Penaeid and carid community changes in the St Lucia estuarine lake system, South Africa, under low water level, extended closed periods and marine reconnection conditions

References

• Ayers MJ, Scharler UM, Fennessy ST. 2013. Modelling ecosystem effects of reduced prawn recruitment on the Thukela Bank trawling grounds, South Africa, following nursery loss. Marine Ecology Progress
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bate GC, Taylor RH. 2008. Sediment salt-load in the St Lucia Estuary during the severe drought of 2002–2006. Environmental Geology 55: 1089–1098. doi: 10.1007/s00254-007-1057-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bate GC, Whitfield AK, Forbes AT. 2011. A review of studies on the Mfolozi Estuary and associated flood plain, with emphasis on information required by management for future reconnection of the river to the St Lucia System: a report to the Water Research Commission. WRC Report No. KV 255/10. Pretoria: Water Research Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Begg GW. 1978. The estuaries of Natal. Natal Town and Regional Planning Commission, Report 41. Pietermaritzburg: Natal Town and Regional Planning Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Benfield MC, Bosschieter JR, Forbes AT. 1990. Growth and emigration of Penaeus indicus H. Milne-Edwards (Crustacea: Decapoda: Penaeidae) in the St. Lucia Estuary, southern Africa. Fish Bulletin 88: 21–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernard ATF, Froneman PW. 2005. Population dynamics of the caridean shrimp Palaemon peringueyi in a temperate temporarily open/closed southern African estuary. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 63: 73–81. doi: 10.1016/j.ecss.2004.10.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bickerton IB. 1989. Aspects of the biology of the genus Macrobrachium (Decapoda: Caridea: Palaemonidae) in the St Lucia system. MSc thesis, University of Natal, Durban. Published as CSIR Research Report No. 684.
   Google Scholar
• Bickerton IB. 2011. Freshwater prawns and the ecological importance of sustained links between the Mfolozi/Msunduzi and St Lucia wetlands. In: Bate GC, Whitfield AK, Forbes AT (eds), A review of studies on the Mfolozi Estuary and associated flood plain, with emphasis on information required by management for future reconnection of the river to the St Lucia system. Pretoria: Water Research Commission. pp 176–191.
   Google Scholar
• Carrasco NK, Perissinotto R, Pillay D. 2010. Zooplankton of the St. Lucia Estuary during the current drought cycle: a comparison between openand closed-mouth conditions. Marine Ecology Progress Series 399: 157–171. doi: 10.3354/meps08355
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cartaxana A. 1994. Distribution and migrations of the prawn Palaemon longirostris in the Mira River Estuary (southwest Portugal). Estuaries 17: 685–694. doi: 10.2307/1352417
   Google Scholar
• Champion HFB. 1976. Recent prawn research at St Lucia with notes on the bait fishery. In: Heydorn A (ed.), St Lucia Scientific Advisory Council workshop meeting at Charters Creek. Unpublished report. Natal Parks, Game and Fish Preservation Board. pp 15–17.
   Google Scholar
• Clarke KR, Warwick RM. 2001. Change in marine communities: an approach to statistical analysis and interpretation (2nd edn). Plymouth: PRIMER-E.
   Google Scholar
• Collocott SJ, Vivier L, Cyrus DP. 2014. Prawn community structure in the subtropical Mfolozi–Msunduzi estuarine system, KwaZuluNatal, South Africa. African Journal of Aquatic Science 39: 127–140. doi: 10.2989/16085914.2014.925419
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cyrus DP. 1989. The Lake St. Lucia system – a research assessment. Southern African Journal of Aquatic Sciences 15: 3–27.
   Google Scholar
• Cyrus DP. 2013. Fish and fisheries. In: Perissinotto R, Stretch DD, Taylor RH (eds), Ecology and conservation of estuarine ecosystems: Lake St Lucia as a global model. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp 291–315
   Google Scholar
• Cyrus DP, Jerling H, MacKay F, Vivier L. 2011. Lake St Lucia, Africa’s largest estuarine lake in crisis: combined effects of mouth closure, low levels and hypersalinity. South African Journal of Science 107: 1–13. doi: 10.4102/sajs.v107i3/4.291
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cyrus DP, Vivier L. 2006. Status of the estuarine fish fauna in the St Lucia estuarine system, South Africa, after 30 months of mouth closure. African Journal of Aquatic Science 31: 71–81. doi: 10.2989/16085910609503873
   Google Scholar
• Cyrus DP, Vivier L, Owen RK, Jerling HL. 2010. Ecological status and role of the Mfolozi-Msunduzi estuarine system within the iSimangaliso Wetland Park, a World Heritage Site on the south-east coast of South Africa. African Journal of Aquatic Science 35: 109–116. doi: 10.2989/16085914.2010.490989
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DAFF (Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries). 2015. Status of the South African marine fishery resources, 2014. Cape Town: Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries.
   Google Scholar
• Day JA, Stewart BA, de Moor IJ, Louw AE. 2001. Guides to the freshwater invertebrates of southern Africa Vol. 4: Crustacea III; Bathynellacea, Amphipoda, Isopoda, Spelaeogriphacea, Tanaidacea and Decapoda. WRC Report No. TT 141/01, Pretoria: Water Research Commission.
   Google Scholar
• de Freitas AJ. 1986. Selection of nursery areas by six southeast African Penaeidae. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 23: 901–908. doi: 10.1016/0272-7714(86)90080-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Freitas AJ. 2011. The Penaeoidea of southeast Africa IV–the family Penaeidae: Genus Penaeus. ORI Investigational Report No. 59. Durban: Oceanographic Research Institute.
   Google Scholar
• de Grave S. 1999. Rostral variation in Palaemon concinnus Dana, 1852 (Decapoda, Palaemonidae). Crustaceana 72: 701–704. doi: 10.1163/156854099503744
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demetriades NT, Forbes AT. 1993. Seasonal changes in the species composition of penaeid prawns on the Tugela Bank, Natal, South Africa. South African Journal of Marine Science 13: 317–322. doi: 10.2989/025776193784287266
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fennessy ST, Groeneveld JC. 1997. A review of the offshore trawl fishery for crustaceans on the east coast of South Africa. Fisheries Management and Ecology 4: 135–147. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2400.1997.00104.x
   Google Scholar
• Fielding PJ, Forbes AT, Mander J, Taylor RT, Demetriades N. 1990. Prawns, salinities and lake levels in St Lucia, northern Natal. South African Journal of Science 86: 252–255.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flegel TW. 2007. The right to refuse revision in the genus Penaeus. Aquaculture 264: 2–8. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.12.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forbes AT, Benfield MC. 1986a. Penaeid prawns in the St Lucia Lake system: post-larval recruitment and the bait fishery. South African Journal of Zoology 21: 224–228. doi: 10.1080/02541858.1986.11447986
   Google Scholar
• Forbes AT, Benfield MC. 1986b. Tidal behaviour of post-larval penaeid prawns (Crustacea: Decapoda: Penaeidae) in a southeast African estuary. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 102: 23–34. doi: 10.1016/0022-0981(86)90123-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forbes AT, Cyrus DP. 1991. Recruitment and origin of penaeid prawn postlarvae in two south-east African estuaries. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 33: 281–289. doi: 10.1016/0272-7714(91)90057-I
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forbes AT, Demetriades NT. 2005. A review of the commercial, shallow water penaeid prawn resource of South Africa: status, fisheries, aquaculture and management. Specialist Report, Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife.
   Google Scholar
• Forbes AT, Forbes NT. 2013. Penaeid prawns. In: Perissinotto R, Stretch DD, Taylor RH (eds), Ecology and conservation of estuarine ecosystems: Lake St. Lucia as a global model. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp 269–290.
   Google Scholar
• Gordon N, Adams JB, Bate GC. 2008. Epiphytes of the St. Lucia Estuary and their response to water level and salinity changes during a severe drought. Aquatic Botany 88: 66–76. doi: 10.1016/j.aquabot.2007.08.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerao G, Ribera C. 1996. Locomotor activity patterns and feeding habits in the prawn Palaemon serratus (Pennant, 1777) (Decapoda, Palaemonidae) in the Alfacs Bay, Ebro Delta, Spain. Crustaceana 69: 101–112. doi: 10.1163/156854096X00132
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haig J, Ryan NM, Williams KF, Kaiser MJ. 2014. A review of the Palaemon serratus fishery: biology, ecology and management. Bangor University, Fisheries and Conservation Report No. 38.
   Google Scholar
• Hewitt DR, Duncan PF. 2001. Effect of high water temperature on the survival, moulting and food consumption of Penaeus (Marsupenaeus) japonicus (Bate, 1888). Aquaculture Research 32: 305–313. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2109.2001.00560.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jerling HL, Vivier L, Cyrus DP. 2010. Response of the mesozooplankton community of the St Lucia estuary, South Africa, to a mouth-opening event during an extended drought. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 86: 543–552. doi: 10.1016/j.ecss.2009.11.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joubert LS, Davies DH. 1966. The penaeid prawns of the St. Lucia Lake system. Investigational Report No. 13. Durban: Oceanographic Research Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Kelbe B, Taylor R. 2011. Analysis of the hydrological linkage between Mfolozi/Msunduzi Estuary and Lake St Lucia. In: Bate GC, Whitfield AK, Forbes AT (eds), A review of studies on the Mfolozi Estuary and associated floodplain, with emphasis on information required by management for future reconnection of the river to the St Lucia system. Pretoria: Water Research Commission. pp 64–98.
   Google Scholar
• Kelly E, Tully O, Browne R. 2012. Effects of temperature and salinity on the survival and development of larval and juvenile Palaemon serratus (Decapoda: Palaemonidae) from Irish waters. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 92: 151–161. doi: 10.1017/S0025315411000415
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kensley BF. 1972. Shrimps and prawns of southern Africa. Cape Town: Trustees of the South African Museum.
   Google Scholar
• Kirkpatrick K, Jones MB. 1985. Salinity tolerance and osmoregulation of a prawn, Palaemon affinis Milne Edwards (Caridea: Palaemonidae). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 93: 61–70. doi: 10.1016/0022-0981(85)90148-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumlu M, Jones DA. 1995. Salinity tolerance of hatchery-reared postlarvae of Penaeus indicus H. Milne Edwards originating from India. Aquaculture 130: 287–296. doi: 10.1016/0044-8486(94)00319-J
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kutty MN, Murugapoopathy G, Krishnan TS. 1971. Influence of salinity and temperature on the oxygen consumption in young juveniles of the Indian prawn Penaeus indicus. Marine Biology 11: 125–131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loneragan NR, Potter IC. 1990. Factors influencing community structure and distribution of different life-cycle categories of fishes in shallow waters of a large Australian estuary. Marine Biology 106: 25–37. doi: 10.1007/BF02114671
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma KY, Chan T–Y, Chu KH. 2011. Refuting the six-genus classification of Penaeus s.l. (Dendrobranchiata, Penaeidae): a combined analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Zoologica Scripta 40: 498–508. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2011.00483.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKay F, Cyrus DP, Russell K-L. 2010. Macrobenthic invertebrate responses to prolonged drought in South Africa’s largest estuarine lake complex. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 86: 553–567. doi: 10.1016/j.ecss.2009.11.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macpherson E. 1990. The validation of Palaemon peringueyi (Stebbing, 1915) from southern African waters and its relationship with Palaemon pacificus (Stimpson, 1860) (Decapoda, Palaemonidae). Journal of Natural History 24: 627–633. doi: 10.1080/00222939000770421
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meager JJ, Vance DJ, Williamson I, Loneragan NR. 2003. Microhabitat distribution of juvenile Penaeus merguiensis de Man and other epibenthic crustaceans within a mangrove forest in subtropical Australia. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 294: 127–144. doi: 10.1016/S0022-0981(03)00241-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millard NAH, Broekhuysen GJ. 1970. The ecology of South African estuaries; Part X; St. Lucia: a second report. Zoologica Africana 5: 277–307. doi: 10.1080/00445096.1970.11447398
   Google Scholar
• Mohan R, Selvam V, Azariah J. 1995. Temporal distribution and abundance of shrimp postlarvae and juveniles in the mangroves of Muthupet, Tamilnadu, India. Hydrobiologia 295: 183–191. doi: 10.1007/BF00029125
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen RK, Forbes AT. 1997. Salinity, floods and the infaunal macrobenthic community of the St Lucia Estuary, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Southern African Journal of Aquatic Sciences 23: 14–30. doi: 10.1080/10183469.1997.9631385
   Google Scholar
• Pérez-Castañeda R, Defeo O. 2001. Population variability of four sympatric Penaeid shrimps (Farfantepenaeus spp.) in a tropical coastal lagoon of Mexico. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 52: 631–641. doi: 10.1006/ecss.2001.0771
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez Farfante I, Kensley B. 1997. Penaeoid and sergestoid shrimps and prawns of the world. Keys and diagnoses for the families and genera. Paris: Editions du Museum national d’Histoire naturelle.
