Advanced search
Publication Cover
Écoscience Volume 21, 2014 - Issue 3-4: Research advances on productivity, succession, management, and carbon and water cycles in the boreal forest. Part 2
Submit an article Journal homepage
49
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Drivers of contemporary landscape vegetation heterogeneity in the Canadian boreal forest: Integrating disturbances (natural and human) with climate and physical environment

Pierre GrondinDirection de la recherche forestière, Ministère des Ressources naturelles du Québec, 2700, rue Einstein, Québec, QuébecG1P 3W8, Canada, e-mail: [email protected]
,
Sylvie GauthierRessources naturelles Canada/Natural Resources Canada, Service canadien des forêts/Canadian Forest Service, Centre de Foresterie des Laurentides/Laurentian Forestry Center, 1055, rue du PEPS, Québec, QuébecG1V 4C7, Canada.
,
Daniel BorcardDépartement de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QuébecH3C 3J7, Canada.
,
Yves BergeronInstitut de recherche sur les forêts, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, 445, boulevard de l'Université, Rouyn-Noranda, QuébecJ9X 5E4, Canada.
,
Patrice TardifDirection de la recherche forestière, Ministère des Ressources naturelles du Québec, 2700, rue Einstein, Québec, QuébecG1P 3W8, Canada.
&
Denis HotteDirection de la recherche forestière, Ministère des Ressources naturelles du Québec, 2700, rue Einstein, Québec, QuébecG1P 3W8, Canada.
Pages 340-373 | Received 28 Apr 2014, Accepted 03 Dec 2014, Published online: 03 Dec 2015

Literature cited

  • Ali, A. A., H. Asselin, A. C. Larouche, Y. Bergeron, C. Carcaillet & P. J. H. Richard, 2008. Changes in fire regime explain the Holocene rise and fall of Abies balsamea in the coniferous forests of western Québec, Canada. The Holocene, 18: 693–703.
  • Bailey, R. G., 1987. Suggested hierarchy of criteria for multi-scale ecosystem mapping. Landscape and Urban Planning, 14: 313–319.
  • Bergeron, Y., 2000. Species and stand dynamics in the mixed woods of Quebec's southern boreal forest. Ecology, 81: 1500–1516.
  • Bergeron, Y., S. Gauthier, V. Kafka, P. Lefort & D. Lesieur, 2001. Natural fire frequency for the eastern Canadian boreal forest: Consequences for sustainable forestry. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 31: 384–391.
  • Blouin, J. & J.-P. Berger, 2005. Guide de reconnaissance des types écologiques de la région écologique 6a—Plaine du lac Matagami et 6b—Plaine de la baie de Rupert. Ministère des Ressources naturelles et de la Faune, Direction des inventaires forestiers, Québec, Québec. [Online] URL: https://www.mffp.gouv.qc.ca/publications/forets/connaissances/guide-ecologique-6ab.pdf
  • Borcard, D., P. Legendre & P. Drapeau, 1992. Partialling out the spatial component of ecological variation. Ecology, 73: 1045–1055.
  • Borcard, D., F. Gillet & P. Legendre, 2011. Numerical Ecology with R. Springer, New York, New York.
  • Bouchard, M., D. Pothier & S. Gauthier, 2008. Fire return intervals and tree species succession in the North Shore region of eastern Quebec. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 38: 1621–1633.
  • Boucher, Y., D. Arseneault, L. Sirois & L. Blais, 2009. Logging pattern and landscape changes over the last century at the boreal and deciduous transition in Eastern Canada. Landscape Ecology, 24: 171–184.
  • Bradshaw, R. & G. Hannon, 1992. Climatic change, human influence and disturbance regime in the control of vegetation dynamics within Fiby Forest, Sweden. Journal of Ecology, 80: 625–632.
  • Couillard, P.-L., S. Payette & P. Grondin, 2012. Recent impact of fire on high-altitude balsam fir forests in south-central Quebec. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 42: 1289–1305.
  • Cushman, S. A. & D. O. Wallin, 2002. Separating the effects of environmental, spatial and disturbance factors on forest community structure in the Russian Far East. Forest Ecology and Management, 168: 201–215.
  • Cyr, D., S. Gauthier & Y. Bergeron, 2007. Scale-dependent determinants of heterogeneity in fire frequency in a coniferous boreal forest of eastern Canada. Landscape Ecology, 22: 1325–1339.
  • Cyr, D., S. Gauthier & Y. Bergeron, 2012. The influence of landscape-level heterogeneity in fire frequency on canopy composition in the boreal forest of eastern Canada. Journal of Vegetation Science, 23: 140–150.
  • Damman, A. W. H., 1964. Some forest types of central Newfoundland and their relation to environmental factors. Forest Science, Monograph no. 8. Society of American Foresters, Washington, DC.
  • Damman, A. W. H., 1979. The role of vegetation analysis in land classification. Forestry Chronicle, 59: 175–182.
  • Dansereau, P., 1957. Biogeography: An Ecological Perspective. Ronald Press, New York, New York.
  • Daubenmire, R. F., 1936. The “Big Woods” of Minnesota: Its structure, and relation to climate, fire and soils. Ecological Monographs, 6: 233–268.
  • Daubenmire, R. F., 1968. Plant Communities: A Textbook of Plant Synecology. Harper and Row, New York, New York.
  • de Lafontaine, G. & S. Payette, 2011. Shifting zonal patterns of the southern boreal forest in eastern Canada associated with changing fire regime during the Holocene. Quaternary Science Reviews, 30: 867–875.
  • Dray, S., R. Pélissier, P. Couteron, M.-J. Fortin, P. Legendre, P. R. Peres-Neto, E. Bellier, R. Bivand, F. G. Blanchet, M. De Cáceres, A.-B. Dufour, E. Heegaard, T. Jombart, F. Munoz, J. Oksanen, J. Thioulouse & H. H. Wagner, 2012. Community ecology in the age of multivariate multiscale spatial analysis. Ecological Monographs, 82: 257–275.
  • Foster, D. R., G. Motzkin & B. Slater, 1998. Land-use history as long-term broad-scale disturbance: Regional forest dynamics in Central New England. Ecosystems, 1: 96–119.
  • Gauvin, C. & A. Bouchard, 1983. La végétation forestière du parc du mont Orford, Québec. Canadian Journal of Botany, 61: 1522–1547.
  • Gleason, H. A., 1939. The individualistic concept of the plant association. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 53: 7–26.
  • Gravel, D., C. D. Canham, M. Beaudet & C. Messier, 2006. Reconciling niche and neutrality: The continuum hypothesis. Ecology Letters, 9: 399–409.
  • Grimm, E. C., 1983. Chronology and dynamics of vegetation change in the prairie-woodland region of southern Minnesota, U.S.A. New Phytologist, 93: 311–350.
  • Grimm, E. C., 1984. Fire and other factors controlling the Big Woods vegetation of Minnesota in the mid-nineteenth century. Ecological Monographs, 54: 291–311.
  • Grondin, P., 2014. Hétérogénéité paysagère contemporaine d'une portion de la forêt boréale québécoise et implications pour l'aménagement écosystémique. PhD thesis. Université du Québec à Montréal, Québec.
  • Grondin, P. & A. Cimon, 2003. Les enjeux de biodiversité relatifs à la composition forestière. Ministère des Ressources naturelles, de la Faune et des Parcs, Québec, Québec.
  • Grondin, P., J. Noël & D. Hotte, 2007. L'intégration de la végétation et de ses variables explicatives à des fins de classification et de cartographie d'unités homogènes du Québec méridional. Mémoire de recherche forestière no 150. Ministère des Ressources naturelles et de la Faune, Direction de la recherche forestière, Québec, Québec.
  • Grondin, P., S. Gauthier, D. Borcard, Y. Bergeron & J. Noël, 2014. A new approach to ecological land classification for the Canadian boreal forest that integrates disturbances. Landscape Ecology, 29: 1–16.
  • Hardy, R. & N. Séguin, 1984. Forêt et société en Mauricie: la formation de la région de Trois-Rivières 1830–1930. Boréal ExPress, Montréal, Québec et Musée national de l'homme, Ottawa, Ontario.
  • Hare, F. K., 1950. Climate and zonal divisions of the boreal forest formation in eastern Canada. Geographical Review, 40: 615–635.
  • Heinselman, M. L., 1973. Fire in the virgin forest of the Boundary Waters Canoe Area, Minnesota. Quaternary Research, 3: 329–382.
  • Hemstrom, M. A. & J.-F. Franklin, 1982. Fire and other disturbances of the forest in Mount Rainier National Park. Quaternary Research, 18: 32–51.
  • Hubbell, S. P., 2001. The Unified Neutral Theory of Biodiversity and Biogeography. University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
  • Hutchinson, G. E., 1957. Concluding remarks. Cold Spring Harbor Symposium. Quantitative Biology, 22: 415–427.
  • Jenny, H., 1958. Role of the plant factor in the pedogenic functions. Ecology, 39: 5–16.
  • Jurdant, M., J. L. Bélair, V. Gerardin & J. P. Ducruc, 1977. L'inventaire du Capital-Nature: méthode de classification et de cartographie écologique du territoire (3ème approximation). Pêches et Environnement Canada, Série de la classification écologique du territoire, no 2, Ottawa, Ontario.
  • Laquerre, S., A. Leduc & B. Harvey, 2009. Augmentation du couvert en peuplier faux-tremble dans les pessières noires du nord-ouest du Québec après coupe totale. Écoscience, 16: 483–491.
  • Legendre, P., D. Borcard & P. R. Peres-Neto, 2005. Analyzing beta diversity: Partitioning the spatial variation of community composition data. Ecological Monographs, 75: 435–450.
  • Legendre, P. & L. Legendre, 2012. Numerical Ecology. 3rd English Edition. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam.
  • Lertzman, K. P. & J. Fall, 1998. From forest stands to landscapes: Spatial scales and the roles of disturbances. Pages 339–367 in D. L. Peterson & V. T. Parker (eds). Ecological Scale: Theory and Applications. Columbia University Press, New York, New York.
  • Lesieur, D., S. Gauthier & Y. Bergeron, 2002. Fire frequency and vegetation dynamics for the south-central boreal forest of Quebec, Canada. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 32: 1996–2009.
  • Letarte, R., R. April, J. Lambert, A. Robitaille & J.-P. Saucier, 1995. Norme de stratification écoforestière. Ministère des Ressources naturelles du Québec, Québec, Québec.
  • McCune, B. & T. F. H. Allen, 1985. Will similar forests develop on similar sites? Canadian Journal of Botany, 63: 367–376.
  • Messaoud, Y., Y. Bergeron & A. Leduc, 2007. Ecological factors explaining the location of the boundary between the mixed-wood and coniferous bioclimatic zones in the boreal biome of Eastern North America. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 16: 90–102.
  • Milne, B. T., 1991. Heterogeneity as a multiscale characteristic of landscapes. Pages 69–84 in J. Kolasa & S. T. A. Pickett (eds). Ecological Heterogeneity. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York.
  • Morin, H., 1994. Dynamics of balsam fir forests in relation to spruce budworm outbreaks in the boreal zone of Quebec. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 24: 730–741.
  • Ohmann, J. L. & T. A. Spies, 1998. Regional gradient analysis and spatial pattern of woody plant communities of Oregon forests. Ecological Monographs, 68: 151–182.
  • Ohmann, J. L., M. J. Gregory & T. A. Spies, 2007. Influence of environment, disturbance and ownership on forest vegetation of Coastal Oregon. Ecological Applications, 17: 18–33.
  • Oksanen, J., F. G. Blanchet, R. Kindt, P. Legendre, R. B. O'Hara, G. L. Simpson, P. Solymos, M. H. H. Stevens & H. Wagner, 2010. vegan: Community ecology package. R package version 1.17–3. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna.
  • Parisien, M.-A. & L. Sirois, 2003. Distribution and dynamics of tree species across a fire frequency gradient in the James Bay region of Quebec. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 33: 243–256.
  • Payette, S., 1992. Fire as a controlling process in the North American boreal forest. Pages 144–169 in H. H. Shugart, R. Leemans & G. B. Bonan (eds). A Systems Analysis of the Global Boreal Forest. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Payette, S., C. Morneau, L. Sirois & M. Desponts, 1989. Recent fire history of the northern Québec biomes. Ecology, 70: 656–673.
  • Peet, R. K., 1978. Latitudinal variation in Southern Rocky Mountain forests. Journal of Biogeography, 5: 275–289.
  • Perera, A. H. & M. G. Euler, 2000. Landscape ecology in forest management: An introduction. Pages 3–11 in A. H. Perera, D. L. Euler & I. D. Thompson (eds). Ecology of a Managed Terrestrial Landscape: Pattern and Processes of Forest Landscapes in Ontario. UBC Press, Vancouver, British Columbia.
  • Peres-Neto, P. R., P. Legendre, S. Dray & D. Borcard, 2006. Variation partitioning of species data matrices: Estimation and comparison of fractions. Ecology, 87: 2614–2625.
  • Périé, C., S. de Blois, M.-C. Lambert & N. Casajus, 2014. Effets anticipés des changements climatiques sur l'habitat des espèces arborescentes au Québec. Mémoire de recherche forestière no 173. Ministère des Ressources naturelles et de la Faune, Direction de la recherche forestière, Québec, Québec.
  • Powell, D. C., 2000. Potential vegetation, disturbance, plant succession and other aspects of forest ecology. Technical publication F14-SO-TP-09–00. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Pendleton, Oregon.
  • R Development Core Team, 2010. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna.
  • Régnière, J., 1996. A generalized approach to landscape-wide seasonal forecasting with temperature-driven simulation models. Environmental Entomology, 25: 869–881.
  • Reiners, W. A. & G. E. Lang, 1979. Vegetational patterns and processes in the balsam fir zone, White Mountains, New Hampshire. Ecology, 60: 403–417.
  • Robitaille, A. & J.-P. Saucier, 1998. Paysages régionaux du Québec méridional. Les Publications du Québec, Québec, Québec.
  • Romme, W. H. & D. H. Knight, 1981. Fire frequency and subalpine forest succession along a topographic gradient in Wyoming. Ecology, 62: 319–326.
  • Rowe, J. S. & G. W. Scotter, 1973. Fire in the boreal forest. Quaternary Research, 3: 444–464.
  • Saucier, J.-P., P. Grondin, A. Robitaille, J. Gosselin, C. Morneau, P. J. H. Richard, J. Brisson, L. Sirois, A. Leduc, H. Morin, É. Thiffault, S. Gauthier, C. Lavoie & S. Payette, 2009. Pages 165–315 in Manuel de foresterie, 2e Édition, Écologie forestière. Éditions MultiMondes et Ordre des ingénieurs forestiers du Québec, Québec, Québec.
  • Scoggan, H. J., 1978. The Flora of Canada. National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa, Ontario.
  • Swanson, F. J., T. K. Kratz, N. Caine & R. G. Woodmansee, 1988. Landform effects on ecosystem patterns and processes. BioScience, 38: 92–98.
  • Turner, M. G., 1989. Landscape ecology: The effect of pattern on process. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 20: 171–197.
  • Turner, M. G. & W. H. Romme, 1994. Landscape dynamics in crown fire ecosystems. Landscape Ecology, 9: 59–77.
  • Urban, D. L., R. V. O'Neill & H. H. Shugart Jr., 1987. Landscape ecology. BioScience, 37: 119–127.
  • Wagner, H. H. & M.-J. Fortin, 2005. Spatial analysis of landscapes: Concepts and statistics. Ecology, 86: 1975–1987.
  • White, M. A. & D. J. Mladenoff, 1994. Old-growth forest landscape transition from pre-European settlement to present. Landscape Ecology, 9: 191–205.
  • White, P., 1979. Pattern, process and natural disturbance in vegetation. Botanical Review, 45: 229–299.
  • White, P. S., J. Harrod, W. H. Romme & J. Betancourt, 1999. The role of disturbance and temporal dynamics. Pages 281–312 in R. C. Szaro, N. C. Johnson, W. T. Sexton & A. J. Malk (eds). Ecological Stewardship: A Common Reference for Ecosystem Management. Volume II. Elsevier Science, Oxford.
  • Whittaker, R. H., 1960. Vegetation of the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon and California. Ecological Monographs, 30: 279–338.
  • Whittaker, R. H., 1967. Gradient analysis of vegetation. Biological Review, 49: 207–264.
  • Wu, J. & O. L. Loucks, 1995. From balance of nature to hierarchical patch dynamics: A paradigm shift in ecology. Quarterly Review of Biology, 70: 439–466.
  • Zackrisson, O., 1977. Influence of forest fires on the North Swedish boreal forest. Oikos, 29: 22–32.

Literature cited

  • Bard, A., G. Germain, R. Letarte, C. Noël, J.Y. Perron & R. Tremblay, 1975. Normes d'inventaire forestier 1975. Ministère des Terres et Forêt, Gouvernement du Québec.
  • Bard, A., D. Demers, J. Fortin, R. Letarte, J. P. Létourneau, J. Y. Perron, R. Rouleau, M. Tanguay & R. Tremblay, 1983. Normes d'inventaire forestier 1981. Ministère de l'Énergie et des Ressources du Québec, Québec, Québec.
  • Bergeron, Y. & M. Dubuc, 1989. Succession in the southern part of the Canadian boreal forest. Vegetatio, 79: 51–63.
  • Bergeron, Y. & P.R. Dansereau, 1993. Predicting the composition of Canadian southern boreal forest in different fire cycles. Journal of Vegetation Science, 4: 827–832.
  • Bergeron, Y. & D. Charron, 1994. Postfire stand dynamics in a southern boreal forest (Québec): a dendroecological approach. Écoscience, 1: 173–184.
  • Bergeron, Y., 2000. Species and stand dynamics in the mixed woods of Quebec's southern boreal forest. Ecology, 81: 1500–1516.
  • Blouin, J. & J.-P. Berger, 2005. Guide de reconnaissance des types écologiques de la région écologique 6a—Plaine du lac Matagami et 6b—Plaine de la baie de Rupert. Ministère des Ressources naturelles et de la Faune, Direction des inventaires forestiers, Québec, Québec. [Online] URL: https://www.mrn.gouv.qc.ca/publications/forets/connaissances/guide-ecologique-6ab.pdf
  • Bouchard, M., D. Pothier & S. Gauthier, 2008. Fire return intervals and tree species succession in the North Shore region of eastern Quebec. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 38: 1621–1633.
  • Carleton, T.J. & P.F. Maycock, 1978. Dynamics of the boreal forest south of James Bay. Canadian Journal of Botany, 56: 1157–1173.
  • Cogbill, C.V., 1985. Dynamics of the boreal forests of the Laurentian Highlands, Canada. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 15: 252–261.
  • Couillard, P.-L., S. Payette & P. Grondin, 2012. Recent impact of fire on high-altitude balsam fir forests in south-central Quebec. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 42: 1289–1305.
  • De Grandpré, L., J. Morissette & S. Gauthier, 2000. Long-term post-fire changes in the northeastern boreal forest of Quebec. Journal of Vegetation Science, 11: 791–800.
  • Dix, R.L. & J.M.A. Swan, 1971. The roles of disturbance and succession in upland forest at Candle Lake, Saskatchewan. Canadian Journal of Botany, 49: 657–676.
  • Foster, D.R., 1985. Vegetation development following fire in Picea mariana (Black spruce)- Pleurozium forests of south-eastern Labrador, Canada. Journal of Ecology, 73: 517–534.
  • Foster, D.R. & G.A. King, 1986. Vegetation pattern and diversity in S.E. Labrador, Canada: Betula papyrifera (Birch) forest development in relation to fire history and physiography. Journal of Ecology, 74: 465–483.
  • Gauthier, S., L. De Grandpré & Y. Bergeron, 2000. Differences in forest composition in two boreal forest ecoregions of Québec. Journal of Vegetation Science, 11: 781–790.
  • Gauthier, S., D. Boucher, J. Morissette & L. De Grandpré, 2010. Fifty-seven years of composition change in the eastern boreal forest of Canada. Journal of Vegetation Science, 21: 772–785.
  • Gerardin, V., 1980. L'inventaire du capital-nature du territoire de la Baie-James: les régions écologiques et la végétation des sols minéraux. Environnement Canada et Société de développement de la Baie-James, 398 p.
  • Grondin, P., S. Gauthier, D. Borcard, Y. Bergeron & J. Noël, 2014. A new approach to ecological land classification for the Canadian boreal forest that integrates disturbances. Landscape Ecology, 29: 1–16.
  • Harper, K.A., Y. Bergeron, S. Gauthier & P. Drapeau, 2002. Post-fire development of canopy structure and composition in black spruce forests of Abitibi, Québec: a landscape scale study. Silva Fennica, 36: 249–263.
  • Harvey, B.D., A. Leduc, S. Gauthier & Y. Bergeron, 2002. Standlandscape integration in natural disturbance-based management of the southern boreal forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 155: 369–385.
  • Lecomte, N. & Y. Bergeron, 2005. Successional pathways on different surficial deposits in the coniferous boreal forest of the Quebec Clay Belt. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 35: 1984–1995.
  • Lecomte, N., M. Simard, N. Fenton & Y. Bergeron, 2006. Fire severity and long-term ecosystem biomass dynamics in coniferous boreal forests of Eastern Canada. Ecosystems, 9: 1215–1230.
  • Legendre, P. & L. Legendre, 2012. Numerical Ecology. 3rd English Edition. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam.
  • Lesieur, D., S. Gauthier & Y. Bergeron, 2002. Fire frequency and vegetation dynamics for the south-central boreal forest of Quebec, Canada. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 32: 1996–2009.
  • Letarte, R., R. April, J. Lambert, A. Robitaille & J.-P. Saucier, 1995. Norme de stratification écoforestière, Ministère des Ressources naturelles du Québec, Québec, Québec.
  • Pelletier, G., Y. Dumont, M. Bédard & J. Bergeron, 1996. SIFORT, un système hybride des modes vectoriel et matriciel pour une approche de l'analyse forestière. Arpenteur-Géomètre, 23: 8–9.
  • Pelletier, G., Y. Dumont & M. Bédard, 2007. SIFORT (Système d'Information FORestière par Tesselle), Manuel de l'usager. Ministère des Ressources naturelles et de la Faune, Québec, Québec. [Online] URL: http://www.mrn.gouv.qc.ca/publications/forets/fimaq/usager.pdf
  • R Development Core Team, 2010. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
  • Saucier, J.-P., J.-P. Berger, H. D'Avignon & P. Racine, 1994. Le point d'observation écologique. Ministère des Ressources naturelles du Québec, Direction de la gestion des stocks forestiers, Service des inventaires forestiers, Québec, Québec.
  • Simard, M., N. Lecomte, Y. Bergeron, P.-Y. Bernier & D. Paré, 2007. Forest productivity decline caused by succession- al paludification of boreal soils. Ecological Applications, 17: 1619–1637.

Literature cited

  • Grondin, P., 2014. Hétérogénéité paysagère contemporaine d'une portion de la forêt boréale québécoise et implications pour l'aménagement écosystémique. Thèse de doctorat. Université du Québec à Montréal, 302 p.
  • Grondin, P., S. Gauthier, D. Borcard, Y. Bergeron & J. Noël, 2014. A new approach to ecological land classification for the Canadian boreal forest that integrates disturbances. Landscape Ecology, 29: 1–16.
  • Legendre, P. & L. Legendre, 2012. Numerical Ecology. 3rd English Edition, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam.
  • R Development Core Team, 2010. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
  • Régnière, J., 1996. A generalized approach to landscape-wide seasonal forecasting with temperature-driven simulations models. Environmental Entomology, 25: 869–881.
  • Régnière, J. & R. St-Amant, 2007. Stochastic simulation of daily air temperature and precipitation from monthly normals in North America north of Mexico. International Journal of Biometeorology, 51: 415–430.
  • Régnière, J., R. Saint-Amant & A. Béchard, 2014. BioSIM 10-Guide de l'utilisateur. Ressources naturelles Canada, Service canadien des forêts, Centre de foresterie des Laurentides, Information Report LAU-X-137F.
  • Robitaille, A. & J.-P. Saucier, 1998. Paysages régionaux du Québec méridional. Les Publications du Québec, Québec, Québec.
  • Saucier, J.-P., J.-P. Berger, H. D'Avignon & P. Racine, 1994. Le point d'observation écologique. Ministère des Ressources naturelles du Québec, Direction de la gestion des stocks forestiers, Service des inventaires forestiers, Québec, Québec.

Literature cited

  • Borcard, D., F. Gillet & P. Legendre, 2011. Numerical Ecology with R. Springer, New York, New York.
  • De Cáceres, M., X. Font & F. Oliva, 2010. The management of vegetation classifications with fuzzy clustering. Journal of Vegetation Science, 21: 1138–1151.
  • Duff, T.J., T.L. Bell & A. York, 2013. Recognising fuzzy vegetation pattern: the spatial prediction of floristically defined fuzzy communities using species distribution modelling methods. Journal of Vegetation Science, 25: 323–337.
  • Grondin, P., S. Gauthier, D. Borcard, Y. Bergeron & J. Noël, 2014. A new approach to ecological land classification for the Canadian boreal forest that integrates disturbances. Landscape Ecology, 29: 1–16.
  • Legendre, P. & L. Legendre, 2012. Numerical Ecology. 3rd English Edition. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam.

References

  • Borcard, D., F. Gillet & P. Legendre, 2011. Numerical Ecology with R. Springer, New York, New York.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.