Preserving The English Landscape, c.1870–1914

NOTES

• See, for example, John Ranlett, ‘“Checking Nature's Desecration”: Late-Victorian Environmental Organization’, Victorian Studies, 26 (1983): 197–222.
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• Peter Mandler, ‘The Problem with Cultural History’, Cultural and Social History, 1(1) (2004), esp. 96–7; Peter Mandler, ‘Against “Englishness”: English Culture and the Limits to Rural Nostalgia’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th ser., 7 (1997): 155–75. Mandler's assessment of the cultural purchase of preservationism is that it was of marginal significance; a different perspective is offered in the present article.
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• Martin Wiener, English Culture and the Decline of the Industrial Spirit (Cambridge, 1981).
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• See, for example, Robert Colls and Philip Dodd (eds), Englishness: Politics and Culture 1880–1920 (London, 1986); R. Hewison, The Heritage Industry (London, 1987); Georgina Boyes, The Imagined Village: Culture, Ideology and the English Folk Revival (Manchester, 1993); Mandler, ‘Against “Englishness”’; Standish Meacham, Regaining Paradise: Englishness and the Early Garden City Movement (New Haven, 1999); Anne Helmreich, The English Garden and National Identity (Cambridge, 2002). Although cf. David Matless, Landscape and Englishness (London, 1998).
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• CPS, Reports of Proceedings: 1898–1901, pp. 1–2; 1904–5, p. 1; 1908–10, p. 2; 1911–12, p. 2.
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• The Times, 31 Aug. 1887, p. 5, and 29 Sept. 1887, p. 4; Pall Mall Gazette, 1 July 1887, p. 7, and 3 Oct. 1887, pp. 1–2.
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• Gillian Darley, Octavia Hill (London, 1990), pp. 298, 302, 309.
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• W. E. H. Lecky, Walter Besant, Mary Jeune, W. B. Richmond, Julian Sturgis, ‘The Advertisement Nuisance’, New Review, 9 (Nov. 1893): 474.
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• In 1894 SCAPA membership was 730 (A Beautiful World, 3 (June 1894): 121), and although exact figures are lacking, this number does not appear to have been added to greatly before 1914. The CPS's Report for 1911–12 recorded amembership of 1,021 (p. 2), while the Trust had 500 members in 1905 and 700 by 1915 (J. Jenkins and P. James, From Acorn to Oak Tree: The Growth of the National Trust 1895–1994 (London, 1994), p. 337).
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• National Trust, Report of the Provisional Council for the Year Ending 30 April 1895 (London, 1895), p. 4; Ranlett, ‘“Checking Nature's Desecration”’, 219–20.
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• Gordon Wordsworth to W. H. Hills, 4 July 1884: Carlisle Record Office, DSO/24/15/1.
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• G. Shaw Lefevre, English Commons and Forests (London, 1894), pp. 40–1; CPS, Reports, passim.
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• LDDS leaflet, c. 1887 (Carlisle Record Office, DSO/24/13/3); T. E. Gibb, New Park for North London (London, 1885), p. 16: Robert Hunter Papers, Surrey History Centre, 1621/5/1.
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• Circular, Dec. 1893: National Trust Archives 42/3.
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• Graham Murphy, Founders of the National Trust (London, 1987), pp. 116–19.
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• Frank Prochaska, Royal Bounty: The Making of a Welfare Monarchy (New Haven, 1995), p. 116.
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• English Labourers' Chronicle, 12 May 1894, p. 3.
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• Hansard, 4th ser., 176 (14 June 1907), cols. 11–32.
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• T. R. Nevett, Advertising in Britain (London, 1982), p. 118.
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• Lord Eversley [G. Shaw Lefevre], Commons, Forests and Footpaths (2nd edn, London, 1910), pp. 276–8.
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• H. D. Rawnsley, ‘The Proposed Permanent Lake District Defence Society’, Transactions of the Wordsworth Society, no. 5 (n.d. [?1883/4]), p. 46.
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• Spectator, 31 May 1913, pp. 912–13.
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• By the 1880s one company was transporting over 100,000 ‘pleasure people’ by steamboat from Southampton to the New Forest annually; by the turn of the twentieth century, the numbers travelling by train to the Lake District each year totalled half a million (Minutes of Evidence Taken before the Hon. T. H.W. Pelham in the inquiry as to the suitability & safety of the rifle range which it is proposed to establish in the New Forest (London, 1892), p. 103: Hampshire Record Office, 7M75/75; Lynne Withey, Grand Tours and Cook's Tours (London, 1997), pp. 102–3).
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• The Times, 7 Sept. 1901, p. 12; Land and Labour, 12 (Sept. 1901): 108; Jonathan Bate, Romantic Ecology (London, 1991), pp. 53–4.
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• National Trust, Annual Report for 1905–6 (London, 1906), pp. 3–4.
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• Manchester Guardian, 26 Feb. 1887, p. 7.
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• Bradford Observer, 16 March 1887 (Carlisle Record Office, DSO/24/20/2).
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• Hansard, 3rd ser., 310 (17 Feb. 1887), cols. 1728–48; 311 (21 Feb. 1887), cols. 145–53; 311 (24 Feb. 1887), cols. 440–54.
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• C. E. Schwann, Hansard, 311 (24 Feb. 1887), col. 447.
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• See F. S. Powell, Hansard, 311 (21 Feb. 1887), col. 150; Pall Mall Gazette, 18 Feb. 1887, p. 7.
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• Echo, 18 Feb. 1887, p. 2. My definition of constituencies as ‘working class' follows Henry Pelling, Social Geography of British Elections 1885–1910 (London, 1967), p. 43.
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• The Pilgrims' Pageant, Reigate ([Reigate], 1913), pp. 9–10.
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• Lynn News and County Press, 21 June 1890, p. 8; Paul Salveson, Will Yo’ Come O’ Sunday Mornin’: The 1896 Battle for Winter Hill (Bolton, 1996).
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• John T. Beighton, ‘Richmond Park I – Historical Associations', Leisure Hour (1887), pp. 447–50, and ‘Richmond Park II – More Historical Associations', Leisure Hour (1887), p. 537.
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• The Times, 26 March 1910, p. 7.
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• The Times, 6 Feb. 1885, p. 8; Report of the Joint Committee appointed to secure the preservation of the Churchyard Bottom Wood, Highgate (1898) and publicity flier, Churchyard Bottom Wood, Highgate: Robert Hunter Papers, Surrey History Centre, 1621/6/1.
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• Eversley, Commons, at p. 168; Morton K. Peto, Public opinion on the intended interference with the New Forest under the Ranges Act, 1891 (Lyndhurst, [1892]), pp. 66–7: Hampshire Record Office, 7M75/346x; The Times, 18 April 1890, p. 13.
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• Auberon Herbert, ‘The Last Bit of Natural Woodland’, Nineteenth Century, 30 (Sept. 1891): 354.
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• The Times, 13 Feb. 1912, p. 13.
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• The Times, 2 June 1913, p. 6.
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• See, for example, Roderick Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind (3rd edn, New Haven, 1982); Thomas M. Lekan, Imagining the Nation in Nature: Landscape Preservation and German Identity, 1885–1945 (Cambridge, MA, 2004).
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• Dover Standard, 24 Aug. 1901, p. 5.
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• P. Readman, ‘The Place of the Past in English Culture, c. 1890–1914’, Past and Present, 186 (Feb. 2005): 145–99.
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• Lekan, Imagining, pp. 4, 36ff.
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• Hugh Blakiston, ‘The National Trust’, Home Counties Magazine, 2 (Jan. 1900), 81–2.
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• See note 4 above.
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• Cf. Mandler, ‘Against “Englishness”’.
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• Salveson, Will Yo’.
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• The Times, 7 Nov. 1913, p. 9.
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• Dorothy Hunter, Sir Robert Hunter (typescript), National Trust Archives, Acc 14, pp. 47, 67–73; Canon Rawnsley, ‘A National Benefactor – Sir Robert Hunter’, Cornhill Magazine, n.s., 36 (Feb. 1914): 239.
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• Sir Robert Hunter, ‘One Phase of the Land Question’ (MS, 142 pp.), Robert Hunter papers, Surrey History Centre, 1621/10/3.
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• Hunter, ‘One Phase’.
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• The Times, 10 June 1901, p. 7.
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• Andrew Mearns, The Bitter Cry of Outcast London (London, 1883); Seebohm Rowntree, Poverty (London, 1901); Charles Booth, Life and Labour of the People of London (17 vols, London, 1902).
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• Lord Brabazon, ‘Decay of Bodily Strength in Towns', Nineteenth Century, 21 (May 1887): 673–6.
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• Octavia Hill, ‘More Air for London’, Nineteenth Century, 23 (Feb. 1888): 185.
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• Curzon: The Times, 2 June 1913, p. 6; Octavia Hill, ‘Natural Beauty as a National Asset’, Nineteenth Century and After, 63 (Dec. 1905): 988; Robert Hunter, ‘The Reconstruction of Hainault Forest’, Nineteenth Century and After, 52 (Aug. 1902): 246–7.
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• See Neil P. Thornton, ‘The Taming of London's Commons', unpublished PhD thesis, University of Adelaide, 1988.
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• Lekan, Imagining, pp. 22–4, 38–9.
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• F. M. L. Thompson, ‘Social Control in Victorian Britain’, Economic History Review, 34 (1981): 189–208.
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• See Jack Lawson, A Man's Life (London, 1944), pp. 77–80; Alice Foley, A Bolton Childhood (Manchester, 1973), p. 72; Walter Southgate, That's the Way It Was (Oxford, 1982), pp. 18–19, 26, 46, 62.
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• James Winter, Secure from Rash Assault: Sustaining the Victorian Environment (Berkeley, CA, 1999), p. 205; S. Martin Gaskell, ‘Gardens for the Working Class: Victorian Practical Pleasure’, Victorian Studies, 23 (1980): 285; Southgate, That's the Way, at pp. 18–19.
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• Robert Hunter, ‘Communal Occupation and Enjoyment of Land’, Nineteenth Century and After, 62 (Sept. 1907): 494–508; C. L. Lewes, ‘How to Secure Breathing Spaces', Nineteenth Century, 21 (May 1887): 677.
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• Robert Hunter, ‘Places of Interest and Things of Beauty’, Nineteenth Century, 43 (April 1898): 570.
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• [Author unknown – Richardson Evans?], ‘The Preservation of Beautiful Places' [MS of speech, late 1890s], London Metropolitan Archives, A/SCA/V/3/10, [pp. 4–5].
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• See LDDS Sheet no. 7: ‘The Ambleside Railway Bill’ (Carlisle Record Office, DSO/24/15/2).
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• Spectator, 3 March 1883, p. 285.
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• Hunter, Preservation, p. 10.
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• Hunter, Preservation, pp. 10–11.
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• Newcastle Daily Journal, 13 March 1883 (Carlisle Record Office, DSO/24/7/1).
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• Kent and Surrey Committee of the CPS, Preservation of Commons: Speech of Miss Octavia Hill at a Meeting for Securing West Wickham Common (London, [1892]), p. 1.
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