   Google Scholar
• Perissinotto R, Miranda N, Raw J, Peer N. 2014. Biodiversity census of Lake St Lucia, iSimangaliso Wetland Park (South Africa): Gastropod molluscs. ZooKeys 440: 1–43. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.440.7803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perissinotto R, Stretch DD, Taylor RH (eds). 2013. Ecology and conservation of estuarine ecosystems: Lake St Lucia as a global model. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pillay D, Perissinotto R. 2008. The benthic macrofauna of the St. Lucia Estuary during the 2005 drought year. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 77: 35–46. doi: 10.1016/j.ecss.2007.09.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richard J, Clark PF. 2010. Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea: Atyoidea: Atyidae) – freshwater shrimps from eastern and southern Africa. Zootaxa 2372: 305–337.
   Google Scholar
• Sartory DP. 1982. Spectrophotometric analysis of chlorophyll a in freshwater phytoplankton. HRI Report No. TR 115. Pretoria: Hydrological Research Institute, Department of Water Affairs.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor RH. 2006. Ecological responses to changes in the physical environment of the St Lucia estuary. PhD thesis, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor RH. 2011. The state of St Lucia – 24 January 2011. Unpublished Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife report, October 2010 – January 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor RH, Adams JB, Haldorsen S. 2006. Primary habitats of the St Lucia estuarine system, South Africa, and their responses to mouth management. African Journal of Aquatic Science 31: 31–41. doi: 10.2989/16085910609503869
   Google Scholar
• ter Braak CJF, Šmilauer P. 1998. CANOCO reference manual and user’s guide to Canoco for Windows: software for canonical community ordination (Version 4). Ithaca, NewYork: Microcomputer Power.
   Google Scholar
• Vance D, Haywood M, Heales D, Kenyon R, Loneragan N, Pendrey R. 1996. How far do prawns and fish move into mangroves? Distribution of juvenile banana prawns Penaeus merguiensis and fish in a tropical mangrove forest in northern Australia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 131: 115–124. doi: 10.3354/meps131115
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Niekerk L. 2004. Preliminary determination of the ecological reserve on a rapid level for the Lake St Lucia Estuary. CSIR Report ENV–S–C 2004. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Stellenbosch.
   Google Scholar
• Vivier L, Cyrus DP, Jerling HL. 2010. Fish community structure of the St Lucia estuarine system under prolonged drought conditions and its potential for recovery after mouth breaching. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 86: 568–579. doi: 10.1016/j.ecss.2009.11.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weerts SP, MacKay CF, Cyrus DP. 2014. The potential for a fish ladder to mitigate against the loss of marine-estuarine-freshwater connectivity in a subtropical coastal lake. Water SA 40: 27–38. doi: 10.4314/wsa.v40i1.4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitfield AK, Taylor RH. 2009. A review of the importance of freshwater inflow to the future conservation of Lake St Lucia. Aquatic Conservation 19: 838–848. doi: 10.1002/aqc.1061
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitfield AK, Taylor RH, Fox C, Cyrus DP. 2006. Fishes and salinities in the St Lucia estuarine system – a review. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 16: 1–20. doi: 10.1007/s11160-006-0003-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar