Assessing long-term nutrient and lime enrichment effects on a subtropical South African grassland

References

• Adler PB, Seabloom EW, Borer ET, Hillebrand H, Hautier Y, Hector A, Harpole WS, Halloran LRO, Grace JB, Anderson TM, et al. 2011. Productivity is a poor predictor of plant species richness. Science 333: 1750–1753. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1204498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avolio ML, Koerner SE, La Pierre KJ, Wilcox KR, Wilson GWT, Smith MD, Collins SL. 2014. Changes in plant community composition, not diversity, during a decade of nitrogen and phosphorus additions drive above-ground productivity in a tallgrass prairie. Journal of Ecology 102: 1649–1660. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12312.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azevedo LB, Van Zelm R, Hendriks AJ, Bobbink R, Huijbregts MAJ. 2013. Global assessment of the effects of terrestrial acidification on plant species richness. Environmental Pollution 174: 10–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.11.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balvanera P, Pfisterer AB, Buchmann N, He JS, Nakashizuka T, Raffaelli D, Schmid B. 2006. Quantifying the evidence for biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning and services. Ecology Letters 9: 1146–1156. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00963.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basto S, Thompson K, Phoenix G, Sloan V, Leake J, Rees M. 2015a. Long-term nitrogen deposition depletes grassland seed banks. Nature Communications 6: 6185. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basto S, Thompson K, Rees M. 2015b. The effect of soil pH on persistence of seeds of grassland species in soil. Plant Ecology 216: 1163–1175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-015-0499-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bobbink R, Hicks K, Galloway J, Spranger T, Alkemade R, Ashmore M, Bustamante M, Cinderby S, Davidson E, Dentener F, et al. 2010. Global assessment of nitrogen deposition effects on terrestrial plant diversity: A synthesis. Ecological Applications 20: 30–59. https://doi.org/10.1890/08-1140.1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bojórquez-Quintal E, Escalante-Magaña C, Echevarría-Machado I, Martínez-Estévez M. 2017. Aluminum, a friend or foe of higher plants in acid soils. Frontiers in Plant Science 8: 1767. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01767.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceulemans T, Merckx R, Hens M, Honnay O. 2013. Plant species loss from European semi-natural grasslands following nutrient enrichment – is it nitrogen or is it phosphorus? Global Ecology and Biogeography 22: 73–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2012.00771.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapin FS 3rd. 1980. The mineral nutrition of wild plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 11: 233–260. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.11.110180.001313.
   Google Scholar
• Clark CM, Bell MD, Boyd JW, Compton JE, Davidson EA, Davis C, Fenn ME, Geiser L, Jones L, Blett TF. 2017. Nitrogen-induced terrestrial eutrophication: cascading effects and impacts on ecosystem services. Ecosphere 8: 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1877.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark CM, Tilman D. 2008. Loss of plant species after chronic low-level nitrogen deposition to prairie grasslands. Nature 451: 712–715. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornwell WK, Grubb PJ. 2003. Regional and local patterns in plant species richness with respect to resource availability. Oikos 100: 417–428. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.11697.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawley MJ, Johnston AE, Silvertown J, Dodd M, De Mazancourt C, Heard MS, Henman DF, Edwards GR. 2005. Determinants of species richness in the park grass experiment. American Naturalist 165: 179–192. https://doi.org/10.1086/427270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeMalach N. 2018. Toward a mechanistic understanding of the effects of nitrogen and phosphorus additions on grassland diversity. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 32: 65–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2018.04.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeMalach N, Kadmon R. 2017. Light competition explains diversity decline better than niche dimensionality. Functional Ecology 31: 1834–1838. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12841.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffy EJ, Godwin CM, Cardinale BJ. 2017. Biodiversity effects in the wild are common and as strong as key drivers of productivity. Nature 549: 261–264. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature23886.