References
- Bendjoudi D, Chenchouni H, Doumandji S, Voisin JF. 2013. Bird species diversity of the Mitidja Plain (Northern Algeria) with emphasis on the dynamics of invasive and expanding species. Acrocephalus 34: 13–26. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2478/acro-2013-0002.
- Bent AC. 1939. Life histories of North American woodpeckers. Bulletin 174. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum.
- Blondel J. 1999. Peuplement d’oiseaux des cédraies méditerranéennes. Forêt méditerranéenne 20: 191–197.
- BNEDER (Bureau National d’Etudes pour le Développement Rural). 2010. Étude et expertise sur le dépérissement de la cédraie d’Ouled Yagoub et Chelia – Wilaya de Khenchela, Algérie. Algiers: Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development.
- Bougaham AF. 2016. Données numériques sur la reproduction du pic de Levaillant Picus vaillantii en Algérie. Alauda 84: 231–235.
- Boukerker H. 2016. Autoécologie et évaluation de la biodiversité dans les Cédraies de Cedrus atlantica Manetti dans le parc national de Belezma (Batna, Algérie). PhD thesis, Université Mohamed Khider, Algeria.
- Brunetti M, De Capua EL, Macchioni N, Monachello S. 2001. Natural durability, physical and mechanical properties of Atlas cedar (Cedrus atlantica Manetti) wood from Southern Italy. Annals of Forest Science 58: 607–613. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:2001148.
- Caccamise DE. 1977. Breeding success and nest-site characteristics of the Red-winged Blackbird. The Wilson Bulletin 89: 396–403.
- Chappuis C. 2000. African Bird Sounds, Vol 1: North Africa, Canary and Cape-Verde Islands. Paris: Société d’Etudes Ornithologiques de France.
- Cikovic D, Barišic S, Tutiš V, Kralj J. 2014. Nest site and nest-hole characteristics used by Great Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos major L. in Croatia. Polish Journal of Ecology 62: 349–360. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3161/104.062.0213.
- Cody ML. 1985. Habitat selection in birds. Orlando: Academic Press.
- Dickinson EC. 2003. The Howard and Moore complete checklist of the birds of the world. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Dvorak M, Ranner A, Berg H-M. 1993. Atlas der Brutvögel Österreichs. Hrsg. Umweltbundesamt & Österreichische Gesellschaft für Vogelkunde. Vienna: Federal Environment Agency.
- Epron D. 1997. Effects of drought on photosynthesis and on the thermotolerance of photosystem II in seedlings of cedar (Cedrus atlantica and C. libani). Journal of Experimental Botany 48: 1835–1841. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/48.10.1835.
- Etchecopar R, Hûe F. 1964. Les oiseaux de l’Afrique du Nord. Paris: Boubée.
- Glutz von Blozheim UN, Bauer KM. 1980. Handbuch der Vögel Mitteleuropas. Wiesbaden: Aula-Verlag.
- Gould W. 2000. Remote sensing of vegetation, plant species richness, and regional biodiversity hotspots. Ecological Applications 10: 1861–70. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[1861:RSOVPS]2.0.CO;2.
- Haggard M, Gaines WL. 2001. Effects of stand replacement fire and salvage logging on a cavity-nesting bird community in eastern Cascades, Washington. Northwest Science 75: 387–396.
- Hagvar S, Hagvar G, Mønnes E. 1990. Nest site selection in Norwegian woodpeckers. Holarctic Ecology 13: 156–165.
- Harris R. 1983. Arboriculture: Care of Trees, Shrubs, and Vines in the Landscape. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
- Henine-Maouche A, Bougaham AF, Moulaï R, Nicolau-Guillaumet P. 2017. Premières données sur le régime alimentaire des jeunes Pics de Levaillant Picus vaillantii. Alauda 85: 152–154.
- Hilden O. 1965. Habitat selection in birds: a review. Annales Zoologici Fennici 2: 53–75.
- Hines JE. 2006. PRESENCE2: software to estimate patch occupancy and related parameters. US Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Maryland, USA. http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/software/presence.html.
- del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J. 2002. Handbook of the birds of the world. Volume 7. Jacamars to woodpeckers. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.
- Hoyt SF. 1957. The ecology of the Pileated Woodpecker. Ecology 38: 246–556. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/1931683.
- Ingold DJ. 1990. Simultaneous use of nest trees by breeding Red-headed and Red-bellied Woodpeckers and European Starlings. Condor 92: 252–253. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/1368412.
- Ingold D J. 1998. The influence of starlings on flicker reproduction when both naturally excavated cavities and artificial nest boxes are available. The Wilson Bulletin 110: 218–225.
- Isenmann P, Moali A. 2000. Oiseaux d’Algérie: Birds of Algeria. Paris: Société d’Études Ornithologiques de France.
- Isenmann P, Gaultier T, El Hili A, Azafzaf H, Dlensi H, Smart M. 2005. Birds of Tunisia. Paris: Société d’Etudes Ornithologiques de France.
- Jackson JA, Jackson BJS. 2004. Ecological relationships between fungi and woodpecker cavity sites. Condor 106: 37–49.
- Kear J. 2003. Cavity-nesting ducks: why woodpeckers matter, British Birds 96: 217–233.
- Kerpez TA, Smith NS. 1990. Nest-site selection and nest-cavity characteristics of Gila Woodpeckers and Northern Flicker. Condor 92: 193–198. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/106.1.37.
- Kessler J. 2016. Picidae in the European fossil, subfossil, and recent bird faunas and their osteological characteristics. Ornis Hungarica 24: 96–114. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1515/orhu-2016-0006.
- Kilham L. 1977. Nest-site differences between Red-headed and Red-bellied Woodpeckers in South Carolina. The Wilson Bulletin 89: 164–165.
- Koenig WD, Hallock EM, Weber DJ, Walters EL. 2021. Nest cavity reuse by the cooperatively breeding Acorn Woodpecker. Ornithology 138: 1–10. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithology/ukaa088.
- Kopij G. 2017: Breeding densities of woodpeckers (Picinae) in the inner and outer zones of a Central European city. Sylvia (Praha) 53: 41–57.
- Kosiński Z, Winiecki A. 2004. Nest-site selection and niche partitioning among the Great Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos major and Middle Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos medius in a riverine forest of Central Europe. Ornis Fennica 81: 145–156.
- Kosiński Z, Kempa M. 2007. Density, distribution, and nest-sites of woodpeckers (Picidae), in a managed forest of Western Poland. Polish Journal of Ecology 55: 519–533.
- Kosiński Z, Walczak Ł. 2019. Does cavity reuse affect timing of reproduction and fledging success in the Black Woodpecker? Journal of Ornithology 160: 79–89. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-018-1585-5.
- Kotaka N, Matsuoka S. 2002. Secondary users of Great Spotted Woodpecker (Dendrocopos major) nest cavities in urban and suburban forests in Sapporo City, northern Japan. Ornithological Science 1: 117–122. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2326/osj.1.117.
- Ladjal M, Epron D, Ducrey M. 2000. Effects of drought preconditioning on thermo tolerance of photosystem II and susceptibility of photosynthesis to heat stress in cedar seedlings. Tree Physiology 20: 1235–1241. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/20.18.1235.
- Lammertink M. 2004a. Grouping and cooperative breeding in the Great Slaty Woodpecker. Condor 106: 309–319. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/106.2.309.
- Lammertink M, Fernández JM. Cockle KL. 2020. Comparison of nesting ecology of three co-existing Atlantic Forest woodpeckers reveals narrow specialization in the Helmeted Woodpecker Celeus galeatus. Acta Ornithologica 55: 101–110. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3161/00016454AO2020.55.1.010.
- Lawrence LDK. 1967. A comparative life-history study of four species of woodpeckers. Ornithological Monographs 5: 1–156.
- Ligon JD. 1968. Sexual differences in foraging behavior in two species of Dendrocopos woodpeckers. Auk 85: 203–215. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/4083581.
- Martin K, Eadie JM. 1999. Nest webs: a community-wide approach to the management and conservation of cavity-nesting forest birds. Forest Ecology and Management 115: 243–257. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00403-4.
- Martin K, Aitken KEH, Wiebe KL. 2004. Nest sites and nest webs for cavity-nesting communities in interior British Columbia, Canada: nest characteristics and niche partitioning. Condor 106: 5–19. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/106.1.5.
- Matsuoka S. 2008. Wood hardness in nest trees of the Great Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos major. Ornithological Science 7: 59–66. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2326/1347-0558(2008)7[59:WHINTO]2.0.CO;2.
- Mazgajski TD. 1998. Nest-site characteristics of Great Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos major in Central Poland. Polish Journal of Ecology 46: 33–41.
- Mazgajski TD. 2002. Nesting phenology and breeding success in Great Spotted Woodpecker Picoides major near Warsaw (Central Poland). Acta Ornithologica 37: 1–5. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3161/068.037.0101.
- McClelland R, Frissell S. 1975. Identifying forest snags useful for hole-nesting birds. Journal of Forestry 73: 414–417.
- Melletti M, Penteriani V. 2003. Nesting and feeding tree selection in the endangered White-backed Woodpecker, Dendrocopos leucotos lilfordi. The Wilson Bulletin 115: 299–306. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1676/03-022.
- Mikusiński G, Gromadzki M, Chylarecki P. 2001. Woodpeckers as indicators of forest bird diversity. Conservation Biology 15: 208–217. . https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2001.99236.x.
- Moussouni A, Boubaker Z. 2015. Diversité des oiseaux de la cédraie de Djurdjura (Est de l’Algérie). Revue Forestière Française 58: 421–436. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4267/2042/59956.
- Newton I. 1994. The role of nest sites in limiting the numbers of hole-nesting birds: a review. Biological Conservation 70: 265–276. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(94)90172-4.
- Nickley B, Bulluck LP. 2019. Spanning the habitat gradient: Red-headed Woodpecker nest-site selection in three distinct cover types. Forest Ecology and Management 444: 115–126. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2019.04.048.
- Pakkala T, Tiainen H, Pakkala H. 2019. Nest tree characteristics of the Lesser Spotted Woodpecker (Dendrocopos minor) in boreal forest landscapes. Ornis Fennica 96: 169–181.
- Perktas U, Barrowclough GF, Groth JG. 2011. Phylogeography and species limits in the Green Woodpecker complex (Aves: Picidae): Multiple Pleistocene refugia and range expansion across Europe and the Near East. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London 104: 710–723. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01750.x.
- Pons JM, Olioso G, Cruaud C, Fuchs J. 2011. Phylogeography of the Eurasian Green Woodpecker (Picus viridis). Journal of Biogeography 38: 311–325. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02401.x.
- Reller RAW. 1972. Aspects of behavioral ecology of Red-headed and Red-bellied Woodpeckers. American Midland Naturalist 88: 270–290. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/2424354.
- Riemer S, Schulze CH, Frank G. 2010. Siedlungsdichte und Habitatwahl des Grünspechts Picus viridis im Nationalpark Donau-Auen (Niederösterreich). Die Vogelwarte 48: 275–282.
- Saporetti F, Colaone S, Guenzani W, Zarbo T. 2016. Nest-site characteristics and breeding biology of the Black Woodpecker in north-western Lombardy, Italy. Rivista Italiana di Ornitologia – Research in Ornithology 86: 39–48. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4081/rio.2016.304.
- Schepps J, Lohr S, Martin TE. 1999. Does tree hardness influence nest-tree selection by primary cavity nesters? Auk 116: 658–665. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/4089327.
- Short LL. 1979. Burdens of the picid hole-nesting habit. The Wilson Bulletin 91: 16–28.
- Short LL. 1982. Woodpeckers of the world. Greenville: Delaware Museum of Natural History. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.132270.
- Snow DW, Perrins CM. 1998. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Sonerud GA. 1985. Nest hole shift in Tengmalm’s Owl Aegolius funereus as defence against nest predation involving long-term memory in the predator. Journal of Animal Ecology 54: 179–192. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/4629.
- Tamungang SA, Kougoum PGN, Teguia A. 2016. Nest Characteristics for the Conservation of the Grey Parrot in Cameroon. Journal of Ecology and The Natural Environment 8: 142–154. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5897/JENE2016.0601.
- Touihri M, Villard MA, Charfi-Cheikhrouha F. 2015. Nesting habitat requirements of two species of North African woodpeckers in native oak forest. Bird Study 62: 386–393. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00063657.2015.1049511.
- Valette JC. 1990. Inflammabilité des espèces forestières méditerranéennes: Conséquences sur la combustibilité des formations forestières. Revue Forestière Française 42: 76–92. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4267/2042/26171.
- Virkkala R. 2006. Why study woodpeckers? The significance of woodpeckers in forest ecosystems. Annales Zoologici Fennici 43: 82−85.
- Watson JEM, Whittaker RI, Dawson TP. 2004. Habitat structure and proximity to forest edge affect the abundance and distribution of forest dependent birds in tropical coastal forests of southeastern Madagascar, Biological Conservation 120: 311–327. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2004.03.004.
- Wiebe KL. 2003. Delayed timing as a strategy to avoid nest-site competition: testing a model using data from starlings and flickers. Oikos 100: 291–298. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12046.x.