Resilience through participation and coping-enabling social environments: the case of HIV-affected children in sub-Saharan Africa

References

• Abebe , T. 2008 . Ethiopian Childhoods: A Case Study of the Lives of Orphans and Working Children , Trondheim , , Norway : Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet .
   Google Scholar
• Abebe , T. and Aase , A. 2007 . Children, AIDS and the politics of orphan care in Ethiopia: the extended family revisited . Social Science and Medicine , 64 ( 5 ) : 1058 – 2069 .
   Google Scholar
• Abebe , T. and Kjørholt , A. 2009 . Social actors and victims of exploitation: working children in the cash economy of Ethiopia's south . Childhood , 16 ( 2 ) : 175 – 194 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews , G. , Skinner , D. and Zuma , K. 2006 . Epidemiology of health and vulnerability among children orphaned and made vulnerable by HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa . AIDS Care , 18 ( 3 ) : 269 – 276 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ansell , N. 2005 . Children, Youth and Development , Oxon , , UK : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Antonovsky , A. 1987 . Unravelling the Mystery of Health: How People Manage Stress and Stay Well , London : Jossey-Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Bachman DeSilva , M. , Skalicky , A. , Beard , J. , Cakwe , M. , Zhuwau , T. , Quinlan , T. and Simon , J. 2012 . Early impacts of orphaning: health, nutrition, and food insecurity in a cohort of school-going adolescents in South Africa . Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies , 7 ( 1 ) : 75 – 87 .
   Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. 1977 . Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioural change . Psychological Review , 84 ( 2 ) : 191 – 215 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauman , L. , Foster , G. , Silver , E. , Berman , R. , Gamble , I. and Muchaneta , L. 2006 . Children caring for their ill parents with HIV/ AIDS . Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies , 1 ( 1 ) : 56 – 70 .
   Google Scholar
• Bennel , P. 2005 . The impact of the AIDS epidemic on the school of orphans and other directly affected children in sub-Saharan Africa . Journal of Development Studies , 41 ( 3 ) : 467 – 488 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betancourt , T.S. Meyers-Ohki , S.E. Charrow , A. & Hansen , N. 2012 Mental health and resilience in HIV/AIDS-affected children: a review of the literature and recommendations for future research . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02613.x .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betancourt , T.S. , Rubin-Smith , J.E. , Beardslee , W.R. , Stulac , S.N. , Fayida , I. and Safren , S. 2011 . Understanding locally, culturally, and contextually relevant mental health problems among Rwandan children and adolescents affected by HIV/AIDS . AIDS Care , 23 ( 4 ) : 401 – 412 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyden , J. 1997 . “ Childhood and the policy-makers: a comparative perspective on the globalisation of childhood ” . In Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood: Contemporary Issues in the Sociological Study of Childhood , 2nd edition , Edited by: James , A. and Prout , A. London : Falmer Press .
   Google Scholar
• Boyden , J. and Mann , G. 2005 . “ Children's risk, resilience, and coping in extreme situations ” . In Handbook for Working with Children and Youth: Pathways to Resilience Across Cultures and Contexts , Edited by: Ungar , M. London : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Caldwell , J. and Caldwell , P. 1987 . The cultural context of high fertility in sub-Saharan Africa . Population and Development Review , 13 ( 3 ) : 409 – 437 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell , C. , Skovdal , M. , Mupambireyi , Z. and Gregson , S. 2010 . Exploring children's stigmatisation of AIDS-affected children in Zimbabwe through drawings and stories . Social Science and Medicine , 71 ( 5 ) : 975 – 985 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell , C. , Skovdal , M. , Mupambireyi , Z. , Madanhire , C. , Robertson , L. , Nyamukapa , C.A. and Gregson , S. 2012 . Can AIDS stigma be reduced to poverty stigma? Exploring Zimbabwean children's representations of poverty and AIDS. Child: Care . Health and Development , 38 ( 5 ) : 732 – 742 .
   Google Scholar
• Case , A. , Paxson , C. and Ableidinger , J. 2004 . Orphans in Africa: parental death, poverty and school enrolment . Demography , 41 ( 3 ) : 483 – 508 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheney , K. 2010 . Expanding vulnerability, dwindling resources: implicationsfor orphaned futures in Uganda . Childhood in Africa , 2 ( 1 ) : 8 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Christensen , P. 2004 . Children's participation in ethnographic research: issues of power and representation . Children and Society , 18 : 165 – 176 .
   Google Scholar
• Cluver , L. , Fincham , D. and Seedat , S. 2009 . Posttraumatic stress in AIDS-orphaned children exposed to high levels of trauma: the protective role of perceived social support . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 22 ( 2 ) : 106 – 112 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cluver , L. , Gardner , F. and Operario , D. 2007 . Psychological distress amongst AIDS-orphaned children in urban South Africa . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 48 ( 8 ) : 755 – 763 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cluver , L. , Operario , D. , Lane , T. and Kganakga , M. 2012 . I can't go to school and leave her in so much pain’: Educational shortfalls among adolescent ‘young carers’ in the South African AIDS epidemic . Journal of Adolescent Research , 27 ( 5 ) : 581 – 605 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coles , E. and Buckle , P. 2004 . Developing community resilience as a foundation for effective disaster recovery . Australian Journal of Emergency Management , 19 ( 4 ) : 6 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Daniel , M. , Apila , H. , Bjorgo , R. and Lie , G. 2007 . Breaching cultural silence: enhancing resilience among Ugandan orphans . African Journal of AIDS Research (AJAR) , 6 ( 2 ) : 109 – 120 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards , M. 1996 . New approaches to children and development: introduction and overview . Journal of International Development , 8 ( 6 ) : 819 – 827 .
   Google Scholar
• Ennew , J. 2005 . “ Prisoners of childhood: orphans and economic dependency ” . In Studies in Modern Childhood: Society, Agency, Culture , Edited by: Qvortrup , J. New York : Palgrave Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Evans , R. 2005 . Social networks, migration, and care in Tanzania: caregivers’ and children's resilience to coping with HIV/AIDS . Journal of Children and Poverty , 11 ( 2 ) : 111 – 129 .
   Google Scholar
• Evans , R. and Becker , S. 2009 . Children Caring for Parents with HIV and AIDS: Global Issues and Policy Responses , Bristol , , UK : Policy Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fassin , D. 2008 . “ Suffering children, abused babies and AIDS orphans: the moral construction of childhood in post-apartheid South Africa ” . In Healing the World's Children: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Health in the Twentieth Century , Edited by: Weisz , G. Montreal, Quebec , , Canada : McGill-Queen's University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Folkman , S. 2011 . The Oxford Handbook of Stress, Health, and Coping , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Guo , Y. , Li , X. and Sherr , L. 2012 . The impact of HIV/AIDS on children's educational outcome: a critical review of global literature . AIDS Care , 24 ( 8 ) : 993 – 1012 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harms , S. , Kizza , R. , Sebunnya , J. and Jack , S. 2009 . Conceptions of mental health among Ugandan youths orphaned by AIDS . African Journal of AIDS Research (AJAR) , 8 ( 1 ) : 7 – 16 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helmreich , W. 1996 . Against All Odds: Holocaust Survivors and the Successful Lives They Made in America , New Brunswick , New Jersey : Transaction Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Holloway , S. and Valentine , G. 2000 . “ Children's geographies and the new social studies of childhood ” . In Children's Geographies: Playing, Living, Learning , Edited by: Holloway , S. and Valentine , G. London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Hutchby , I. and Moran-Ellis , J. 1998 . Children and Social Competence: Arenas of Action , London : Falmer Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ice , G.H. , Sadruddin , A.F.A. , Vagedes , A. , Yogo , J. and Juma , E. 2012 . Stress associated with caregiving: an examination of the stress process model among Kenyan Luo elders . Social Science and Medicine , 74 ( 12 ) : 2020 – 2027 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ice , G.H. , Yogo , J. , Heh , V. and Juma , E. 2010 . The impact of caregiving on the health and wellbeing of Kenyan Luo grandparents . Research on Aging , 32 ( 1 ) : 40 – 66 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James , A. , Jenks , C. and Prout , A. 1998 . Theorising Childhood , Cambridge , , UK : Polity Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kaggwa , E.B. and Hindin , M.J. 2010 . The psychological effect of orphanhood in a matured HIV epidemic: an analysis of young people in Mukono, Uganda . Social Science and Medicine , 70 ( 7 ) : 1002 – 1010 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kagotho , N. and Ssewamala , F.M. 2012 . Correlates of depression among caregivers of children affected by HIV/AIDS in Uganda: findings from the Suubi-Maka family study . AIDS Care , 24 ( 10 ) : 1226 – 1232 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz , C. 1986 . Children and the environment: work, play and learning in rural Sudan . Children's Environments Quarterly , 3 ( 4 ) : 43 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Katz , C. 1996 . Introduction . Anthropology and Work Review , 17 ( 1/2 ) : 3 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Kesby , M. , Gwanzura-Ottemoller , F. and Chizororo , M. 2006 . Theorising other, ‘other childhoods’: Issues emerging from work on HIV in urban and rural Zimbabwe . Children's Geographies , 4 ( 2 ) : 185 – 202 .
   Google Scholar
• Kessi , S. 2011 . PhotoVoice as a practice of re-presentation and social solidarity: experiences from a youth empowerment project in Dar es Salaam and Soweto . Papers on Social Representations , 20 ( 7 ) : 1 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Kidman , R. , Hanley , J.A. , Subramanian , S.V. , Foster , G. and Heymann , J. 2010 . AIDS in the family and community: the impact on child health in Malawi . Social Science and Medicine , 71 ( 5 ) : 966 – 974 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimani-Murage , E. , Holding , P. , Fotso , J.-C. , Ezeh , A. , Madise , N. , Kahurani , E. and Zulu , E. 2011 . Food security and nutritional outcomes among urban poor orphans in Nairobi, Kenya . Journal of Urban Health , 88 : 282 – 297 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus , R. 1993 . Coping theory and research: past, present, and future . Psychosomatic Medicine , 55 ( 3 ) : 234 – 247 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus , R. and Folkman , S. 1984 . Stress, Appraisal and Coping , New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Lemay , R. 2005 . Resilience versus coping . Child and Family Journal , 8 ( 2 ) : 11 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Lloyd , C. and Desai , S. 1992 . Children's living arrangements in developing countries . Population Research and Policy Review , 11 ( 2 ) : 193 – 216 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luthar , S. , Cicchetti , D. and Becker , B. 2000 . The construct of reslilience: a critical evaluation and guidelines for future work . Child Development , 71 ( 3 ) : 543 – 562 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhavan , S. and Townsend , N. 2007 . The social context of children's nutritional status in rural South Africa . Scandinavian Journal of Public Health , 35 ( supplement 69 ) : 107 – 117 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makame , V. , Ani , C. and Grantham-McGregor , S. 2002 . Psychological wellbeing of orphans in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania . Acta Paediatrica , 91 ( 4 ) : 459 – 465 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masten , A. 2001 . Ordinary magic: resilience processes in development . American Psychologist , 36 ( 3 ) : 227 – 238 .
   Google Scholar
• Masten , A. , Best , K. and Garmezy , N. 1990 . Resilience and development: contributions to the study of children who overcome adversity . Development and Psychopathology , 2 : 425 – 444 .
