Default, non-default, markedness and complexity in the L2 English word stress competence of L1 speakers of Setswana

References

• Archibald , J. 1993 . Language learnability and L2 phonology: The acquisition of metrical parameters , Dordrecht : Kluwer .
   Google Scholar
• Archibald , J. 1994 . A formal model of learning L2 prosodic phonology . Second Language Research , 10 : 215 – 240 .
   Google Scholar
• Archibald , J. 1998 . Second language phonology , Amsterdam : Benjamins .
   Google Scholar
• Battistella , EL. 1990 . Markedness: The evaluative superstructure of language , Albany, NY : State University of New York Press .
   Google Scholar
• Burzio , L. 1994 . Principles of English stress , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Chebanne , A M , Creissels , D and Nkhwa , H M . 1997 . Tonal morphology of the Setswana verb , Munich : Lincom Europa .
   Google Scholar
• Chomsky , N. 1975 . Reflections on language , New York : Pantheon Books .
   Google Scholar
• Chomsky , N. 1981 . On the representation of form and function . The Linguistic Review , 1 : 3 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Chomsky , N. 1986 . Knowledge of language: Its nature, origin and use , New York : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Dresher , E. 1999 . Charting the learning path: Cues to parameter setting . Linguistic Inquiry , 30 : 27 – 67 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dresher , E and Kaye , J . 1990 . A computational learning model for metrical phonology . Cognition , 34 : 137 – 195 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fikkert , P. 1994 . On the acquisition of prosodic structure. PhD dissertation , Leiden University .
   Google Scholar
• Fikkert , P. 1998 . “ The acquisition of Dutch phonology ” . In The acquisition of Dutch , Edited by: Gillis , S and De Hauwer , A . 163 – 222 . Amsterdam : Benjamins .
   Google Scholar
• Franks , SL. 1985 . Extrametricality and stress in Polish . Linguistic Inquiry , 16 : 144 – 151 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guasti , MT. 2002 . Language acquisition: The growth of grammar , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Halle , M and Vergnaud , J-R . 1987 . An essay on stress , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hayes , B. 1980/1981 . A metrical theory of stress rules. PhD dissertation , Cambridge, MA : distributed by Indiana University Linguistics Club .
   Google Scholar
• Hayes , B. 1982 . Extrametricality and English stress . Linguistic Inquiry , 13 : 227 – 276 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes , B. 1995 . Metrical stress theory: Principles and case studies , Chicago : The University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hume , E. 2005 . “ Deconstructing markedness: A predictability-based approach ” . In Proceedings of the 13^th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistic Society , Edited by: Marc Ettlinger , N F and Park-Doob , M . 182 – 198 . Berkeley, CA : Berkeley Linguistics Society .
   Google Scholar
• Jakobson , R. 1937/1962 . “ On ancient Greek prosody ” . In Selected Writings , 262 – 271 . The Hague : Mouton . Originally published in Polish in studies presented to Kazimierz Wóycicki, Z zagadnien poetyki VI, Wilno, 1937
   Google Scholar
• Jakobson , R. 1941/1968 . Kindersprache, Aphasie und allgemeine Lautgesetze , The Hague : Mouton .
   Google Scholar
• Joos , M. 1957 . Readings in linguistics , New York : American Council of Learned Societies .
   Google Scholar
• Kager , R. 1989 . Stress and destressing in English and Dutch. PhD dissertation , Dordrecht : Utrecht University; published by Foris Publ. .
   Google Scholar
• Kager , R. 1999 . Optimality theory. , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kaye , J. 1989 . Phonology: A cognitive view. , Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Kaye , J. 1990 . ‘Coda’ licensing . Phonology , 7 : 301 – 330 .
   Google Scholar
• Kiparsky , P. 1982 . “ From cyclic phonology to lexical phonology ” . In The structure of phonological representations, Part I , Edited by: Van der Hulst , H and Smith , N SH . 131 – 176 . Dordrecht : Foris .
   Google Scholar
• Lenneberg , EH. 1967 . Biological foundations of language , New York : John Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Lieber , R. 1980 . On the organization of the lexicon. PhD dissertation , Cambridge, MA : MIT .
   Google Scholar
• Lowenstamm , J. 1979 . Topics in syllabic phonology. PhD dissertation , University of Massachusetts .
   Google Scholar
• Lubbe , HJ. 1993 . Inleiding tot die algemene en Afrikaanse metriese fonologie. Acta Academica Supplementum 3 , Bloemfontein : Publikasiekantoor van die Universiteit van die Oranje-Vrystaat .
   Google Scholar
• McCarthy , J J and Prince , A . 1993 . “ Generalized alignment ” . In Yearbook of morphology , Edited by: Booij , G E and Van Marle , J . 79 – 153 . Dordrecht : Kluwer .
   Google Scholar
• Pater , J. 1993 . Theory and methodology in the study of metrical parameter (re)setting . McGill Working Papers in Linguistics , 9 : 211 – 244 .
   Google Scholar
• Pater , J. 1997 . “ Metrical parameter missetting in second language acquisition ” . In Focus on phonological acquisition , Edited by: Hannahs , S J and Young-Scholten , M . 235 – 261 . Amsterdam : Benjamins .
   Google Scholar
• Piggott , G. 1988 . “ A parametic approach to nasal harmony ” . In Features, segmental structure and harmony processes , Edited by: Van der Hulst , H and Smith , N . 131 – 168 . Dordrecht : Foris .
   Google Scholar
• Prince , A. 1983 . Relating to the grid . Linguistic Inquiry , 14 : 19 – 100 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strozer , J. 1994 . Language acquisition after puberty , Washington, DC : Georgetown University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Trommelen , M and Zonneveld , W . 1986 . Dutch morphology: Evidence for the right-hand head rule . Linguistic Inquiry , 17 : 147 – 170 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trommelen , M and Zonneveld , W . 1989 . Klemtoon en metrische fonologie , Muiderberg : Coutinho .
   Google Scholar
• Trommelen , M and Zonneveld , W . 1999 . “ Word stress in west-Germanic languages: English and Dutch ” . In Word prosodic systems of the languages of Europe , Edited by: Van der Hulst , H . 478 – 514 . Berlin : Mouton/De Gruyter .
   Google Scholar
• Van Der Pas , B , Wissing , D and Zonneveld , W . 2000 . Parameter resetting in metrical phonology: The case of Setswana and English . South African Journal of Linguistics, Supplement , 38 : 55 – 88 .
   Google Scholar
• Van Der Pas , B and Zonneveld , W . 2004 . L2 Parameter resetting for metrical systems . The Linguistic Review , 21 : 125 – 170 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Rooy , B . 2002 . Stress placement in Tswana English: The making of a coherent system . World Englishes , 21 ( 1 ) : 145 – 160 .
   Google Scholar
• White , L. 1989 . Universal grammar and second language acquisition , Amsterdam : Benjamins .
   Google Scholar
• White , L. 2003 . Second language acquisition and universal grammar. , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , E. 1981 . On the notions ‘Lexically Related’ and ‘Head of a Word’ . Linguistic Inquiry , 12 : 245 – 274 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zonneveld , W. 1993 . Schwas, superheavies, stress and syllables in Dutch . The Linguistic Review , 10 : 59 – 110 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar