Reforming communal rangeland policy in southern Africa: challenges, dilemmas and opportunities

References

• Adams , M. 1993 . Options for land reform in Namibia . Land Use Policy , 10 : 191 – 196 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams , M. 1996 . “ Savanna environments ” . In The physical geography of Africa , Edited by: Adams , WM , Goudie , AS and Orme , AR . 196 – 210 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Adams M 2000 . Land reform in Namibia. Evaluation of the Country Strategy for the European Commission . Oxford : Mokoro . Available at http://www.mokoro.co.uk/files/13/file/lria/land_reform_namibia_adams_2000.pdf[accessed 27 January 2013] .
   Google Scholar
• Adams M , Devitt P 1992 . Grappling with land reform in pastoral Namibia . Pastoral Development Network Paper no. 32 . London : Overseas Development Institute . Available at http://www.odi.org.uk/publications/4455-land-reform-namibia [accessed 27 January 2013] .
   Google Scholar
• Adams M , Howell J 2001 . Redistributive land reform in southern Africa . Natural Resource Perspectives no. 64 . London : Overseas Development Institute . Available at http://www.odi.org.uk/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/2831.pdf [accessed 27 January 2013] .
   Google Scholar
• Adams M , Kalabamu F , White R. 2003 . Land tenure policy and practice in Botswana - Governance lessons for southern Africa . Journal fur Entwicklungspolitik 19 : 55 – 74 . Available at http://www.slashdocs.com/zpxht/land-tenure-policy-and-practice-in-botswana.html [accessed 27 January 2013] .
   Google Scholar
• Adams M , Steyn L , Tanner C , Turner S , White R 2004 . Case studies on investment on communal land in southern Africa . Unpublished report . Oxford : Mokoro Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Adams M , Turner S 2005 . Legal dualism and land policy in eastern and southern Africa . Land and Property Rights for African Development . Nairobi : UNDP-DDC . Available at www.capri.cgiar.org/wp/..%5Cpdf%5Cbrief_land-03.pdf [accessed 27 January 2013] .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson M , Pienaar K 2003 . Municipal commonage . Evaluating Land and Agrarian Reform in South Africa Paper Series no. 5 . Cape Town : Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies, University of the Western Cape .
   Google Scholar
• Barrett JC 1992 . The economic role of cattle in communal farming systems in Zimbabwe . Pastoral Development Network Paper no. 32 . London : Overseas Development Institute . Available at http://www.odi.org.uk/publications/4454-cattle-communal-farming-systems-zimbabwe [accessed 27 January 2013] .
   Google Scholar
• Behnke RH , Scoones I 1993 . Rethinking range ecology: implications for range management in Africa . In: Behnke RH , Scoones I , Kerven C (eds), Range ecology at disequilibrium: new models of natural variability and pastoral adaptation in African savannas . London : Overseas Development Institute. pp 1 – 30 .
   Google Scholar
• Bell RHV 1985 . Carrying capacity and offtake quotas . In: Bell RHV , McShane-Caluzi E (eds), Conservation and wildlife management in Africa . Washington , DC : US Peace Corps . pp 145 – 182 .
   Google Scholar
• BIDPA (Botswana Institute of Development Policy Analysis) . 2002 . Review of the rural development policy . Gaborone : BIDPA .
   Google Scholar
• Caughley , G. 1979 . “ What is this thing called carrying capacity? ” . In North American elk: ecology, behaviour and management , Edited by: Boyce , MS and Hayden-Wing , LD . 2 – 8 . Laramie : University of Wyoming Press .
   Google Scholar
• Chanock , M. 1989 . Neither customary nor legal: African customary law in an era of family law reform, International Journal of Law . Policy and the Family , 3 : 72 – 88 .
   Google Scholar
• Chanock M 1991 . Paradigms, policies and property: a review of the customary law of land tenure . In: Mann K , Roberts R (eds), Law in colonial Africa . Portsmouth , New Hampshire : Heinemann Educational Books . pp 61 – 84 .
   Google Scholar
• Cincotta RP , Gay CW , Perrier GK (eds). 1991 . New concepts in international rangeland development: theories and applications . Proceedings of the 1991 International Rangeland Development Symposium, Society for Range Management Annual Meeting , Washington , DC , 14 January 1991 . Logan, Utah : Department of Range Science, Utah State University .
   Google Scholar
• Cooper D , Fakir MS , Bromley D 1996 . Land reform and management of environmental impact . In: van Zyl J , Kirsten J , Binswanger HP (eds), Agricultural land reform in South Africa: policies, markets and mechanisms . Cape Town : Oxford University Press . pp 589 – 601 .
   Google Scholar
• Cousins B 2009 . Potential and pitfalls of ‘communal’ land tenure reform: experience in Africa and implications for South Africa. Paper presented at the World Bank conference on ‘Land governance in support of the MDGs: responding to new challenges’ , Washington , DC , 9–10 March 2009 . Available at http://77.243.131.160/pub/fig_wb_2009/papers/trn/trn_1_cousins.pdf [accessed 27 January 2013] .
   Google Scholar
• Cullis A , Watson C 2005 . Winners and losers: privatising the commons in Botswana . Securing the Commons no. 9 . London : International Institute for Environment and Development . Available at http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/9529IIED.pdf [accessed 27 January 2013] .
   Google Scholar
• DLA (Department of Land Affairs) . 1997 . White Paper on South African Land Policy . Pretoria : DLA .
   Google Scholar
• DRDLR (Department of Rural Development and Land Reform) . 2011 . Green Paper on Land Reform . Pretoria : DRDLR .
   Google Scholar
• DRDLR . 2013 . Amendments to the 2011–14 Strategic Plan . Pretoria : DRDLR .
   Google Scholar
• Ellis , JE , Coughenour , MB and Swift , DM. 1993 . “ Climate variabilty, ecosystem stability, and the implications for range and livestock development ” . In Range ecology at disequilibrium: new models of natural variability and pastoral adaptation in African savannas , Edited by: Behnke , RH , Scoones , I and Kerven , C . 1 – 30 . London : Overseas Development Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Government of Namibia . 1991 . Consensus of the conference . In: National Conference on Land Reform and the Land Question . Windhoek : Office of the Prime Minister and NEPRU .
   Google Scholar
• Government of Zimbabwe . 1994 . Report of the Commission of Inquiry into Appropriate Agricultural Land Tenure Systems (3 vols) . Harare : Government Printer .
   Google Scholar
• Knight , RS. 2010 . Statutory recognition of customary land rights in Africa: an investigation into best practices for lawmaking and implementation. Legislative Study no. 105 , Rome : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations .
   Google Scholar
• Magaisa , AT. 2012 . “ The land question in Zimbabwe: the judiciary as an instrument of recovery? ” . In Southern African Development Community land issues , Edited by: Chigara , B . 195 – 221 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Manona S 2012 . ‘Informal land rights’ under siege 18 years into democracy. Seminar presented at the Law Race and Gender Research Unit, University of Cape Town, 30 March 2012 . Abstract available at http://www.lrg.uct.ac.za/news/archives/?id=41&t=int [accessed 27 January 2013] .
   Google Scholar
• Muregerera H 2008 . Economic valuation of communal rangelands , PhD thesis, University of Fort Hare, East London, South Africa .
   Google Scholar
• Odendaal W 2006 . The case of Namibia; SADC Land and Agrarian Reform Initiative . NEPRU Working Paper no. 111 . Windhoek : NEPRU .
   Google Scholar
• Sandford S 1983 . Management of pastoral development in the Third World . London : Overseas Development Institute ; Chichester: John Wiley and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Scoones , I , Chaumba , J , Mavedzenge , B and Wolmer , W. 2012 . The new politics of Zimbabwe's lowveld: struggles over land at the margins . African Affairs , 111 : 527 – 550 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StatsSA . 1999 . The 1997 Rural Household Survey , Pretoria : Statistics South Africa .
   Google Scholar
• StatsSA . 2011 . South Africa Census 2011 , Pretoria : Statistics South Africa .
   Google Scholar
• Tapson DR 1991 . The overstocking and offtake controversy re-examined for the case of KwaZulu . Pastoral Development Network Paper no. 31a . London : Overseas Development Institute . Available at http://www.odi.org.uk/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/5377.pdf [accessed 27 January 2013] .
   Google Scholar
• Taylor M 2007 . Rangeland tenure and pastoral development in Botswana: is there a future for community-based land management? Commons Southern Africa Occasional Paper Series no. 16 . Cape Town : Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies, University of the Western Cape .
   Google Scholar
• UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) . 2012 . Africa human development report 2012: towards a food secure future . New York : UNDP .
   Google Scholar
• Vetter , S. 2013 . Development and sustainable management of rangeland commons – aligning policy with the realities of South Africa's rural landscape . African Journal of Range and Forage Science , 30 : 1 – 9 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werner W 2011 . What has happened has happened: the complexity of fencing in Namibia's communal areas . Windhoek : Legal Assistance Centre . Available at http://www.lac.org.na/projects/lead/Pdf/fencing.pdf [accessed 27 January 2013] .
   Google Scholar
• White , R. 1993 . Livestock development and pastoral production on communal rangeland in Botswana , Gaborone : The Botswana Society .
   Google Scholar
• Wisborg P , Rohde R 2003 . TRANCRAA and communal land rights: lessons from Namaqualand. Policy Brief no. 4 . Cape Town : Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies, University of the Western Cape .
   Google Scholar
• Wolmer , W. 2007 . From wilderness vision to farm invasions: conservation and development in Zimbabwe's south-east lowveld , Oxford : James Currey .
   Google Scholar