   Google Scholar
• Matthews , H. , Limb , M. and Taylor , M. 1998 . The geography of children: some ethical and methodological considerations for project and dissertation work . Journal of Geography in Higher Education , 22 ( 3 ) : 311 – 324 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meintjes , H. and Giese , S. 2006 . Spinning the epidemic: the making of mythologies of orphanhood in the context of AIDS . Childhood , 13 ( 3 ) : 407 – 430 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moskowitz , J. 2011 . “ Coping interventions and the regulation of positive affect ” . In The Oxford Handbook of Stress, Health, and Coping , Edited by: Folkman , S. and Nathan , P. New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Moskowitz , J. , Hult , J. , Bussolari , C. and Acree , M. 2009 . What works in coping with HIV? A meta-analysis with implications for coping with serious illness . Psychological Bulletin , 135 ( 1 ) : 121 – 141 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers , W. and Bourdillon , M. 2012 . Concluding reflections: How might we really protect children? . Development in Practice , 22 ( 4 ) : 613 – 620 .
   Google Scholar
• Nsamenang , A. 2012 . “ On researching the agency of Africa's young citizens: issues, challenges and prospects for identity development ” . In Racial Stereotyping and Child Development (Volume 25) , Edited by: Slaughter-Defoe , D. Basel , , Switzerland : Karger .
   Google Scholar
• Nyambedha , E. , Wandibba , S. and Aagaard-Hansen , J. 2003 . Retirement lost’: The new role of the elderly as caretakers for orphans in western Kenya . Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology , 18 : 33 – 52 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nyamukapa , C. and Gregson , S. 2005 . Extended family's and women's roles in safeguarding orphans’ education in AIDS-afflicted rural Zimbabwe . Social Science and Medicine , 60 ( 10 ) : 2155 – 2167 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyamukapa , C.A. , Gregson , S. , Wambe , M. , Mushore , P. , Lopman , B. , Mupambireyi , Z. , Nhongo , K. and Jukes , M.C.H. 2010 . Causes and consequences of psychological distress among orphans in eastern Zimbabwe . AIDS Care , 22 ( 8 ) : 988 – 996 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oburu , P. 2005 . Caregiving stress and adjustment problems of Kenyan orphans raised by grandmothers . Infant and Child Development , 14 : 199 – 210 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oburu , P. and Palmerus , K. 2005 . Stress-related factors among primary and part-time caregiving grandmothers of Kenyan grandchildren . International Journal of Aging and Human Development , 60 ( 4 ) : 273 – 282 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pagnier , J. , Kurzinger , M.L. , Kahn , J.G. , Kone , A. , Hampshire , R. and Dye , T.D.V. 2008 . Education among orphans and non-orphans in an urban area of Burkina Faso . Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies , 3 ( 1 ) : 31 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Panter-Brick , C. 2002 . Street children, human rights, and public health: a critique and future directions . Annual Review of Anthropology , 31 : 147 – 171 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfefferbaum , B. , Reissman , D. , Pfefferbaum , R. , Klomp , R. and Gurwitch , R. 2007 . “ Building resilience to mass trauma events ” . In Handbook on Injury and Violence Prevention Interventions (Volume 3) , Edited by: Doll , L. , Bonzo , S. , Mercy , J. and Sleet , D. New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Piaget , J. 1929 . The Child's Conception of the World , London : Routledge and Kegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• Piaget , J. and Mays , W. 1972 . The Principles of Genetic Epistemology , London : Routledge and Kegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• Prout , A. and James , A. 1997 . “ A new paradigm for the sociology of childhood? Prevenance, promise and problems ” . In Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood: Contemporary Issues in the Sociological Study of Childhood , 2nd edition , Edited by: James , A. and Prout , A. London : Falmer Press .
