Identification of land predators of African Penguins Spheniscus demersus through post-mortem examination

References

• Apps P. 1983. Aspects of the ecology of feral cats on Dassen Island, South Africa. African Zoology 18: 393–399. doi: 10.1080/02541858.1983.11447843
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avery G, Avery D, Braine S, Loutit R. 1987. Prey of coastal Black- backed Jackal Canis mesomelas (Mammalia: Canidae) in the Skeleton Coast Park, Namibia. Journal of Zoology 213: 81–94. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1987.tb03679.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bass AJ, D’Aubrey JD, Kistnassmy N. 1975. Sharks of the east coast of southern Africa. IV. The families Odontaspididae, Scapanorhynchidae, Isuridade, Cetorhinidae, Alopiidae, Orectolobidae and Rhiniodontidas. Investigation Report No. 39, Oceanographic Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Berry H, Seely M, Fryer R. 1974. The status of the Jackass Penguin Spheniscus demersus on Halifax Island off South West Africa. Madoqua 2: 27–29.
   Google Scholar
• BirdLife International. 2018. Spheniscus demersus. Online at http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22697810A132604504.en [accessed 18 September 2019].
   Google Scholar
• BirdLife South Africa. 2016. Creating penguin colonies. Online at https://www.birdlife.org.za/conservation/seabird-conservation/african-penguin-conservation/creating-penguin-colonies [accessed 24 April 2018).
   Google Scholar
• Blejwas KM, Williams CL, Shin GT, McCullough DR, Jaeger MM. 2006. Salivary DNA evidence convicts breeding male coyotes of killing sheep. Journal of Wildlife Management 70: 1087–1093. doi: 10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[1087:SDECBM]2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheetah Conservation Botswana. 2012. Livestock management guide: protecting livestock from predators. Cheetah Conservation Botswana, Rare and Endangered Species Trust, Gaborone, Botswans. Available at https://www.rufford.org/files/Predator%20 ID%202012.pdf [accessed 13 November 2019].
   Google Scholar
• Cooper J. 1974. The predators of the Jackass Penguin Spheniscus demersus. Bulletin of the British Ornithological Club 94: 21–24.
   Google Scholar
• Crawford R, David J, Shannon L, Kemper J, Klages N, Roux J et al. 2001. African Penguins as predators and prey: coping (or not) with change. African Journal of Marine Science 23: 435–447. doi: 10.2989/025776101784528836
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford R, Kemper J, Underhill L. 2013. African Penguin (Spheniscus demersus). In: García-Borboroglu P, Boersma PD (eds.). Penguins: natural history and conservation. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press. pp 211–231.
   Google Scholar
• Crawford R, Shannon L, Whittington P, Murison G. 2000. Factors influencing growth of the African Penguin colony at Boulders, South Africa, 1985–1999. African Journal of Marine Science 22: 111–119. doi: 10.2989/025776100784125780
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford RJ, Underhill LG, Coetzee JC, Fairweather T, Shannon LJ, Wolfaardt AC. 2008. Influences of the abundance and distribution of prey on African Penguins Spheniscus demersus off western South Africa. African Journal of Marine Science 30: 167–175. doi: 10.2989/AJMS.2008.30.1.17.467
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford RJM, Altwegg R, Barham BJ, Barham PJ, Durant JM, Dyer BM et al. 2011. Collapse of South Africa’s penguins in the early 21st century. African Journal of Marine Science 33: 139–156. doi: 10.2989/1814232X.2011.572377
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford RJM, Williams AJ, Hofmeyr JH, Klages NTW, Randall RM, Cooper J et al. 1995. Trends of African Penguin Spheniscus demersus populations in the 20th century. South African Journal of Marine Science 16: 101–118. doi: 10.2989/025776195784156403
   Google Scholar
• Cuthbert R. 2003. Signs left by introduced and native predators feeding on Hutton’s Shearwaters Puffinus huttoni. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 30: 163–170. doi: 10.1080/03014223.2003.9518335
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department of Environmental Affairs. 2013. African Penguin biodiversity management plan. Cape Town, South Africa: DEA. Available at https://www.environment.gov.za/sites/default/files/gazetted_notices/africanpenguin_biodiversitymanagement_gn824.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Dettmeyer RB, Verhoff MA, Schütz HF. 2013. Forensic medicine: fundamentals and perspectives. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Du Toit M, Bartlett PA, Bester MN, Roux JP. 2004. Seabird predation by individual seals at Ichaboe Island, Namibia. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 34: 45–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frere E, Millones A, Morgenthaler A, Travaini A, Gandini P. 2010. High predation rates by pumas on Magellanic Penguin adults: new conflicts in coastal protected areas in Argentina. Proceedings of the 1st World Seabird Conference, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Frost PGH, Siegfried WR, Cooper J. 1976. Conservation of the Jackass Penguin (Spheniscus demersus (L.)). Biological Conservation 9: 79–99. doi: 10.1016/0006-3207(76)90042-2
   Google Scholar
• Hocken A. 2000. Cause of death in Blue Penguins (Eudyptula m. minor) in North Otago, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 27: 305–309. doi: 10.1080/03014223.2000.9518239
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hocken A. 2005. Necropsy findings in Yellow-eyed Penguins (Megadyptes antipodes) from Otago, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 32: 1–8. doi: 10.1080/03014223.2005.9518391
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hocken AG. 2002. Post-mortem examination of penguins. Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand Department of Conservation.
   Google Scholar
• Hodkinson C, Davies-Mostert H, Komen H, Snow T. 2007. Predators and farmers. Johannesburg, South Africa: Endangered Wildlife Trust. Available at https://www.midlandsconservancies. org.za/documents/Predators%20and%20Farmers%20book.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson R, Venter A, Bester M, Oosthuizen W. 2006. Seabird predation by White Shark, Carcharodon carcharias, and Cape Fur Seal, Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus, at Dyer Island. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 36: 23–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemper J. 2015. African Penguin (Jackass Penguin) Spheniscus demersus. In: Simmons R, Brown C, Kemper J (eds.). Birds to watch in Namibia: Red, rare and endemic species. Windhoek, Namibia: Ministry of Environment and Tourism.
   Google Scholar
• Kingdon J, Hoffmann M. 2013. Mammals of Africa. Vol. 5 : Carnivores, pangolins, equids and rhinoceroses. London: Bloomsbury Natural History.
   Google Scholar
• Leopold MF, Begeman L, van Bleijswijk JD, IJsseldijk LL, Witte HJ, Gröne A. 2015. Exposing the Grey Seal as a major predator of Harbour Porpoises. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 282: article 20142429. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2014.2429
   Google Scholar
• Liebenberg L. 1990. A field guide to the animal tracks of southern Africa . Cape Town, South Africa: David Philip/New Africa Books.
   Google Scholar
• Loutit R, Boyer D. 1985. Mainland breeding by Jackass Penguins Spheniscus demersus in South West Africa/Namibia. Marine Ornithology 13: 27–30.
   Google Scholar
• Lyver P. 2000. Identifying mammalian predators from bite marks: a tool for focusing wildlife protection. Mammal Review 30: 31–44. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2907.2000.00055.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marks M, Brooke R, Gildenhuys A. 1997. Cape Fur Seal Arctocephalus pusillus predation on Cape Cormorants Phalacrocorax capensis and other birds at Dyer Island, South Africa. Marine Ornithology 25: 9–12.
   Google Scholar
• Murray K. 2011. Scatalog: quick ID guide to southern African animal droppings. Penguin Random House South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Nel DC, Crawford RJ, Parsons N. 2003. The conservation status and impact of oiling on the African Penguin. In: Nel DC, Whittington PA (eds.). The rehabilitation of oiled African Penguins: a conservation success story. Johannesburg and Cape Town, South Africa: BirdLife South Africa, and the Avian Demography Unit, University of Cape Town. pp 1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Olsen O. 1913. On the external characters and biology of Bryde’s Whale Balaeonoptera brydei, a new rorqual from the coast of South Africa. Journal of Zoology 83: 1073–1090.
   Google Scholar
• Petersen SL, Ryan PG, Gremillet D. 2006. Is food availability limiting African Penguins Spheniscus demersus at Boulders? A comparison of foraging effort at mainland and island colonies. Ibis 148: 14–26. doi: 10.1111/j.1474-919X.2006.00459.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randall B, Randall R, Compagno L. 1988. Injuries to Jackass Penguins (Spheniscus demersus): evidence for shark involvement. Journal of Zoology 214: 589–599. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1988.tb03761.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randall R, Randall B. 1990. Cetaceans as predators of Jackass Penguins Spheniscus demersus: deductions based on behaviour. Marine Ornithology 18: 9–12.
   Google Scholar
• Ratz H, Moller H. 1997. Identification of predators of Royal Albatross chicks at Taiaroa Head in February 1994. Wellington, New Zealand: Department of Conservation.
   Google Scholar
• Ratz H, Moller H, Fletcher D. 1999. Predator identification from bite marks on penguin and albatross chicks. Marine Ornithology 27: 149–156.
   Google Scholar
• Rebelo A. 1984. Cape Fur Seal Arctocephalus pusillus kills Jackass Penguin Spheniscus demersus on land. Cormorant 12: 111.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts D. 1986. Determination of predators responsible for killing small livestock. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 16: 150–152.
   Google Scholar
• Shaughnessy P. 1978. Cape Fur Seals preying on seabirds. Cormorant 5: 31.
   Google Scholar
• Sherley RB, Barham PJ, Barham BJ, Crawford RJ, Dyer BM, Leshoro TM et al. 2014. Growth and decline of a penguin colony and the influence on nesting density and reproductive success. Population Ecology 56: 119–128. doi: 10.1007/s10144-013-0394-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegfried W. 1984. An analysis of faecal pellets of the Brown Hyaena on the Namib coast. African Zoology 19: 61. doi: 10.1080/02541858.1984.11447858
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smuts B. 2008. Predators on livestock farms: a practical farmers’ manual for non-lethal, holistic, ecologically acceptable and ethical management. George, South Africa: Landmark Foundation. Available at http://www.the-eis.com/data/literature/Predators%20 on%20Livestock%20Farms_A%20Practical%20Farmers%20 Manual.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Sundqvist A-K, Ellegren H, Vilà C. 2008. Wolf or dog? Genetic identification of predators from saliva collected around bite wounds on prey. Conservation Genetics 9: 1275–1279. doi: 10.1007/s10592-007-9454-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Underhill L, Crawford R, Wolfaardt A, Whittington P, Dyer B, Leshoro T et al. 2006. Regionally coherent trends in colonies of African Penguins Spheniscus demersus in the Western Cape, South Africa, 1987–2005. African Journal of Marine Science 28: 697–704. doi: 10.2989/18142320609504218
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Underhill LG, Sherley RB, Dyer BM, Crawford RJ. 2009. Interactions between snakes and seabirds on Robben, Schaapen and Meeuw islands, Western Cape Province, South Africa. Ostrich 80: 115–118. doi: 10.2989/OSTRICH.2009.80.2.10.837
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Bleijswijk JD, Begeman L, Witte HJ, IJsseldijk LL, Brasseur SM, Gröne A, Leopold MF. 2014. Detection of grey seal Halichoerus grypus DNA in attack wounds on stranded harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena. Marine Ecology Progress Series 513: 277–281. doi: 10.3354/meps11004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wengert GM, Gabriel MW, Foley JE, Kun T, Sacks BN. 2013. Molecular techniques for identifying intraguild predators of fishers and other North American small carnivores. Wildlife Society Bulletin 37: 659–663.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whittington P, Crawford R, Huyser O, Oschadleus D, Randall R, Ryan P et al. 2000. African Penguin population and habitat viability assessment. Final report. IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, Apple Valley, Minnesota.
   Google Scholar
• Whittington PA, Hofmeyr JH, Cooper J. 1996. Establishment, growth and conservation of a mainland colony of Jackass Penguins Spheniscus demersus at Stony Point, Betty’s Bay, South Africa. Ostrich 67: 144–150. doi: 10.1080/00306525.1996.9639700
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams A, Dyer B, Randall R, Komen J. 1990. Killer Whales Orcinus orca and seabirds: ‘play’, predation and association. Marine Ornithology 18: 37–41.
   Google Scholar