The use of rites of passage in strengthening the psychosocial wellbeing of orphaned children in Botswana

References

• AIDS/STD Unit [Botswana] 1998 Rapid Assessment on the Situation of Orphans in Botswana . Gaborone , Government of Botswana Ministry of Health
   Google Scholar
• Attride-Stirling , J. 2001 . Thematic networks: an analytic tool for qualitative research . Qualitative Research , 1 ( 3 ) : 385
   Google Scholar
• Betancourt , T.S. , Meyers-Ohki , S. , Stulac , S.N. , Barrera , E. , Mushashi , C. and Beardslee , W.R. 2011 . Nothing can defeat combined hands’ (‘Abashize hamwe ntakibananira’): Protective processes and resilience in Rwandan children and families affected by HIV/AIDS . Social Science and Medicine , 73 ( 5 ) : 693 – 701 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burman , S. 2003 . The best interests of the South African child, International Journal of Law . Policy and the Family , 17 : 28 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Coady , M.M. 2001 . “ Ethics in childhood research ” . In Doing Early Childhood Research: International Perspectives on Theory and Practice , Edited by: MacNaughton , G. , Siraj-Blatchford , I. and Rolfe , S.A. New South Wales , , Australia : Crows Nest, Allen and Unwin .
   Google Scholar
• Comaroff , J. 1985 . Body of Power, Spirit of Resistance: The Culture and History of a South African People. Chicago , Chicago , Illinois : University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Department of Social Services [Botswana] 2006 A Report on the National NGO, CBO, FBO Forum 2006 . Department of Social Services , Gaborone , , Botswana .
   Google Scholar
• Department of Social Services [Botswana] 2007 A Report on the National NGO, CBO, FBO Forum 2007 . Gaborone , , Botswana : Department of Social Services .
   Google Scholar
• Department of Social Services [Botswana] 2010 User-Friendly Guide to the Care of Orphans and Vulnerable Children . Gaborone : Department of Social Services, Ministry of Local Government .
   Google Scholar
• Division of Social Welfare [Botswana] 1999 Short-Term Plan of Action on the Situation of Orphans . Gaborone : Government of Botswana, Ministry of Local Government, Land and Housing .
   Google Scholar
• Evans-Pritchard , E.E. 1940 . “ The Nuer of the Southern Sudan ” . In African Political Systems , Edited by: Fortes , M. and Evans-Pritchard , E.E. Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fereday , J. and Muir-Cochrane , E. 2008 . Demonstrating rigor using thematic analysis: a hybrid approach of inductive and deductive coding and theme development . International Journal of Qualitative Methods , 5 ( 1 ) : 80 – 92 .
   Google Scholar
• Hunter , J. 2007 . Bereavement: an incomplete rite of passage . OMEGA — Journal of Death and Dying , 56 ( 2 ) : 153 – 173 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapferer , B. 2005 . “ Ritual dynamics and virtual practice: beyond representation and meaning ” . In Ritual in its Own Right: Exploring the Dymamics of Transformation , Edited by: Handelman , D. and Lindquist , G. New York : Berghahn Books .
   Google Scholar
• Kearney , P.J. 2009 . The Barretstown experience: a rite of passage . Irish Journal of Sociology , 17 ( 2 ) : 72 – 89 .
   Google Scholar
• Kumakech , E. , Cantor-Graae , E. , Maling , S. and Bajunirwe , F. 2009 . Peer-group support intervention improves the psychosocial wellbeing of AIDS orphans: cluster randomized trial . Social Science and Medicine , 68 ( 6 ) : 1038 – 1043 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matikanya , R. , James , V. and Maksud , N. 2006 . End-of-Programme Support Evaluation of Regional Psychosocial Support Initiative (REPSSI) , Stockholm , , Sweden : SIDA .
   Google Scholar
• Maundeni , T. and Levers , L.L. 2005 . Concerns about child subject research in Botswana: a call for establishing structures and Thamuku and Daniel guidelines that protect children . African Sociological Review , 9 ( 2 ) : 153 – 167 .
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Local Government [Botswana] 2011 National Plan of Action for Orphans and Vulnerable Children . Gaborone , , Botswana : Ministry of Local Government .
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Local Government [Botswana] & Department of Social Services [Botswana] 2008 National Monitoring and Evaluation Framework for Orphans and Vulnerable Children . Gaborone , , Botswana : Ministry of Local Government and the Department of Social Services .
   Google Scholar
• Mokgadi , S. (pers. comm.) Telephonic interview about the BOCAIP PSS programme for OVCs , 26 September 2011 .
   Google Scholar
• Mosothwane , M.N. 2001 . An ethnographic study of initiation schools among the Bakgatla ba ga Kgafela at Mochudi (1874–1988) . PULA: Botswana Journal of African Studies , 15 ( 1 ) : 144 – 165 .
   Google Scholar
• Pupavac , V. 2001 . Misanthropy without borders: the international children's rights regime . Disasters , 25 ( 2 ) : 95 – 112 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynaert , D. , Bouverne-de-Bie , M. and Vandevelde , S. 2009 . A review of children's rights literature since the adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child . Childhood , 16 ( 4 ) : 518 – 534 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruland , C.D. , Finger , W. , Williamson , N. , Tahir , S. , Savariaud , S. , Schweitzer , A.-M. and Shears , K.H. 2005 . Adolescents: Orphaned and Vulnerable in the Time of HIV/AIDS , Washington , D.C : Family Health International, YouthNet Program .
   Google Scholar
• Schapera , I. 1953 . The Tswana , London : Routledge and Kegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• Sebone , M.B. 2009 . The promotion of mental health through cultural values, institutions, and practices: a reflection on some aspects of Botswana culture . Issues in Mental Health Nursing , 30 ( 12 ) : 777 – 787 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Skelton , A. 2009 . The development of a fledgling child-rights jurisprudence in eastern and southern Africa based on international and regional instruments . African Human Rights Law Journal , 9 ( 2 ) : 482 – 500 .
   Google Scholar
• Snipstad , M.B. , Lie , G.T. and Winje , D. 2010 . “ Child rights or wrongs: dilemmas in implementing support for children in the Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania, in the era of globalized AIDS approaches ” . In Parenting after the Century of the Child: Travelling Ideals, Institutional Negotiations and Individual Responses , Edited by: Thelen , T. and Haukanes , H. Farnham , , UK : Ashgate .
   Google Scholar
• Thamuku , M. & Daniel , M.L. (in press) . Exploring responses to transformative group therapy for adolescent orphans in the context of mass orphaning in Botswana . Death Studies .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner , V. 1969 . The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure , London : Routledge and Keegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• Turner , V. 1986 . The Forest of Symbols: Aspects of Ndembu Ritual , Ithica , New York : Cornell University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Turner , V. 1992 . Blazing the Trail: Way Markers in the Exploration of Symbols , Tuscon , Arizona : University of Arizona Press .
   Google Scholar
• United Nations 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child . New York : United Nations General Assembly .
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS 2009 AIDS Epidemic Update, December 2009 . Geneva : UNAIDS .
   Google Scholar
• UNICEF 2011 The State of the World's Children. Adolescence: An Age of Opportunity . New York : UNICEF .
   Google Scholar
• Van Gennep , A. 1960 . The Rites of Passage , London : Routledge and Kegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• Wallis , A. and Dukay , V. 2009 . Learning how to measure the wellbeing of OVC in a maturing HIV/AIDS crisis . Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Undeserved , 20 ( 4 ) : 170 – 184 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Witter , S. and Were , B. 2004 . Breaking the silence: using memory books as a counselling and succession-planning tool with HIV-affected households in Uganda . African Journal for AIDS Research (AJAR) , 3 ( 2 ) : 139 – 143 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar