Assessing wetland functionality using soil surface indicators in Letšeng- la-Letsie wetland in Quthing District, Lesotho

References

• Berkowitz JF, Van Zomeren CM, Piercy CD, White JR. 2018. Evaluation of coastal wetland soil properties in a degrading marsh. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 212: 311–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2018.07.021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bray RH, Kurtz LT. 1945. Determination of total organic and available forms of phosphorus in soils. Soil Science 59: 39–45. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-194501000-00006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bremner JM, Jenkinson DS.1960. Determination of organic carbon in soil in oxidation by dichromate of organic matter in soil and plant materials. Soil Science 11: 394–402. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1960.tb01093.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bünemann EK, Bongiorno G, Bai Z, Creamer RE, De Deyn G, de Goede R, Fleskens L, Geissen V, Kuyper TW, Mäder P, et al. 2018. Soil quality-a critical review. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 120: 105–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.01.030.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerda A. 2000. Aggregate stability against water forces under different climates on agriculture land and scrubland in southern Bolivia. Soil and Tillage Research 57: 159–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-1987(00)00155-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatanga P. 2019. The ecology, plant functional composition and ecosystem services across a range of Afromontane and Afroalpine palustrine wetlands in Lesotho. PhD thesis, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Chatanga P, Kotze DC, Okello TW, Sieben EJJ. 2020. Ecosystem services of high-altitude Afromontane palustrine wetlands in Lesotho. Ecosystem Services 45: 101185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2020.101185.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatanga P, Kotze DC, Janks M, Sieben EJJ. 2019. Classification, description and environmental factors of montane wetland vegetation of the Maloti-Drakensberg region and the surrounding areas. South African Journal of Botany 125: 221–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.04.028.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins NB. 2005. Wetlands: the basics and some more. Free State Department of Tourism, Environmental and Economic Affairs, Bloemfontein.
   Google Scholar
• Deng X, Du J. 2011. Land quality: environmental and human health effects. In: Nriagu JO (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Environmental Health. Academic Press. Elsevier. pp 362–365.
   Google Scholar
• Eldridge DJ, Delgado-Baquerizo M. 2018. Grazing reduces the capacity of Landscape Function Analysis to predict regional-scale nutrient availability or decomposition, but not total nutrient pools. Ecological Indicators 90: 494–501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.03.034.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furniss DG. 2008. Can indices of Landscape Function Analysis (LFA) be derived from ground-based spectroscopy? A case study from gold mines on the Highveld of South Africa. MSc Thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Gaitán JJ, Bran DE, Oliva GE, Aguiar MR, Buono GG, Ferrante, D, Nakamatsu V, Ciari G, Salomone JM, Massara V, Martínez GG. 2018. Aridity and overgrazing have convergent effects on ecosystem structure and functioning in Patagonian rangelands. Land Degradation and Development 29: 210–218. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2694.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gee GW, Bauder JW. 1979. Particle size analysis by hydrometer: a simplified method for routine textural analysis and a sensitivity test of measurement parameters. Soil Science Society of America Journal 43: 1004–1007. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1979.03615995004300050038x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giweta M. 2020. Role of litter production and its decomposition, and factors affecting the processes in a tropical forest ecosystem: a review. Journal of Ecology and Environment 44: 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41610-020-0151-2.
   Google Scholar
• Grab SW. 2010. Alpine turf exfoliation pans in Lesotho, southern Africa: Climate–process–morphological linkages. Geomorphology 114: 261–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.07.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haagner ASH. 2008. The role of vegetation in characterising landscape function on rehabilitating gold tailings. MSc Thesis, North West University, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Hillel D. 2003. Introduction to Environmental Soil Physics (1st edn). Imprint: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Institute of Natural Resources. 2013. Letšeng-La-Letsie Integrated Catchment Management Plan (WS-F-043-11). Millennium Challenge Account - Lesotho. INR Report No: 462/13.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson RC, James AT, Randall K. 2014. Wetland soils, hydrology and geomorphology In: Batzer D. Sharitz R (Eds). Ecology of freshwater and estuarine wetlands. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp 23–60.
   Google Scholar
• Karlen DL, Stott DE. 1993. Effects of soil and crop management practices on soil quality. National Soil Tilth Laboratory Agricultural Research Service, USA.
   Google Scholar
• León JD, Osorio NW. 2014. Role of litter turnover in soil quality in tropical degraded lands of Colombia. The Scientific World Journal article ID 693981. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/693981.
   Google Scholar
• Lesotho Meteorological Services. 2017. Lesotho nationally determined contribution under the United Framework Convention on Climate Change. Ministry of Energy and Meteorology, Maseru, Lesotho.
   Google Scholar
• Letšela T, Balkwill K, Witkowksi ETF. 2002. Conservation and sustainable livelihoods in Bokong and Tšehlanyane in Lesotho. In: Benjaminsen TA, Cousins B, Thompson L (Eds.) Contested Resources - Challenges to governance of natural resources in Southern Africa. Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies (PLAAS), School of Government, University of the Western Cape. pp 192–200.
   Google Scholar
• Maestre FT, Puche MD. 2009. Indices based on surface indicators predict soil functioning in Mediterranean semi-arid steppes. Applied Soil Ecology 41: 342–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2008.12.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazaheri MR, Mahmoodabadi M. 2012. Study on infiltration rate based on primary particle size distribution data in arid and semiarid region soils. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 5: 1039–1046. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-011-0497-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitsch WJ, Bernal B, Hernandez ME. 2015. Ecosystem services of wetlands. International Journal of Biodiversity Science. Ecosystem Services and Management 11: 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1080/21513732.2015.1006250.
   Google Scholar
• Mitsch WJ, Gosselink JG. 2015. Wetlands (5th edn). Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Mokuku C, Lepono T, Motlatsi M, Khasipe T, Mokuku T. 2004. Second State of the Environment Report 2002. National Environmental Secretariat, Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Culture. Government of Lesotho, Maseru.
   Google Scholar
• Mucina L, Rutherford MC (Eds). 2006. The vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Strelitzia 19. South African National Biodiversity Institute. Pretoria.
   Google Scholar
• Mukhopadhyay S, Masto RE, Tripathi RC, Srivastava NK. 2019. Application of Soil Quality Indicators for the Phytorestoration of Mine Spoil Dumps. In: Pandey VC, Bauddh K (Eds). Phytomanagement of Polluted Sites. Elsevier. pp 361–388. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813912-7.00014-4.
   Google Scholar
• National Wetland Programme. 2016. Lesotho National Wetlands Management Programme 2016/17 - 2020/21. Kingdom of Lesotho. Maseru.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson DW, Sommers LE, Madison W. 1996. Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. In: Sparks DL (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3, SSSA Book Series, Madison. pp 961–1010. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser5.3.c34.
   Google Scholar
• Nichols KA. Toro M. 2011. A whole soil stability index (WSSI) for evaluating soil aggregation. Soil & Tillage Research 111: 99–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2010.08.014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Read ZJ, King HP, Tongway DJ, Ogilvy S, Greene RSB, Hand G. 2016. Landscape function analysis to assess soil processes on farms following ecological restoration and changes in grazing management. European Journal of Soil Science 67: 409–420. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12352.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinhart KO, Nichols KA, Petersen M, Vermeire LT. 2015. Soil aggregate stability was an uncertain predictor of ecosystem functioning in a temperate and semiarid grassland. Ecosphere 6: 238. https://doi.org/10.1890/ES15-00056.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinhart KO, Vermeire LT. 2016. Soil aggregate stability and grassland productivity associations in a Northern Mixed-Grass prairie. PLoS ONE 11: e0160262. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0160262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rinot O, Levy GJ, Steinberger Y, Svoray T, Eshel G. 2019. Soil health assessment: a critical review of current methodologies and a proposed new approach. The Science of the Total Environment 648: 1484–1491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose NL, Milner AM, Fitchett JM, Langerman KE, Yang H, Turner SD, Jourdan A, Shilland J, Martins CC, Souza AC, et al. 2020. Natural archives of long-range transported contamination at the remote lake Letšeng-la-Letsie, Maloti Mountains, Lesotho. The Science of the Total Environment 737: e139642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rumpel C, Crème A, Ngo PT, Velásquez G, Mora ML, Chabbi A. 2015. The impact of grassland management on biogeochemical cycles involving carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 15: 353–371.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safaei M, Bashari H, Mosaddeghi MR, Jafari R. 2019. Assessing the impacts of land use and land cover changes on soil functions using landscape function analysis and soil quality indicators in semi-arid natural ecosystems. Catena 177: 260–271. doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2019.02.021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saiz G, Bird MI, Domingues T, Schrodt F, Schwarz M, Feldpausch TR, Veenendaal E, Djagbletey G, Hien F, Compaoré H, et al. 2012. Variation in soil carbon stocks and their determinants across a precipitation gradient in West Africa. Global Change Biology 18: 1670–1683. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02657.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt SA, Ahn C. 2019. A Comparative Review of Methods of Using Soil Colors and their Patterns for Wetland Ecology and Management. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 50: 1293–1309. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2019.1604737.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwabe CA. 1995. Alpine mires of the eastern highlands of Lesotho. In: Cowan GI (Eds). Wetlands of South Africa. Pretoria: Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism. pp 33–40.
   Google Scholar
• Scovronick N, Turpie J. 2007. Socio-economic assessment of the potential impact of a proposed rehabilitation and conservation strategy for wetlands in the highlands of Lesotho. Request for proposals: RFP#QCB/02. Kingdom of Lesotho.
   Google Scholar
• Sieben EJJ, Kotze DC, Morris CD. 2010. Floristic composition of wetlands of the South African section of the Maloti-Drakensberg Transfrontier Park. Bothalia 40: 117–134. https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.v40i1.201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ter Braak CJF. 1995. Ordination. In: Jongman RHG, ter Braak CJF, van Tongeren OFR (Eds.). Data Analysis in Community and Landscape Ecology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511525575.007.
   Google Scholar
• Tongway D, Hindley, N. 2004a. Landscape Function Analysis: procedures for monitoring and assessing landscapes - with special reference to minesites and rangelands. Canberra: CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystem.
   Google Scholar
• Tongway D, Hindley N. 2004b. Landscape function analysis: a system for monitoring rangeland function. African Journal of Range & Forage Science 21: 109–113. https://doi.org/10.2989/10220110409485841.
   Google Scholar
• Tongway DJ, Ludwig JA. 2006. Resource retention and ecological function as restoration targets in semi-arid Australia. Restoration Ecology 14: 369–378. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-100X.2006.00145.x
   Google Scholar
• Tongway DJ, Ludwig JA. 2011. Landscape Function Analysis: an overview and landscape organization indicators, restoring disturbed landscapes: putting principles into practice. Washington, DC: Island Press/Center for Resource Economics.
   Google Scholar
• Van der Walt L, Cilliers SS, Kellner K, Tongway D, Van Rensburg L. 2012. Landscape functionality of plant communities in the Impala Platinum mining area, Rustenburg. Journal of Environmental Management 113: 103–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.08.024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Kong Z. 2019. Changes in wetland salinity, human activity and wetland vegetation abundances over the past 900 years. Global and Planetary Change 182: e103000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2019.103000.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong Z, Chen Z, Xu Y, Ren C, Gaihe Yang G, Han X, Ren G, Feng Y. 2018. Relationship between soil organic carbon stocks and clay content under different climatic conditions in central China. Forests 9: 598. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9100598.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar