Habitat amelioration and associational defence as main facilitative mechanisms in Mediterranean grasslands grazed by domestic livestock

Literature cited

• Bakker, E. S., H. Olff, C. Vandenberghe, K. De Maeyer, R. Smit, J. M. Gleichman & F. W. M. Vera, 2004. Ecological anachronisms in the recruitment of temperate light-demanding tree species in wooded pastures. Journal of Applied Ecology, 41: 571–582.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbéro, M., R. Loisel, P. Quézel, F. Médail, D. M. Richardson & F. Romane, 1998. Pines of the Mediterranean Basin. Pages 153–170 in D. M. Richardson (ed.). Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
   Google Scholar
• Baumeister, D. & R. M. Callaway, 2006. Facilitation by Pinus flexilis during succession: A hierarchy of mechanisms benefits other plant species. Ecology, 87: 1816–1830.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertness, M. D. & R. Callaway, 1994. Positive interactions in communities. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 9: 191–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bossuyt, B., B. De Fre & M. Hoffmann, 2005. Abundance and flowering success patterns in a short-term grazed grassland: Early evidence of facilitation. Journal of Ecology, 93: 1104–1114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooker, R. W. & T. V. Callaghan, 1998. The balance between positive and negative plant interactions and its relationship to environmental gradients: A model. Oikos, 81: 196–207.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooker, R. W., D. Scott, S. C. F. Palmer & E. Swaine, 2006. Transient facilitative effects of heather on Scots pine along a grazing disturbance gradient in Scottish moorland. Journal of Ecology, 94: 637–645.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruno, J. F., J. J. Stachowicz & M. D. Bertness, 2003. Inclusion of facilitation into ecological theory. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 18: 119–125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cadillon, M., 1970. Les sols du Causse du Larzac. Université Montpellier II, Montpellier.
   Google Scholar
• Callaway, R. M., 1992. Effect of shrubs of Quercus douglasii and Quercus lobata in California. Ecology, 73: 2118–2128.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callaway, R. M., 1995. Positive interactions among plants. Botanical Review, 61: 306–349.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callaway, R. M. & L. R. Walker, 1997. Competition and facilitation: A synthetic approach to interactions in plant communities. Ecology, 78: 1958–1965.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callaway, R. M., D. Kikodze, M. Chiboshvili & L. Khetsuriani, 2005. Unpalatable plants protect neighbours from grazing and increase plant community diversity. Ecology, 86: 1856–1862.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capiat, P., J. Lepart & P. Marty, 2006. Landscape patterns and agriculture: Modelling the long term effects of human practices on Pinus sylvestris spatial dynamics (Causse Mejean, France). Landscape Ecology, 21: 657–670.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro, J., R. Zamora, J. A. Hodar & J. M. Gomez, 2004. Seedling establishment of a boreal tree species (Pinus sylvestris) at its southernmost distribution limit: Consequences of being in a marginal Mediterranean habitat. Journal of Ecology, 92: 266–277.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro, J., R. Zamora, J. A. Hodar & J. M. Gomez, 2005a. Alleviation of summer drought boosts establishment success of Pinus sylvestris in a Mediterranean mountain: An experimental approach. Plant Ecology, 181: 191–202.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro, J., R. Zamora, J. A. Hodar & J. M. Gomez, 2005b. Ecology of seed germination of Pinus sylvestris L. at its southern, Mediterranean distribution range. Investigación Agraria: Sistemas y Recursos Forestales 14:143–152.
   Google Scholar
• Coste, H., 1937. Flore descriptive et illustrée de la France, de la Corse et des contrées limitrophes. Librairie des Sciences et des Arts, Paris.
   Google Scholar
• Crête, M., 1999. The distribution of deer biomass in North America supports the hypothesis of exploitation ecosystems. Ecology Letters, 2: 223–227.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Debain, S., T. Curt & J. Lepart, 2005. Indirect effects of grazing on the establishment of Pinus sylvestris and Pinus nigra seedlings in calcareous grasslands in relation to resource level. Écoscience, 12: 192–201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Debain, S., J. Chadoeuf, T. Curt, G. Kunstler & J. Lepart, 2007. Comparing effective dispersal in expanding population of Pinus sylvestris and Pinus nigra in calcareous grassland. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 37: 705–718.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Debussche, M., J. Lepart & A. Dervieux, 1999. Mediterranean landscape changes: Evidence from old postcards. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 8: 3–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egli, P. & B. Schmid, 2001. The analysis of complex leaf survival data. Basic and Applied Ecology, 2: 223–231.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franco, A. C. & P. S. Nobel, 1989. Effect of nurse plants on the microhabitat and growth of cacti. Journal of Ecology, 77: 870–886.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gómez-Aparicio, L., R. Zamora, J. M. Gomez, J. A. Hodar, J. Castro & E. Baraza, 2004. Applying plant facilitation to forest restoration: A meta-analysis of the use of shrubs as nurse plants. Ecological Applications, 14: 1128–1138.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gómez-Aparicio, L., J. M. Gomez, R. Zamora & J. L. Boettinger, 2005. Canopy versus soil effects of shrubs facilitating tree seedlings in Mediterranean montane ecosystems. Journal of Vegetation Science, 16: 191–198.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenlee, J. T. & R. M. Callaway, 1996. Abiotic stress and the relative importance of interference and facilitation in montane bunchgrass communities in western Montana. American Naturalist, 148: 386–396.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrington, G. N., 1991. Effects of soil moisture on shrub seedling survival in a semiarid grassland. Ecology, 72: 1138–1149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulme, P. E., 1998. Post-dispersal seed predation: Consequences for plant demography and evolution. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 1: 32–46.
   Google Scholar
• Jurena, P. N. & S. Archer, 2003. Woody plant establishment and spatial heterogeneity in grasslands. Ecology, 84: 907–919.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitzberger, T., D. F. Steinaker & T. F. Veblen, 2000. Effects of climatic variability on facilitation of tree establishment in northern Patagonia. Ecology, 81: 1914–1924.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuiters, A. T. & P. A. Slim, 2003. Tree colonisation of abandoned arable land after 27 years of horse-grazing: The role of bramble as a facilitator of oak wood regeneration. Forest Ecology and Management, 181: 239–251.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunstler, G., T. Curt, M. Bouchaud & J. Lepart, 2006. Indirect facilitation and competition in tree species colonization of sub-Mediterranean grasslands. Journal of Vegetation Science, 17: 379–388.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leibold, M. A., 1996. A graphical model of keystone predators in food webs: Trophic regulation of abundance, incidence, and diversity patterns in communities. American Naturalist, 147: 784–812.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine, J. M., 1999. Indirect facilitation: Evidence and predictions from a riparian community. Ecology, 80: 1762–1769.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine, J. M., 2000. Complex interactions in a streamside plant community. Ecology, 81: 3431–3444.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, X. D. & S. D. Wilson, 1998. Facilitation among woody plants establishing in an old field. Ecology, 79: 2694–2705.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maestre, F. T., S. Bautista & J. Cortina, 2003. Positive, negative, and net effects in grass—shrub interactions in Mediterranean semiarid grasslands. Ecology, 84: 3186–3197.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez-Vilalta, J. & J. Piñol, 2002. Drought-induced mortality and hydraulic architecture in pine populations of the NE Iberian Peninsula. Forest Ecology and Management, 161: 247–256.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marty, P., E. Pélaquier, B. Jaudon & J. Lepart, 2002. Spontaneous reforestation in a peri-Mediterranean landscape: History of agricultural systems and dynamics of woody species. International Conference. Environmental Dynamics and History in Mediterranean Regions, Paris, France.
   Google Scholar
• McAuliffe, J. R., 1986. Herbivore-limited establishment of a Sonoran desert tree: Cercidium microphyllum. Ecology, 67: 276–280.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miriti, M. N., 2006. Ontogenetic shift from facilitation to competition in a desert shrub. Journal of Ecology, 94: 973–979.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pagès, J. P., G. Pache, D. Joud, N. Magnan & R. Michalet, 2003. Direct and indirect effects of shade on four forest tree seedlings in the French Alps. Ecology, 84: 2741–2750.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rebollo, S., D. G. Milchunas & I. Noy-Meir, 2005. Refuge effects of a cactus in grazed short-grass steppe. Journal of Vegetation Science, 16: 85–92.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rebollo, S., D. G. Milchunas, I. Noy-Meir & P. L. Chapman, 2002. The role of a spiny plant refuge in structuring grazed shortgrass steppe plant communities. Oikos, 98: 53–64.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rousset, O. & J. Lepart, 2000. Positive and negative interactions at different life stages of a colonizing species (Quercus humilis). Journal of Ecology, 88: 401–412.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siemann, E. & W. E. Rogers, 2003. Changes in light and nitrogen availability under pioneer trees may indirectly facilitate tree invasions of grasslands. Journal of Ecology, 91: 923–931.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sthultz, C. M., C. A. Gehring & T. G. Whitham, 2007. Shifts from competition to facilitation between a foundation tree and a pioneer shrub across spatial and temporal scales in a semiarid woodland. New Phytologist, 173: 135–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van de Koppel, J. & M. Rietkerk, 2000. Herbivore regulation and irreversible vegetation change in semi-arid grazing systems. Oikos, 90: 253–260.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willis, K. J., K. D. Bennett & H. J. B. Birks, 1998. The late Quaternary dynamics of pines in Europe. Pages 107–121 in D. M. Richardson (ed.). Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
   Google Scholar