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duprè C, Stevens CJ, Ranke T, Bleeker A, Peppler-Lisbach C, Gowing DJG, Dise NB, Dorland E, Bobbink R, Diekmann M. 2010. Changes in species richness and composition in European acidic grasslands over the past 70 years: the contribution of cumulative atmospheric nitrogen deposition. Global Change Biology 16: 344–357. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01982.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elser JJ, Bracken MES, Cleland EE, Gruner DS, Harpole WS, Hillebrand H, Ngai JT, Seabloom EW, Shurin JB, Smith JE. 2007. Global analysis of nitrogen and phosphorus limitation of primary producers in freshwater, marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Ecology Letters 10: 1135–1142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01113.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fay PA, Prober SM, Harpole WS, Knops JMH, Jonathan D, Borer ET, Lind EM, Macdougall AS, Seabloom EW, Wragg D, et al. 2015. Grassland productivity is limited by multiple nutrients. Nature Plants 1: 15080. https://doi.org/10.1038/nplants.2015.80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fynn RW, O’Connor T. 2005. Determinants of community organization of a South African mesic grassland. Journal of Vegetation Science 16: 93–102. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2005.tb02342.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fynn RWS, Morris CD, Kirkman KP. 2005. Plant strategies and trait trade-offs influence trends in competitive ability along gradients of soil fertility and disturbance. Journal of Ecology 93: 384–394. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-0477.2005.00993.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaudet C, Keddy P. 1995. Competitive performance and species distribution in shortline plant communities: a comparative approach. Ecology 76: 280–291. https://doi.org/10.2307/1940649.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillman LN, Wright SD, Gillman LN, Wright SD. 2006. The influence of productivity on the species richness of plants: a critical assessment. Ecology 87: 1234–1243. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[1234:TIOPOT]2.0.CO;2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gough L, Grace JB, Taylor KL. 1994. The relationship between species richness and community biomass: the importance of environmental variables. Oikos 70: 271–279. https://doi.org/10.2307/3545638.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goulding KWT. 2016. Soil acidification and the importance of liming agricultural soils with particular reference to the United Kingdom. Soil Use and Management 32: 390–399. https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grace JB, Adler PB, Stanley Harpole W, Borer ET, Seabloom EW. 2014. Causal networks clarify productivity-richness interrelations, bivariate plots do not. Functional Ecology 28: 787–798. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12269.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta N, Gaurav SS, Kumar A. 2013. Molecular basis of aluminium toxicity in plants: a review. American Journal of Plant Sciences 4: 21–37. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2013.412A3004.
   Google Scholar
• Harpole WS, Sullivan LL, Lind EM, Firn J, Adler PB, Borer ET, Chase J, Fay PA, Hautier Y, Hillebrand H, et al. 2017. Out of the shadows: multiple nutrient limitations drive relationships among biomass, light and plant diversity. Functional Ecology 31: 1839–1846. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12967.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harpole WS, Tilman D. 2007. Grassland species loss resulting from reduced niche dimension. Nature 446: 791–793. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05684.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry M, Stevens H, Bunker DE, Schnitzer SA, Carson WP. 2004. Establishment limitation reduces species recruitment and species richness as soil resources rise. Journal of Ecology 92: 339–347. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-0477.2004.00866.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huston M, Smith T. 1987. Plant succession: life history and competition. The American Naturalist 130: 168–198. https://doi.org/10.1086/284704.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huston MA. 1997. Hidden treatments in ecological experiments: re-evaluating the ecosystem function of biodiversity. Oecologia 110: 449–460. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420050180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inouye R, Tilman D. 1995. Convergence and divergence of old-field vegetation after 11-yr of nitrogen addition. Ecology 76: 1872–1887. https://doi.org/10.2307/1940720.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkinson DS, Potts JM, Perry JN, Barnett V, Coleman K, Johnston AE. 1994. Trends in herbage yields over the last century on the Rothamsted Long-Term Continuous Hay Experiment. Journal of Agricultural Science 122: 365–374. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600067290.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keylock CJ. 2005. Simpson diversity and the Shannon-Wiener index as special cases of a generalized entropy. Oikos 109: 203–207. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.13735.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kidd J, Manning P, Simkin J, Peacock S, Stockdale E. 2017. Impacts of 120 years of fertilizer addition on a temperate grassland ecosystem. PLoS ONE 12: e0174632. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopittke PM, Blamey FPC. 2016. Theoretical and experimental assessment of nutrient solution composition in short-term studies of aluminium rhizotoxicity. Plant and Soil 406: 311–326. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-016-2890-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozlov MV, Zvereva EL. 2011. A second life for old data: global patterns in pollution ecology revealed from published observational studies. Environmental Pollution 159: 1067–1075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.10.028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambers H, Brundrett MC, Raven JA, Hopper SD. 2011. Plant mineral nutrition in ancient landscapes: high plant species diversity on infertile soils is linked to functional diversity for nutritional strategies. Plant and Soil 348: 7–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-011-0977-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeBauer DS, Treseder KK. 2008. Nitrogen limitation of net primary productivity in terrestrial ecosystems is globally distributed. Ecology 89: 371–379. https://doi.org/10.1890/06-2057.1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Roux NP, Mentis MT. 1986. Veld compositional response to fertilization in the tall grassveld of natal. South African Journal of Plant and Soil 3: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/02571862.1986.10634177.
   Google Scholar
• Lepš J. 1999. Nutrient status, disturbance and competition: an experimental test of relationships in a wet meadow. Journal of Vegetation Science 10: 219–230. https://doi.org/10.2307/3237143.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Hou L, Song B, Yang L, Li L. 2017. Effects of increased nitrogen and phosphorus deposition on offspring performance of two dominant species in a temperate steppe ecosystem. Scientific Reports 7: 40951. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep40951.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Z, Li Z, Tong X, Zhang J, Dong L, Zheng Y, Ma W, Zhao L, Wang L, Wen L, et al. 2020. Climatic humidity mediates the strength of the species richness–biomass relationship on the Mongolian Plateau steppe. The Science of the Total Environment 718: 137252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma W, He JS, Yang Y, Wang X, Liang C, Anwar M, Zeng H, Fang J, Schmid B. 2010. Environmental factors covary with plant diversity-productivity relationships among Chinese grassland sites. Global Ecology and Biogeography 19: 233–243. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2009.00508.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mašková Z, Doležal J, Květ J, Zemek F. 2009. Long-term functioning of a species-rich mountain meadow under different management regimes. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 132: 192–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2009.04.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDougall AS, Turkington ROY. 2004. Relative importance of suppression-based and tolerance-based competition in an invaded oak savanna. Journal of Ecology 92: 422–434. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-0477.2004.00886.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendes RS, Evangelista LR, Thomaz SM, Agostinho AA, Gomes LC. 2008. A unified index to measure ecological diversity and species rarity. Ecography 31: 450–456. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0906-7590.2008.05469.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miles N, De Villiers JM. 1989. Lime and phosphorus effects on the dry matter production of eragrostis curvula on dystrophic clay soils. Journal of the Grassland Society of Southern Africa 6: 15–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/02566702.1989.9648153.
   Google Scholar
• Mittelbach GG, Steiner CF, Scheiner SM, Gross KL, Reynolds HL, Waide RB, Willig MR, Dodson SI, Gough L. 2001. What is the observed relationship between species richness and productivity? Ecology 82: 2381–2396. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[2381:WITORB]2.0.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris CD, Fynn RWS. 2001. The Ukulinga long-term grassland trials: reaping the fruits of meticulous, patient research. Bulletin of the Grassland Society of Southern Africa 11: 7–22.
