Advanced search
Publication Cover
Urban Geography Volume 31, 2010 - Issue 3: 2009 Urban Geography Plenary Lecture
Submit an article Journal homepage
99
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Exploring the Dual Dichotomy within Urban Geography: An Application of Fuzzy Urban Sets

Eric J. HeikkilaUniversity of Southern California
&
Yiming WangCardiff University
Pages 406-421 | Published online: 16 May 2013

  • Alonso, W., 1964, Location and Land Use. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press..
  • Batty, M., 1976, Entropy in spatial aggregation. Geographical Analysis , Vol. 8, 1-21..
  • Batty, M. and Longley, P. A., 1987, Fractal-based description of urban form. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design , Vol. 14, 123-134..
  • Berry, B. J. L., 1964, Cities as systems within systems of cities. Papers of the Regional Science Association , Vol. 13, 147-163..
  • Bogart, W. T., 2006, Don't Call It Sprawl: Metropolitan Structure in the Twenty-First Century. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press..
  • Castells, M., 1996, The Rise of the Network Society, The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell..
  • Christaller, W., 1933, Central Places in Southern Germany (L. W. Baskin, trans.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall..
  • de Luca, A. and Termini, S., 1972, A definition of nonprobabilistic entropy in the setting of fuzzy sets theory. Information and Control , Vol. 20, 301-312..
  • Desmet, K. and Fafchamps, M., 2006, Employment concentration across U.S. counties. Regional Science and Urban Economics , Vol. 36, 482-509..
  • Duranton, G. and Puga, D., 2005, From sectoral to functional urban specialization. Journal of Urban Economics , Vol. 57, 343-370..
  • Friedman, J., 1986, The world city hypothesis. Development and Change , Vol. 17, 69-83..
  • Fujita, M., Krugman, P., and Venebles, A. J., 1999, The Spatial Economy: Cities, Regions, and International Trade. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press..
  • Fujita, M. and Ogawa, H., 1982, Multiple equilibria and structural transition of non-monocentric urban configurations. Regional Science and Urban Economics , Vol. 12, 161-196..
  • Gabaix, X., 1999, Zipf's law for cities: An explanation. Quarterly Journal of Economics , Vol. CXIV, 739-767..
  • Garreau, J., 1991, Edge City: Life on the New Frontier. New York, NY: Doubleday..
  • Giuliano, G. and Small, K. A., 1991, Subcenters in the Los Angeles region. Regional Science and Urban Economics , Vol. 21, 163-182..
  • Gordon, P. and Richardson, H., 1996, Beyond polycentricity: The dispersed metropolis, Los Angeles, 1970-1990. Journal of the American Planning Association , Vol. 62, 289-295..
  • Harris, C. D., 1943, A functional classification of cities in the United States. Geographical Review , Vol. 33, 86-99..
  • Heikkila, E., 2000, The fuzzy logic of accessibility. In D. Janelle and D. Hodge, editors, Information, Places, and Cyberspace Issues in Accessibility. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 91-106..
  • Heikkila, E. and Hu, L., 2006, Adjusting spatial entropy measures for scale and resolution effects. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design , Vol. 33, 845-861..
  • Heikkila, E., Shen, T. Y., and Yang, K. Z., 2003, Fuzzy urban sets: Theory and application to Desakota regions in China. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design , Vol. 30, 239-254..
  • Henderson, V., 1974, The sizes and types of cities. The American Economic Review , Vol. 64, 640-656..
  • Ioannides, Y. M. and Overman, H. G., 2004, Spatial evolution of the U.S. urban system. Journal of Economic Geography , Vol. 4, 131-156..
  • Jacobs, J. M., 1961, The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York, NY: Random House..
  • Kachigan, S. K., 1986, Statistical Analysis. New York, NY: Radius Press..
  • Knox, P. L., 1988, Disappearing targets: Poverty areas in central cities. Journal of the American Planning Association , Vol. 54, 501-508..
  • Kosko, B., 1997, Fuzzy Engineering. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall..
  • Krugman, P., 1991, Geography and Trade. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press..
  • Lang, R. E., 2003, Edgeless Cities: Exploring the Elusive Metropolis. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press..
  • Lee, B., 2007, "Edge" or "edgeless" cities? Urban spatial structure in U.S. metropolitan areas, 1980 to 2000. Journal of Regional Science , Vol. 47, 479-515..
  • Lin, G. C. S., 2002, The growth and structural change of Chinese cities: A contextual and geographic analysis. Cities , Vol. 19, 299-316..
  • Lösch, A., 1940, The Economics of Location (W. H. Woglom and W. F. Stolper, trans.). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press..
  • Lynch, K., 1960, Image of the City. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press..
  • McMillen, D. P., 2003, Identifying sub-centers using contiguity matrices. Urban Studies , Vol. 40, 57-69..
  • McMillen, D. P., and McDonald, J. F., 1997, A nonparametric analysis of employment density in a polycentric city. Journal of Regional Science , Vol. 37, 591-612..
  • Nelson, H. J., 1965, A service classification of American cities. Economic Geography , Vol. 31, 189-210..
  • Newman, P. and Kenworthy, J. P., 1999, Sustainability and Cities: Overcoming Automobile Dependence. Washington, DC: Island Press..
  • Park, R. E., Burgess, E. W., and Mckenzie, R. D., 1925, The City. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press..
  • Pratt, G., 1998, Grids of difference: Place and identity formation. In R. Fincher and J. M. Jacobs, editors, Cities of Difference. New York, NY: The Guilford Press, 26-48..
  • Sassen, S., 1991, The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press..
  • Sassen, S., 1999, Global financial centers. Foreign Affairs , Vol. 98, 75-87..
  • Shen, G., 2002, Fractal dimension and fractal growth of urbanized areas. International Journal of Geographic Information Science , Vol. 16, 419-437..
  • Taylor, P. J. and Derudder, B., 2004, Porous Europe: European cities in global urban arenas. Tijdschrift Voor Economishe en Sociale Geografie , Vol. 95, 527-538..
  • Tiebout, C., 1956, A pure theory of local expenditures. Journal of Political Economy , Vol. 64, 415-424..
  • Ward, S., 1998, Place marketing: A historical comparison of Britain and North America. In T. Hall and P. Hubbard, editors, The Entrepreneurial City: Geographies of Politics, Regime and Representation. Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons, 31-54..
  • Zadeh, L., 1965, Fuzzy sets. Information and Control. Vol. 8, 338-353..
  • Zhou, Y. and Bradshaw, R., 1990, The classification of industrial function of Chinese cities. Journal of Chinese Geography , Vol. 1, 12-33..
  • Zimmermann, H-J., 1991, Fuzzy Set Theory—And Its Applications (second revised ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers..

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.