How evolution guides complexity

References

• Adami , C . 2002 . “What is complexity?” . BioEssays , 24 : 1085 – 1094 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adami , C , Ofria , C and Collier , T . 2000 . “Evolution of biological complexity.” . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 97 (9) : 4463 – 4468 .
   Google Scholar
• Alon , U . 2007 . “Network motifs: theory and experimental approaches.” . Nat. Rev. Genet. , 8 : 450 – 461 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arthur , B . 1994 . “On the evolution of complexity.” . In Complexity: Metaphors, Models, and Reality, , Edited by: Cowan, , GA . 65 – 81 . Reading, MA : Addison‐Wesley .
   Google Scholar
• Bedau , M , Snyder , E , Brown , C and Packard , N . “A comparison of evolutionary activity in artificial evolving systems and in the biosphere.” . Proceedings of the Fourth European Conference on Artificial Life, . Edited by: Husbands , P and Harvey , I . pp. 125 – 134 . Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bonner , J . 1988 . The Evolution of Complexity by Means of Natural Selection, , Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Carroll , S . 2001 . “Chance and necessity: the evolution of morphological complexity and diversity.” . Nature London , 409 : 1102 – 1109 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaitin , GJ . 1979 . “Toward a mathematical definition of ‘life’.” . In The Maximum Entropy Formalism, , Edited by: Levine , RD and Tribus , M . 477 – 498 . Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Channon , AD . “Passing the ALife test: activity statistics classify evolution in Geb as unbounded.” . Advances in Artificial Life: Proceedings of the Sixth European Conference on Artificial Life ECAL2001 . Edited by: Kelemen , J and Sosik , P . pp. 417 – 426 . Heidelberg, , Germany : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Cope , ED . 1871 . “The method of creation of organic forms.” . Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. , 12 : 229 – 263 .
   Google Scholar
• Dawkins , R . 1997 . “Human chauvinism (a review of Gould's Full House).” . Evolution , 51 (3) : 1015 – 1020 .
   Google Scholar
• Dennett , DC . 1996 . Kinds of Minds: Toward an Understanding of Consciousness, , New York, NY : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Farmer , JD and Griffith , V . 2007 . On the Viability of Self‐Reproducing Machines (unpublished)
   Google Scholar
• Fretwell , SD . 1972 . Populations in a Seasonal Environment, , Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fretwell , SD and Lucas , HJ . 1970 . “On territorial behavior and other factors influencing habitat distribution in birds. I. Theoretical development.” . Acta Biotheor. , 19 : 16 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Gould , S J . 1989 . Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History, , New York : Norton .
   Google Scholar
• Gould , SJ . 1994 . “The evolution of life on earth.” . Sci. Am. , 271 (4) : 62 – 69 .
   Google Scholar
• Gould , SJ . 1996 . Full House, , New York : Harmony Books .
   Google Scholar
• Griffith , V and Yaeger , LS . “Ideal free distribution in agents with evolved neural architectures.” . Artificial Life X: Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on the Simulation and Synthesis of Living Systems, . Edited by: Rocha , L , Yaeger , LS , Bedau , M , Floreano , D , Goldstone , R and Vespignani , A . pp. 372 – 378 . Cambridge, MA : MIT Press (Bradford Books) .
   Google Scholar
• Heylighen , F . 2000 . “Evolutionary transitions: how do levels of complexity emerge?” . (citeseer. ist.psu.edu/375313.html)
   Google Scholar
• Huynen , MA . 1996 . “Exploring phenotype space through neutral evolution.” . J. Mol. Evol. , 43 (3) : 165 – 169 .
   Google Scholar
• Katz , MJ . 1987 . “Is evolution random?” . In Development as an Evolutionary Process, , Edited by: Raff , RA and Raff , EC . 285 – 315 . New York : Alan R. Liss .
   Google Scholar
• Kimura , M . 1983 . The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution , Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Knoll , AH and Bambach , RK . 2000 . “ Directionality in the history of life: diffusion from the left wall or repeated scaling of the right?” . In Deep Time: Paleobiology s Perspective, Edited by: Erwin , DH and Wing, , SL . Vol. 26 , 1 – 14 . (sp4)
   Google Scholar
• Lizier , JT , Piraveenan , M , Dany , P , Prokopenko , M and Yaeger , LS . “Functional and structural topologies in evolved neural networks.” . Advances in Artificial Life: Proceedings of the Tenth European Conference on Artificial Life ECAL2009 . Edited by: Kampis , G , Szathmry , E , Fernando , C , Jelasity , M , Jordn , F , Lrincz , A and Scheuring , I . Heidelberg, , Germany : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Lungarella , M , Pegors , T , Bulwinkle , D and Sporns , O . 2005 . “Methods for quantifying the information structure of sensory and motor data.” . Neuroinformatics , 3 (3) : 243 – 262 .
   Google Scholar
• Maynard Smith, , J . 1970 . “Time in the evolutionary process.” . Stud. Gen. Berl. , 23 : 266 – 272 . 0039 – 4149 .
   Google Scholar
• McShea , DW . 1993 . “Evolutionary change in the morphological complexity of the mammalian vertebral column.” . Evolution , 47 (3) : 730 – 740 .
   Google Scholar
• McShea , DW . 1994 . “Mechanisms of large‐scale evolutionary trends.” . Evolution , 48 : 1747 – 1763 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McShea , DW . 1996 . “Metazoan complexity and evolution: is there a trend?” . Evolution , 50 : 477 – 492 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McShea , DW . 2001 . “The minor transitions in hierarchical evolution and the question of a directional bias.” . J. Evol. Biol. , 14 : 502 – 518 .
   Google Scholar
• McShea , DW . 2005 . “The evolution of complexity without natural selection, a possible large‐scale trend of the fourth kind.” . Paleobiology, , 31 (sp2) : 146 – 156 .
   Google Scholar
• Newman , MEJ and Engelhardt , R . 1998 . “Effects of neutral selection on the evolution of molecular species.” . Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. B , 265 : 1333 – 1338 .
   Google Scholar
• Raup , DM and Gould , SJ . 1974 . “Stochastic simulation and evolution of morphology—towards a nomothetic paleontology.” . Syst. Zool. , 23 (3) : 305 – 322 .
   Google Scholar
• Raup , DM , Gould , SJ , Schopf , TJM and Simberloff , DS . 1973 . “Stochastic models of phylogeny and the evolution of diversity.” . J. Geol. , 81 : 525 – 542 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rechsteiner , A and Bedau , MA . “A generic neutral model for quantitative comparison of genotypic evolutionary activity.” . Advances in Artificial Life: Fifth European Conference on Artificial Life Proceedings, . pp. 109 – 118 . Heidelberg, , Germany : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Rensch , B . 1960a . Evolution Above the Species Level, , New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rensch , B . 1960b . “The laws of evolution.” . In The Evolution of Life, , Edited by: Tax, , S . 95 – 116 . Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Saunders , PT and Ho , MW . 1976 . “On the increase in complexity in evolution.” . J. Theor. Biol. , 63 : 375 – 384 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seth , AK and Edelman , GM . 2004 . “Environment and behavior influence the complexity of evolved neural networks.” . Adapt. Behav. , 12 (1) : 5 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Shannon , CE . 1948 . “A mathematical theory of communication.” . Bell Syst. Tech. J., , 27 : 379 – 423 . 623 – 656 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sporns , O and Kötter , R . 2004 . “Motifs in brain networks.” . PLoS Biol. , 2 (11) : e369
   Google Scholar
• Sporns , O and Lungarella , M . “Evolving coordinated behavior by maximizing information structure.” . Artificial Life X: Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on the Simulation and Synthesis of Living Systems, . Edited by: Rocha, , L . pp. 323 – 329 . Cambridge, MA : MIT Press (Bradford Books) .
   Google Scholar
• Sporns , O , Tononi , G and Edelman , G . 2000 . “Theoretical neuroanatomy: relating anatomical and functional connectivity in graphs and cortical connection matrices.” . Cereb. Cortex , 10 : 127 – 141 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas , RDK and Reif , W‐E . 1993 . “The skeleton space: a finite set of organic designs.” . Evolution , 47 (2) : 341 – 360 .
   Google Scholar
• Tononi , G , Edelman , G and Sporns , O . 1998 . “Complexity and cherency: integrating information in the brain.” . Trends Cogn. Sci. , 2 (12) : 474 – 484 .
   Google Scholar
• Tononi , G , Sporns , O and Edelman , G . 1994 . “A measure for brain complexity: relating functional segregation and integration in the nervous system.” . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 91 : 5033 – 5037 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turney , P . “Increasing evolvability considered as a large‐scale trend in evolution.” . Proceedings of the Workshop on Evolvability at the 1999 Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference GECCO‐99 . Edited by: Wu, , A . pp. 43 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Turney , P . 2000 . “A simple model of unbounded evolutionary versatility as a largest‐scale trend in organismal evolution.” . Artif Life , 6 : 109 – 128 .
   Google Scholar
• Valentine , JW , Collins , AG and Meyer , CP . 1994 . “Morphological complexity increase in metazoans.” . Paleobiology , 20 (2) : 131 – 142 .
   Google Scholar
• Waddington , CH . 1969 . “Paradigm for an evolutionary process.” . In Towards a Theoretical Biology, , Edited by: Waddington, , CH . Vol. 2 , 106 – 128 . Chicago, IL : Aldine .
   Google Scholar
• Wagner , PJ . 1996 . “Contrasting the underlying patterns of active trends in morphologic evolution.” . Evolution , 50 (3) : 990 – 1007 .
   Google Scholar
• Yaeger , LS . “Computational genetics, physiology, metabolism, neural systems, learning, vision, and behavior or polyworld: life in a new context.” . Proceedings of the Artificial Life III Conference, . Edited by: Langton, , CG . pp. 263 – 298 . Reading, MA : Addison‐Wesley .
   Google Scholar
• Yaeger , LS , Griffith , V and Sporns , O . “Passive and driven trends in the evolution of complexity.” . Artificial Life XI: Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on the Simulation and Synthesis of Living Systems, . Edited by: Bullock , S , Noble , J , Watson , R and Bedau , MA . pp. 725 – 732 . Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Yaeger , LS and Sporns , O . “Evolution of neural structure and complexity in a computational ecology.” . Artificial Life X: Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on the Simulation and Synthesis of Living Systems, . Edited by: Rocha , L , Yaeger , LS , Bedau , M , Floreano , D , Goldstone , R and Vespignani , A . pp. 330 – 336 . Cambridge, MA : MIT Press (Bradford Books) .
   Google Scholar