   Google Scholar
• Mucina L, Rutherford MC. 2006. The vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Pretoria: South African National Biodiversity Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Noukeu NA, Priso RJ, Dibong SD, Ndongo D, Kono L, Essono D. 2019. Floristic diversity of receiving environments polluted by effluent from agri-food industries. Heliyon 5: e02747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peñuelas J, Poulter B, Sardans J, Ciais P, Van Der Velde M, Bopp L, Boucher O, Godderis Y, Hinsinger P, Llusia J, et al. 2013. Human-induced nitrogen-phosphorus imbalances alter natural and managed ecosystems across the globe. Nature Communications 4: 2934. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3934.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peppler-Lisbach C, Kleyer M. 2009. Patterns of species richness and turnover along the pH gradient in deciduous forests: testing the continuum hypothesis. Journal of Vegetation Science 20: 984–995. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2009.01092.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peratoner G, Pötsch EM. 2019. Methods to describe the botanical composition of vegetation in grassland research. Die Bodenkultur 70: 1–18. https://doi.org/10.2478/boku-2019-0001.
   Google Scholar
• Poschenrieder C, Gunsé B, Corrales I, Barceló J. 2008. A glance into aluminum toxicity and resistance in plants. The Science of the Total Environment 400: 356–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.06.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajaniemi TK. 2003. Explaining productivity-diversity relationships in plants. Oikos 101: 449–457. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12128.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riesch F, Stroh HG, Tonn B, Isselstein J. 2018. Soil pH and phosphorus drive species composition and richness in semi-natural heathlands and grasslands unaffected by twentieth- century agricultural intensification. Plant Ecology & Diversity 11: 239–253. https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2018.1471627.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roscher C, Temperton VM, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Schmitz M, Schumacher J, Schmid B, Buchmann N, Weisser WW, Schulze ED. 2005. Overyielding in experimental grassland communities – Irrespective of species pool or spatial scale. Ecology Letters 8: 419–429. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00736.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sade H, Meriga B, Surapu V, Gadi J, Sunita MSL, Suravajhala P, Kavi Kishor PB. 2016. Toxicity and tolerance of aluminum in plants: tailoring plants to suit to acid soils. Biometals 29: 187–210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10534-016-9910-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sala OE, Chapin FS, Armesto JJ, Berlow E, Bloomfield J, Dirzo R, Huber-Sanwald E, Huenneke LF, Jackson RB, Kinzig A, et al. 2000. Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100. Science 287: 1770–1774. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.287.5459.1770.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schelfhout S, Mertens J, Perring MP, Raman M, Baeten L, Demey A, Reubens B, Oosterlynck S, Gibson-Roy P, Verheyen K, et al. 2017. P-removal for restoration of Nardus grasslands on former agricultural land: cutting traditions. Restoration Ecology 25: S178–S187. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12531.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott JD, Booysen PDV. 1956. Effects of certain fertilizers on veld at Ukulinga. South African Journal of Science 52: 240–244.
   Google Scholar
• Semelová V, Hejcman M, Pavlů V, Vacek S, Podrázský V. 2008. The Grass Garden in the Giant Mts. (Czech Republic): residual effect of long-term fertilization after 62 years. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 123: 337–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2007.07.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaver GR, Bret-harte MS, Jones MH, Johnstone J, Shaver GR, Bret-harte MS, Jones MH, Johnstone J. 2001. Species composition interacts with fertilizer to control long-term change in tundra productivity. Ecology 82: 3163–3181.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silvertown J, Poulton P, Johnston E, Edwards G, Heard M, Biss PM. 2006a. The Park Grass Experiment 1856-2006: its contribution to ecology. Journal of Ecology 94: 801–814. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01145.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Socher SA, Prati D, Boch S, Müller J, Klaus VH, Hölzel N, Fischer M. 2012. Direct and productivity-mediated indirect effects of fertilization, mowing and grazing on grassland species richness. Journal of Ecology 100: 1391–1399. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2012.02020.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soil Classification Working Group. 1991. Soil classification—a taxonomic system for South Africa. Pretoria: Department of Agricultural Development.
   Google Scholar
• Soons MB, Hefting MM, Dorland E, Lamers LPM, Versteeg C, Bobbink R. 2017. Nitrogen effects on plant species richness in herbaceous communities are more widespread and stronger than those of phosphorus. Biological Conservation 212: 390–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.12.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storkey J, Döring T, Baddeley J, Collins R, Roderick S, Jones H, Watson C. 2015. Engineering a plant community to deliver multiple ecosystem services. Ecological Applications 25: 1034–1043. https://doi.org/10.1890/14-1605.1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storkey J, Macdonald AJ, Poulton PR, Scott T, Köhler IH, Schnyder H, Goulding KWT, Crawley MJ. 2015. Grassland biodiversity bounces back from long-term nitrogen addition. Nature 528: 401–404. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tilman D. 1987. Secondary succession and the pattern of plant dominance along experimental nitrogen gradients. Ecological Monographs 57: 190–214. https://doi.org/10.2307/2937080.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tilman D, Fargione J, Wolff B, D’Antonio C, Dobson A, Howarth R, Schindler D, Schlesinger WH, Simberloff D, Swackhamer D. 2001. Forecasting agriculturally driven global environmental change. Science 292: 281–284. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1057544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsvuura Z, Kirkman KP. 2013. Yield and species composition of a mesic grassland savanna in South Africa are influenced by long-term nutrient addition. Austral Ecology 38: 959–970. https://doi.org/10.1111/aec.12040.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Dobben HF, Wamelink GWW, Slim PA, Kamiński J, Piórkowski H. 2017. Species-rich grassland can persist under nitrogen-rich but phosphorus-limited conditions. Plant and Soil 411: 451–466. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-016-3021-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Zelm R, Huijbregts MAJ, Van Jaarsveld HA, Reinds GJ, De Zwart D, Struijs J, Van De Meent D. 2007. Time horizon dependent characterization factors for acidification in life-cycle assessment based on forest plant species occurrence in Europe. Environmental Science & Technology 41: 922–927. https://doi.org/10.1021/es061433q.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitousek PM, Howarth RW. 1991. Nitrogen limitation on land and in the sea: how can it occur? Biogeochemistry 13: 87–115. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00002772.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waide RB, Steiner CF, Mittelbach GG, Gough L. 1999. The relationship between productivity and species richness. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 30: 257–300. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.30.1.257.
   Google Scholar
• Ward D, Kirkman K, Tsvuura Z. 2017. An African grassland responds similarly to long-term fertilization to the Park Grass experiment. PLoS ONE 12: e0177208. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward D, Kirkman KP, Tsvuura Z, Morris C, Fynn RWS. 2020. Are there common assembly rules for different grasslands? Comparisons of long-term data from a subtropical grassland with temperate grasslands. Journal of Vegetation Science 31: 780–791. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvs.12906.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wassen MJ, Venterink HO, Lapshina ED, Tanneberger F. 2005. Endangered plants persist under phosphorus limitation. Nature 437: 547–550. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03950.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wickham H. 2019. forcats: Tools for working with categorical variables (factors). R package version 0.4.0. https://CRAN.Rproject.org/package=forcats. [Accessed 20 November 2021].
   Google Scholar
• Wickham H, Averick M, Bryan J, Chang W, McGowan LDA, François R, Grolemund G, Hayes A, Henry L, Hester J, et al. 2019b. Welcome to the Tidyverse. Journal of Open Source Software 4: 1686. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01686.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson SD, Tilman D. 1991. Interactive effects of fertilization and disturbance on community structure and resource availability in an old-field plant community. Oecologia 88: 61–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00328404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia J, Wan S. 2013. Independent effects of warming and nitrogen addition on plant phenology in the Inner Mongolian steppe. Annals of Botany 111: 1207–1217. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mct079.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zarzycki J, Kopeć M. 2020. The scheme of nutrient addition affects vegetation composition and plant species richness in different ways: results from a long-term grasslands experiment. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 291: 106789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2019.106789.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar