , Vol. 2, 28-43.
   Google Scholar
• Dethloff, H., 1979, Americans and Free Enterprise. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Dreher, C., 2002, Be creative—or die. Salon , June 6, pp. 1-6. Available at http://dir.salon.com/story/books/int/2002/06/06/florida/index.html?pn=1
   Google Scholar
• Duany, A., 2001, Three cheers for gentrification. American Enterprise Magazine , April/May, 36-39.
   Google Scholar
• Feagin, J. R., 1988, Free Enterprise City: Houston in Political-Economic Perspective. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Filion, P., 1991, The gentrification-social structure dialectic: A Toronto case study. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research , Vol. 15, 553-574.
   Google Scholar
• Florida, R., 2002, The Rise of the Creative Class. New York, NY: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Foard, A. and Fefferman, H., 1966, Federal urban renewal legislation. In J. Q. Wilson, editor, Urban Renewal: The Record and the Controversy. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 71-125.
   Google Scholar
• Fraser, J. A., 2004, Beyond gentrification: Mobilizing communities and claiming space. Urban Geography , Vol. 25, 437-457.
   Google Scholar
• Ghirardo, D. Y., 2003, Wielding the HACHet at Allen Parkway Village. In B. Scardino, W. F. Stern, and B. C. Webb, editors, Ephemeral City: Cite Looks at Houston. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 99-108.
   Google Scholar
• Glass, R., 1964, Introduction. In R. Glass, editor, London: Aspects of Change. London, UK: MacGibbon and Kee, xiii-xlii.
   Google Scholar
• Gray, L., 2005, Old Sixth Ward loses a piece of its history. Houston Chronicle , September 18, p. 17.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, C. and Qaddumi T., 2002, Organizations save, relocate early history homes (Residential Real Estate Briefs). Houston Business Journal , September 23. Available at http://www.urbanlofts.com/articles/hbj02.html http://www.urbanlofts.com/articles/hbj02.html
   Google Scholar
• Hall, P., 1997, Cities of Tomorrow (updated edition). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Hamnett, C., 1991, The blind men and the elephant: The explanation of gentrification. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers , Vol. 16, 173-189.
   Google Scholar
• Harvey, D., 1989, from managerialism to entrepreneurialism: The transformation in urban governance in late capitalism. Geografiska Annaler Series B , Vol. 71, 3-17.
   Google Scholar
• Hewitt, P., 2005, Homeless man held in blaze at church. Houston Chronicle , February 5, p. B1.
   Google Scholar
• Historic Houston, 2005, Historic Houston Delivers Historic Houses and Initial Funding for Restoration. Retrieved January 15, 2005, from Historic Houston website at http://www.historichouston.org
   Google Scholar
• House, G. M., 1998, A Brief History of Freedmen's Town. Retrieved January 5, 2005, from Houston Progressive website at http://www.houstonprogressive.org/FTAbrief.html
   Google Scholar
• Houston Metropolitan Study, 1998, The Houston Metropolitan Study. Houston, TX: Houston Metropolitan Study.
   Google Scholar
• Houston Public Housing Program, 1940, Annual Report. Houston, TX: Texas Housing Authority of the City of Houston.
   Google Scholar
• Huu Phe, H. and Wakely, P., 2000, Status, quality and the other trade-off: Towards a new theory of urban residential location. Urban Studies , Vol. 37, 7-35.
   Google Scholar
• Keating, L., 2000, Redeveloping public housing: Relearning urban renewal's immutable lessons. Journal of the American Planning Association , Vol. 66, 384-397.
   Google Scholar
• Kuffner, K. M., 2004, Partnerships are making a dent in demand for affordable housing. Houston Business Journal , July 23. Available at http://houston.bizjournals.com/houston/stories/2004/07/26/focus8.html
   Google Scholar
• Ley, D., 1986, Alternative explanations for inner-city gentrification: A Canadian assessment. Annals of the Association of American Geographers , Vol. 76, 521-535.
   Google Scholar
• Ley, D., 1992, Gentrification in recession—Social change in 6 Canadian inner cities, 1981-1986. Urban Geography , Vol. 13, 230-256.
   Google Scholar
• London, B. and Palen, J. J., 1984, Introduction: Some theoretical and practical issues regarding inner-city revitalization. In J. J. Palen and B. London, editors, Gentrification, Displacement and Neighborhood Revitalization. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 4-26.
   Google Scholar
• Main Street Coalition, 2001, Main Street Strategic Plan. Houston, TX: Main Street Coalition.
   Google Scholar
• Marcuse, P., 1978, Housing policy and the myth of the benevolent state. Social Policy , Vol. 8, 21-26.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, D., 1997, The Annihilation of space of space by law: The roots and implications of anti-homeless laws in the United States. Antipode , Vol. 29, 303-335.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, D., 2003, The Right to the City: Social Justice and the Flight for Public Space. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy, B., 2005, Sides form over sports authority's future. Houston Chronicle , April 4, p. 1B, 3B.
   Google Scholar
• Peck, J., 2005, Struggling with the creative class. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research , Vol. 29, 740-770.
   Google Scholar
• Red Book, 1915, The Red Book of Houston: A Compendium of Social, Professional, Religious, Educational and Industrial Interests of Houston's Colored Population. Houston, TX: Sotex Publishing Company.
   Google Scholar
• Redfern, P., 2003, What makes gentrification "gentrification"? Urban Studies , Vol. 40, 2351-2366.
   Google Scholar
• Rodriguez, L., 2005a, Fourth Ward: Road to renewal? Houston Chronicle , February 13, p. B1.
   Google Scholar
• Rodriguez, L., 2005b, Leaders unite to back historic Black church. Houston Chronicle , January 25, p. A1.
   Google Scholar
• Sarnoff, N., 2000, Builder bucks odds with new homes in old areas. Houston Business Journal , April 21. Available at http://houston.bizjournals.com/houston/stories/2000/04/24/story3.html http://houston.bizjournals.com/houston/stories/2000/04/24/story3.html
   Google Scholar
• Scott, M., 1995, American City Planning Since 1890. Chicago, IL: American Planning Association.
   Google Scholar
• Shmidt, S. J., 2001, Stealing the Fourth Ward. World News Internet Cooperative, University of Houston , November 1. Available at http://soc.hfac.uh.edu/artman/publish/article_52.shtml
   Google Scholar
• Sichelman, L., 2004, Downtown Houston seen undergoing revitalization. National Mortgage News , June 7, p. 14.
   Google Scholar
• Slater, T., 2006, The eviction of critical perspectives from gentrification research. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research , Vol. 30, 737-757.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, B., 2000, The Past Decade/The Next Decade: Differences and Similarities. Houston, TX: The University of Houston Press, Center for Public Policy.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, N., 1979, Toward a theory of gentrification. Journal of the American Planning Association , Vol. 45, 538-548
   Google Scholar
• Smith, N., 1996, The New Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Snyder, M., 2000, New plans for historic Fourth Ward face old obstacles. Houston Chronicle , January 9, p. A1.
   Google Scholar
• Snyder, M., 2007, A new look at urban living. Houston Chronicle , July 9, pp. A1 and A4.
   Google Scholar
• Sonoma Technology, 1999, Assessment of the Health Benefits of Improving Air Quality in Houston, Texas. Petaluma, CA: Sonoma Technology.
   Google Scholar
• Sui, D. Z. and Wu, B. X., 2006, Changing patterns of residential segregation in a prismatic metropolis: A lacunarity-based study in Houston, 1980-2000. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design , Vol. 33, 559-579.
   Google Scholar
• Sumka, H. J., 1979, Neighborhood revitalization and displacement. Journal of the American Planning Association , Vol. 45, 480-487.
   Google Scholar
• Teaford, J. C., 1990, The Rough Road to Renaissance: Urban Revitalization in America, 1940-1985. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Teaford, J. C., 2000, Urban renewal and its aftermath. Housing Policy Debate , Vol. 11, 443-465.
   Google Scholar
• Texas Historical Commission, 1985, Freedmen's Town Historic District. Retrieved January 15, 2005, from http://atlas.thc.state.tx.us/
   Google Scholar
• Texas Historical Commission, 1988, San Felipe Courts Historic District. Retrieved January 20, 2005, from http://atlas.thc.state.tx.us/
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, R. D. and Murray, R. W., 1991, Progrowth Politics: Change and Governance in Houston. Berkeley, CA: University of California at Berkeley.
   Google Scholar
• Tolson, M., 2004, 7 days to kickoff, Super Bowl XXXVIII: A sports renaissance. Houston Chronicle , January 25, p. 1A.
   Google Scholar
• Vojnovic, I., 2000a, Shaping metropolitan Toronto: A study of linear infrastructure subsidies. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design , Vol. 27, 197-230.
   Google Scholar
• Vojnovic, I., 2000b, The transitional impact of municipal consolidations. Journal of Urban Affairs , Vol. 22, 385-417.
   Google Scholar
• Vojnovic, I., 2003a, Governance in Houston: Growth theories and urban pressures. Journal of Urban Affairs , Vol. 25, 589-624.
   Google Scholar
• Vojnovic, I., 2003b, Laissez-faire governance and the archetype laissez-faire city in the USA: Exploring Houston. Geografiska Annaler B , Vol. 85, 19-38.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, J., 1997, Living downtown. Houston Chronicle , October 12, Sec. Texas Magazine, p. 26.
   Google Scholar
• Wintz, C. D., 1990, The emergence of a Black neighborhood: Houston's Fourth Ward, 1865-1915. In C. Miller and H. T. Sanders, editors, Urban Texas: Politics and Development. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press, 96-109.
   Google Scholar
• Wyly, E. K. and Hammel, D. J., 2001, Gentrification, housing policy, and the new context of urban redevelopment. Critical Perspective in Urban Redevelopment , Vol. 6, 211-276.
   Google Scholar