References
- Alderete J. 2001. Dominance effects as transderivational anti-faithfulness. Phonology 18: 201–253.
- Anderson SR. 1976. Nasal consonants and the internal structure of segments. Language 52: 326–344.
- Archangeli D, Pulleyblank D. 1994. Grounded phonology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Baković E. 2000. Harmony, dominance, and control. PhD thesis, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ.
- Beckman J. 1997. Positional faithfulness, positional neutralisation and Shona vowel harmony. Phonology 14: 1–46.
- Beckman J. 1998. Positional Faithfulness. PhD thesis, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA.
- Bickmore L. 1997. Problems in constraining high tone spread in Ekegusii. Lingua 102: 265–290.
- Bickmore L. 2000. Downstep and fusion in Namwanga. Phonology 17: 297–331.
- Bickmore L. 2007. Cilungu phonology. Stanford, CA: CSLI.
- Cassimjee F. 1995. Isixhosa tonology: an optimal domains theory analysis. Ms., University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL.
- Cassimjee F, Kisseberth C. 1998. Optimal Domains Theory and Bantu tonology: a case study from Isixhosa and Shingzidja. In: Hyman L, Kisseberth C (eds), Theoretical aspects of Bantu tone. Stanford, CA: CSLI. pp 33–132.
- Clements GN, Ford KC. 1979. Kikuyu tone shift and its synchronic consequences. Linguistic Inquiry 10: 95–108.
- Cole J, Kisseberth C. 1995. An Optimal Domains Theory of harmony. Ms, University of Illinois. Urbana-Champaign, IL.
- Goldsmith J. 1976a. Autosegmental phonology. PhD thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.
- Goldsmith J. 1976b. An overview of autosegmental phonology. Linguistic Analysis 2: 23–68.
- Guthrie M. 1967–71. Comparative Bantu. Farnborough: Gregg. 4 vols.
- Hammond M. 1988. On deriving the Well-Formedness Condition. Linguistic Inquiry 19: 319–325.
- Hyde BS. 1999. Overlapping feet in Polish. In: Dziwirek K, Coats H, Vakareliyska C (eds), Formal approaches to Slavic linguistics VII: 185–203.
- Hyde BS. 2002. A restrictive theory of metrical stress. Phonology 19: 313–359.
- Hyman LM, Byarushengo ER. 1984. A model of Haya tonology. In: Clements GN, Goldsmith J (eds), Autosegmental studies in Bantu tone. Dordrecht: Foris. pp 53–103.
- Kahn D. 1980. Syllable-based generalizations in English phonology. New York, Garland.
- Kaplan AF. 2008. Peak delay and tonal noniterativity. Available at http://roa.rutgers.edu/files/972-0508/972-KAPLAN-0-0.PDF [accessed 5 May 2014].
- Key M. 2007. Headed Spans and Bantu tonology. In: Bateman L. (ed.), University of Massachusetts occasional papers in linguistics: papers in Optimality Theory III, volume 32. Amherst, MA: GLSA. pp 187–207.
- Kim SA. 1999. Positional effect on tonal alternation in Chichew circ; a: phonological rule vs. phonetic timing. Proceedings of the Chicago Linguistic Society 34: 245–257.
- Kimper W. 2011. Locality and globality in phonological variationm. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 29: 423–465.
- Kirchner R. 1996. Synchronic chain shifts as local conjunction. Linguistic Inquiry 27: 341–350.
- Leben W. 1973. Suprasegmental phonology. PhD thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.
- Marlo M. 2007. The verbal tonology of Lunyala and Lumarachi: two dialects of Luluyia (Bantu, J.30, Kenya). PhD thesis, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
- McCarthy JJ. 2002. A thematic guide to Optimality Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- McCarthy JJ. 2003. OT constraints are categorical. Phonology 20: 75–138.
- McCarthy JJ. 2004. Headed Spans and autosegmental spreading. Available at http://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1041&context=linguist_faculty_pubs. [accessed 5 May 2014].
- McCarthy JJ. 2006. Restraint of analysis. In: Baković E, Ito J, McCarty JJ (eds), Wondering at the natural fecundity of things: essays in honor of Alan Prince. University of California, Santa Cruz, CA: Linguistic Research Center.
- McCarthy JJ. 2007. Hidden generalizations: phonological opacity in Optimality Theory. London: Equinox.
- McCarthy JJ. 2008. The gradual path to cluster simplification. Phonology 25: 271–319.
- McCarthy JJ. 2010. Autosegmental spreading in Optimality Theory. In: Hume E, Goldsmith J, Wetzels L (eds), Tones and features. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp 195–222.
- Moreton E. 2004. Non-computable functions in Optimality Theory. In: McCarthy JJ (ed.), OptimalityTheory in phonology. Oxford: Blackwell. pp 141–163.
- Myers S. 1987. Tone and the structure of words in Shona. PhD thesis, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA.
- Myers S. 1997. OCP effects in Optimality Theory. NLLT 15: 847–892.
- Myers S. 1999. Tone association and f0 timing in Chichew circ; a. Studies in African Linguistics 28: 215–239.
- Myers S. 2003. F0 timing in Kinyarwanda. Phonetica 60: 71–97.
- Odden D. 1986. On the role of the Obligatory Contour Principle in phonological theory. Language 62: 353–383.
- Odden D. 1998. Principles of tone assignment in Tanzanian Yao. In: Hyman L, Kisseberth C (eds), Theoretical aspects of Bantu tone. Stanford, CA: CSLI. pp 265–314.
- O'Keefe M. 2007. Transparency in Span Theory. In: Bateman L, O'Keefe M, Reilly E, Werle A (eds), University of Massachusetts occasional papers in linguistics 32: papers in Optimality Theory III. Amherst, MA: GLSA. pp 239–258.
- Paster M, Kim Y. 2011. Downstep in Tiriki. Linguistic Discovery 9: 71–104.
- Prince A. 1997. Stringency and anti-Paninian rankings. Handout from the LSA Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.
- Prince A. 2002. Arguing optimality. In: Carpenter A, Coetzee A, de Lacy P (eds), University of Massachusetts occasional papers in linguistics 26: papers in Optimality Theory II. Amherst, MA: GLSA. pp 269–304.
- Prince A. 2007. The pursuit of theory. In de Lacy P (ed.), The Cambridge handbook of phonology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp 22–46.
- Prince A, Smolensky P. 1993–2004. Optimality Theory: constraint interaction in generative grammar. Oxford: Blackwell.
- Pruitt K. 2010. Serialism and locality in constraint-based metrical parsing. Phonology 27: 481–526.
- Sagey E. 1988. On the ill-formedness of crossing association lines. Linguistic Inquiry 19: 109–118.
- Samek-Lodovici V, Prince A. 2002. Fundamental properties of harmonic bounding. Report No. RuCCS-TR-71. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Center for Cognitive Science, Rutgers University.
- Sharman JC, Meeussen AE. 1955. The representation of structural tones, with special reference to the tonal behaviour of the verb, in Bemba, Northern Rhodesia. Africa 25: 393–404.
- Smolensky P. 2006. Optimality in phonology II: harmonic completeness, local constraint conjunction, and feature-domain markedness. In: Smolensky P, Legendre G (eds), The harmonic mind, volume 2. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. pp 27–160.
- Stevick E. 1969. Tone in Bantu. IJAL 35: 330–341.
- Wilson C. 2003. Unbounded spreading in OT (or, Unbounded spreading is local spreading iterated unboundedly). Handout of paper presented at Southwest Optimality Theory Workshop, University of Arizona, Tucson.