References
- African American Businesses in Arlington, 2005, Arlington Reunion , Arlington Virginia Network (AVN) (DVD).
- Aldrich, H., Cater, J., Jones, T., McEvoy, D., and Velleman, P., 1985, Ethnic residential concentration and the protected market hypothesis. Social Forces , Vol. 63, 996-1009.
- Bates, T., 1997, Race, Self-Employment, and Upward Mobility: An Illusive American Dream. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Bates, T., Jackson, W. E., III, and Johnson, J. H., Jr., 2007, Introduction: Advancing research on minority entrepreneurship. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science , Vol. 613, 10-17.
- Birmingham, S., 1977, Certain People: America's Black Elite. Boston, MA: Little, Brown, and Company.
- Boyd, R. L., 1998, Residential segregation by race and the black merchants of northern cities during the early twentieth century. Sociological Forum , Vol. 13, 595-609.
- Boyd, R. L., 2000a, Race, labor market disadvantage, and survivalist entrepreneurship: Black women in the Urban North during the great depression. Sociological Forum , Vol. 15, 647-670.
- Boyd, R. L., 2000b, Survivalist entrepreneurship among urban blacks during the Great Depression: A test of the disadvantage theory of business enterprise. Social Science Quarterly , Vol. 81, 972-984.
- Boyd, R. L., 2010, Black retail enterprise and racial segregation in northern cities before the "ghetto." Sociological Perspectives , Vol. 53, 397-417.
- Boyd, R. L., 2011, New York, Chicago, and the "Black Metropolis" of the Early 20th Century. Urban Geography , Vol. 32, 1066-1083.
- Butler, J. S., 2005, Entrepreneurship and Self-Help among Black Americans: A Reconsideration of Race and Economics. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
- Drake, St. C. and Cayton, H. R., 1962, Black Metropolis: A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City. New York, NY: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc.
- Fairchild, G. B., 2008a, Residential segregation influences on the likelihood of black and white self-employment. Journal of Business Venturing , Vol. 23, 46-74.
- Fairchild, G. B., 2008b, The influence of residential segregation and its correlates on ethnic enterprise in urban areas. Journal of Business Venturing , Vol. 23, 513-527.
- Fischer, M. J. and Massey, D. S., 2000, Residential segregation and ethnic enterprise in U. S. metropolitan areas. Social Problems , Vol. 47, 408-424.
- Guild, J. P., 1969, Black Laws of Virginia. New York, NY: Negro Universities Press (reprint of the 1936 edition).
- Harvey-Wingfield, A., 2008, Doing Business with Beauty: Black Women, Hair Salons, and the Racial Enclave Economy. New York, NY: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
- Harvey, A. M., 2005, Becoming entrepreneurs: Intersections of race, class, and gender at the black beauty salon. Gender & Society , Vol. 19, 789-808.
- Hills, 1950, Hill's 1950 Arlington County Directory. Richmond, VA: Hill Directory Company, Inc.
- House-Soremekun, B., 2002, Confronting the Odds: African American Entrepreneurship in Cleveland. Ohio. Kent, OH: The Kent State University Press.
- Ingham, J. N., 2003, Building businesses, creating communities: Residential segregation and the growth of African American business in southern cities, 1880-1915. The Business History Review , Vol. 77, 639-665.
- Kollinger, P. and Minniti, M., 2006, Not for lack of trying: American entrepreneurship in black and white. Small Business Economics , Vol. 27, 59-79.
- Krislow, S., 1967, The Negro in Federal Employment: The Quest for Equal Opportunity. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
- Kusmer, K. L., 1976, A Ghetto Takes Shape: Black Cleveland, 1870-1930. Chicago IL: University of Illinois Press.
- Light, I., 1979, Disadvantaged minorities in self-employment. International Journal of Comparative Sociology , Vol. 20, 31-45.
- Light, I. and Rosenstein, C., 1995, Race, Ethnicity, and Entrepreneurship in Urban America. New York, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.
- Massey, D. S. and Denton, N. A., 1993, American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Netherton, N. and Netherton, R., 1987, Arlington County in Virginia: A Pictorial History. Norfolk, VA: The Donning Company.
- NHGIS, 2004, Minnesota Population Center, National Historical Geographic Information System: Pre-release Version 0.1. , webpage. Retrieved July 23, 2011 from http://www.nhgis.org
- Osofsky, G., 1966, Harlem: The Making of a Ghetto: Negro New York, 1890-1930. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
- Rose, C. B., Jr., 2009, Arlington County Virginia, A History. Baltimore, MD: Port City Press, Inc.
- Rose, H. M., 1985, The evolving spatial pattern of Black America: 1910-1980. In J. O. McKee, editor, Ethnicity in Contemporary America: A Geographical Appraisal. Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, 55-75.
- Ruble, B. A., 2010, Washington's U Street: A Biography. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Straight, S., 2004, Immigration, demand alter historic Nauck. The Washington Post , August 14. Retrieved August 27, 2009 from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A63443-2004Aug13.html http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A63443-2004Aug13.html
- Tabb, W. K., 1971, Race relations, models, and social change. Social Problems , Vol. 18, 431-444.
- Tabb, W. K., 1988, What happened to black economic development? Review of Black Political Economy , Vol. 17, 65-88.
- Taeuber, K. E. and Taeuber, A. F., 1965, Negroes in Cities: Residential Segregation and Neighborhood Change. Chicago, IL: Aldine Publishing Company.
- Tashakkori, A. and Teddlie, C., 1998, Mixed Methodology: Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. London: Sage Publications.
- Wilkerson, I., 2010, The Warmth of Other Suns—The Epic Story of America's Great Migration. New York, NY: Random House.
- Willett, J. A., 2000, Permanent Waves: The Making of the American Beauty Shop. New York, NY: New York University Press.
- Williams, T. T., 2006, A Guide to the Historic Sites of a Long and Proud Heritage. Arlington, VA: Black Heritage Museum of Arlington, brochure.
- Wood, P. B. and Brunson, R. K., Geographies of resilient social networks: The role of African American barbershops. Urban Geography , Vol. 32, 228-243.
- Yeboah, I. E. A. and Waters, N. M., 1997, Urban economic participation and survival strategies in Ghana: 1960-1984. Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie , Vol. 88, 353-368.