   Google Scholar
• Raum , O. 1940 . Chaga Childhood , London : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Revenson , T. and DeLongis , A. 2011 . “ Couples coping with chronic illness ” . In The Oxford Handbook of Stress, Health, and Coping , Edited by: Folkman , S. New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Robson , E. , Ansell , N. , Huber , U. , Gould , W. and Van Blerk , L. 2006 . Young caregivers in the context of the HIV/AIDS pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa. Population . Space and Place , 12 : 93 – 111 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robson , S. and Kanyanta , B. 2007 . Orphaned and vulnerable children in Zambia: the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on basic education for children at risk . Educational Research , 49 ( 3 ) : 259 – 272 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz-Casares , M. , Thombs , B. and Rousseau , C. 2009 . The association of single and double orphanhood with symptoms of depression among children and adolescents in Namibia . European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 18 ( 6 ) : 369 – 376 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutter , M. 1987 . Psychosocial resilience and protective factors . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 57 : 316 – 331 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutter , M. 2012 . “ Resilience: causal pathways and social ecology ” . In The Social Ecology of Resilience: A Handbook of Theory and Practice , Edited by: Ungar , M. New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Seckinelgin , H. 2007 . The International Politics of HIV/AIDS: Global Disease, Local Pain , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Serra , R. 2009 . Child fostering in Africa: when labor and schooling motives may coexist . Journal of Development Economics , 88 : 157 – 170 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharp , L. 1996 . The work ideology of Malagasy children: schooling and survival in urban Madagascar . Anthropology and Work Review , 17 ( 1/2 ) : 35 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Skinner , D. , Tsheko , N. , Mtero-Munyati , S. , Segwabe , M. , Chibatamoto , P. , Mfecane , S. , Chandiwana , B. , Nokomo , N. , Tlou , S. and Chitiyo , G. 2006 . Towards a definition of orphanhood and vulnerable children . AIDS and Behaviour , 10 : 619 – 626 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skovdal , M. 2010 . Children caring for their ‘caregivers’: exploring the caring arrangements in households affected by AIDS in western Kenya . AIDS Care , 22 ( 1 ) : 96 – 103 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skovdal , M. 2012 Pathologising healthy children? A review of the literature exploring the mental health of HIV-affected children in sub-Saharan Africa . Transcultural Psychiatry 49 3/4 , pp. 461 – 491 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skovdal , M. and Andreouli , E. 2011 . Using identity and recognition as a framework to understand and promote the resilience of caregiving children in western Kenya . Journal of Social Policy , 40 ( 3 ) : 613 – 630 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skovdal , M. , Ogutu , V. , Aoro , C. and Campbell , C. 2009 . Young carers as social actors: coping strategies of children caring for ailing or ageing guardians in western Kenya . Social Science and Medicine , 69 ( 4 ) : 587 – 595 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ssengonzi , R. 2007 . The plight of older persons as caregivers to people infected/affected by HIV/AIDS: evidence from Uganda . Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology , 22 : 339 – 353 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ssengonzi , R. 2009 . The impact of HIV/AIDS on the living arrangements and wellbeing of elderly caregivers in rural Uganda . AIDS Care , 21 ( 3 ) : 309 – 314 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , S. 2011 . “ Affiliation and stress ” . In The Oxford Handbook of Stress, Health, and Coping , Edited by: Folkman , S. New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS 2010 2010 UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic . Geneva , UNAIDS .
   Google Scholar
• Ungar , M. 2004 . A constructionist discourse on resilience: mulitple contexts, muliple realities among at-risk children and youth . Youth and Society , 35 ( 3 ) : 341 – 365 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ungar , M. 2005 . Handbook for Working with Children and Youth: Pathways to Resilience across Cultures and Contexts , Thousand Oaks , California : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Ungar , M. 2008 . Resilience across cultures . British Journal of Social Work , 38 ( 2 ) : 218 – 235 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ungar , M. 2010 . What is resilience across cultures and contexts? Advances to the theory of positive development among individuals and families under stress . Journal of Family Psychotherapy , 21 ( 1 ) : 1 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Ungar , M. 2011 . The social ecology of resilience: addressing contextual and cultural ambiguity of a nascent construct . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 81 ( 1 ) : 1 – 17 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ungar , M. 2012a . “ Social ecologies and their contribution to resilience ” . In The Social Ecology of Resilience , Edited by: Ungar , M. New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Ungar , M. 2012b . The Social Ecology of Resilience: A Handbook of Theory and Practice , New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar