Biomass partitioning in an endemic southern African salt marsh species Salicornia tegetaria (Chenopodiaceae)

References

• Adams JB, Bate GC. 1994. The effect of salinity and inundation on the estuarine macrophyte Sarcocornia perennis (Mill.) AJ Scott. Aquatic Botany 47: 341–348. doi: 10.1016/0304-3770(94)90063-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams CA, Andrews JE, Jickells T. 2012. Nitrous oxide and methane fluxes vs carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous burial in new intertidal and saltmarsh sediments. The Science of the Total Environment 434: 240–251. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.058
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allanson B, Baird D. 2008. Estuaries of South Africa. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Angiolini, C, Landi M, Pieroni G, Frignani F, Finoia MG, Gaggi C. 2013. Soil chemical features as key predictors of plant community occurrence in a Mediterranean coastal ecosystem. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 119: 91–100. doi: 10.1016/j.ecss.2012.12.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong W, Wright EJ, Lythe S, Gaynard TJ. 1985. Plant zonation and the effects of the spring-neap tidal cycle on soil aeration in a Humber salt-marsh. Journal of Ecology 73: 323–339. doi: 10.2307/2259786
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arslan H, Demir Y. 2013. Impacts of seawater intrusion on soil salinity and alkalinity in Bafra Plain, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 185: 1027–1040. doi: 10.1007/s10661-012-2611-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bai J, Ouyang H, Deng W, Zhu Y, Zhang X, Wang Q. 2005. Spatial distribution characteristics of organic matter and total nitrogen of marsh soils in river marginal wetlands. Geoderma 124: 181–192. doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.04.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbier EB, Hacker SD, Kennedy C, Koch EW, Stier AC, Silliman BR. 2011. The value of estuarine and coastal ecosystem services. Ecological Monographs 81: 169–193. doi: 10.1890/10-1510.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barko JW, Smart RM. 1986. Sediment-related mechanisms of growth limitation in submersed macrophytes. Ecology 67: 1328–1340. doi: 10.2307/1938689
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnard RO. 1990. Handbook of Standard Sediment Testing Methods for Advisory urposes. Pretoria, South Africa:.Sediment Science Society of South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Bartlett KB, Bartlett DS, Harriss RC, Sebacher DI. 1987. Methane emissions along a salt-marsh salinity gradient. Biogeochemistry 4: 183–202. doi: 10.1007/BF02187365
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bazzaz FA, Chiariello NR, Coley PD, Pitelka LF. 1987. Allocating resources to reproduction and defence. Bioscience 37: 58–67. doi: 10.2307/1310178
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertness MD, Hacker SD. 1994. Physical stress and positive associations among marsh plants. American Naturalist 144: 363–372. doi: 10.1086/285681
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bickerton IB. 1984. Report No. 25: Heuningnes (CSW 19). In: Heydorn, AEF, Grindley JR (Eds). Estuaries of the Cape. Part II. Synopses of Available Information on Individual Systems. CSIR Research Report No. 424. Stellenbosch, South Africa: CSIR.
   Google Scholar
• Black CA, Evans DD, Dinauer RC. 1965. Methods of soil analysis. Madison, Wisconsin, USA: American Society of Agronomy.
   Google Scholar
• Bornman TG, Adams JB, Bate GC. 2002. Freshwater requirements of a semi-arid supratidal and floodplain salt marsh. Estuaries and Coasts 25: 1394–1405. doi: 10.1007/BF02692233
   Google Scholar
• Bornman TG, Schmidt J, Adams JB, Mfikili AN, Farre RE, Smit AJ. 2016. Relative sea-level rise and the potential for subsidence of the Swartkops Estuary intertidal salt marshes, South Africa. South African Journal of Botany 107: 91–100. doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2016.05.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun Y, Hassidim M, Lerner HR, Reinhold L. 1986. Studies on H+ -Translocating ATPases in plants of varying resistance to salinity I. Salinity during growth modulates the proton pump in the halophyte Atriplex nummularia. Plant Physiology 81: 1050–1056. doi: 10.1104/pp.81.4.1050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briggs DJ. 1977. Sources and methods in geography: Soils. London, UK: Butterworths.
   Google Scholar
• Castellanos EM, Figueroa ME, Davy AJ. 1994. Nucleation and facilitation in saltmarsh succession: interactions between Spartina maritima and Arthrocnemum perenne. Journal of Ecology 82: 239–248. doi: 10.2307/2261292
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chmura GL, Anisfeld SC, Cahoon DR, Lynch JC. 2003. Global carbon sequestration in tidal, saline wetland soils. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 17: 1–12. doi: 10.1029/2002GB001917
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chmura GL. 2013. What do we need to assess the sustainability of the tidal salt-marsh carbon sink? Ocean & Coastal Management 83: 25–31. doi: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2011.09.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colmer TD, Voesenek L. 2009. Flooding tolerance: suites of plant traits in variable environments. Functional Plant Biology 36: 665–681. doi: 10.1071/FP09144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connor R, Chmura GL. 2000. Dynamics of above and below ground organic matter in a high latitude macrotidal saltmarsh. Marine Ecology Progress Series 204: 101–110. doi: 10.3354/meps204101
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa CSB, Marangoni JC, Azevedo AMG. 2003. Plant zonation in irregularly flooded salt-marshes: relative importance of stress tolerance and biological interactions. Journal of Ecology 91: 951–965. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2745.2003.00821.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curcó A, Ibànez C, Day JW, Prat N. 2002. Net primary production and decomposition of salt-marshes of the Ebre Delta (Catalonia, Spain). Estuaries 25: 309–324. doi: 10.1007/BF02695976
   Google Scholar
• Darby FA, Turner RE. 2008. Below-and above ground biomass of Spartina alterniflora: Response to nutrient addition in a Louisiana salt-marsh. Estuaries and Coasts 31: 326–334. doi: 10.1007/s12237-008-9037-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davy AJ, Bishop GF, Mossman H, Redondo-Gómez S, Castillo JM, Castellanos EM, Luque T, Figueroa ME. 2006. Biological flora of the British Isles: Sarcocornia perennis (Miller) AJ Scott. Journal of Ecology 94: 1035–1048. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01156.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De la Cruz AA, Hackney CT. 1977. Energy value, elemental composition, and productivity of below ground biomass of a Juncus tidal marsh. Ecology 58: 1165–1170. doi: 10.2307/1936938
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flemming BW. 1977. Langebaan Lagoon: a mixed carbonate-siliciclastic tidal environment in a semi-arid climate. Sedimentary Geology 18: 61–95. doi: 10.1016/0037-0738(77)90006-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geldenhuys C, Cotiyane P, Rajkaran A. 2016. Understanding the creek dynamics and environmental characteristics that determine the distribution of mangrove and salt-marsh communities at Nahoon Estuary. South African Journal of Botany 107: 137–147. doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2016.04.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gómez-Plaza A, Martinez-Mena M, Albaladejo J, Castillo VM. 2001. Factors regulating spatial distribution of soil water content in small semiarid catchments. Journal of Hydrology (Amsterdam) 253: 211–226. doi: 10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00483-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross MF, Hardisky MA, Wolf PL, Klemas V. 1991. Relationship between above ground and below ground biomass of Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass). Estuaries and Coasts 14: 180–191. doi: 10.2307/1351692
   Google Scholar
• Guo H, Pennings SC. 2012. Mechanisms mediating plant distributions across estuarine landscapes in a low-latitude tidal estuary. Ecology 93: 90–100. doi: 10.1890/11-0487.1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hackney CT, De La Cruz AA. 1986. Below ground productivity of roots and rhizomes in a giant cordgrass marsh. Estuaries 9: 112–116. doi: 10.2307/1351943
   Google Scholar
• Heiri O, Lotter AF, Lemcke G. 2001. Loss on ignition as a method for estimating organic and carbonate content in sediments: reproducibility and comparability of results. Journal of Paleolimnology 25: 101–110. doi: 10.1023/A:1008119611481
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heydorn AEF, Tinley KL. 1980. Estuaries of the Cape. Part I. Synopsis of the Cape coast. Natural features, dynamics and utilisation. CSIR Research Report 380: 1–97.
   Google Scholar
• Hopkinson CS, Dunn EL. 1984. Rapid sampling of organic matter in flooded soils and sediments. Estuaries 7: 181–184. doi: 10.2307/1351775
   Google Scholar
• Husson O. 2013. Redox potential (Eh) and pH as drivers of soil/plant/ microorganism systems: a transdisciplinary overview pointing to integrative opportunities for agronomy. Plant and Soil 362: 389–417. doi: 10.1007/s11104-012-1429-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jury MR, Levey K. 1993. The Eastern Cape drought. Water SA 19: 133–137.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamberth SJ, Van Niekerk L., Hutchings K. 2008. Comparison of, and the effects of altered freshwater inflow on, fish assemblages of two contrasting South African estuaries: the cool-temperate Olifants and the warm-temperate Breede. African Journal of Marine Science 30: 311–336. doi: 10.2989/AJMS.2008.30.2.9.559
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen LG, Harvey JW. 2010. How vegetation and sediment transport feedbacks drive landscape change in the Everglades and wetlands worldwide. The American Naturalist 176: 66–79. doi: 10.1086/655215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovelock CE, Cahoon DR, Friess DA, Guntenspergen GR, Krauss KW. 2015. The vulnerability of Indo-Pacific mangrove forests to sea-level rise. Nature 526: 559–563. doi: 10.1038/nature15538
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lubke RA, Hertling UM. 2001. The role of European marram grass in dune stabilization and succession near Cape Agulhas, South Africa. Journal of Coastal Conservation 7: 171–182. doi: 10.1007/BF02742479
   Google Scholar
• Mahall BE, Park RB. 1976. The ecotone between Spartina foliosa Trin. and Salicornia virginica L. in salt-marshes of northern San Francisco Bay: I. biomass and production. Journal of Ecology 64: 421–433. doi: 10.2307/2258766
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mangiafico S. 2019. rcompanion: Functions to Support Extension Education Program Evaluation. R package version 2.2.1. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=rcompanion.
   Google Scholar
• Marani M, Da Lio C, D’Alpaos A. 2013. Vegetation engineer’s marsh morphology through multiple competing stable states. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110: 3259–3263. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1218327110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mcleod E, Chmura GL, Bouillon S, Salm R, Björk M, Duarte CM, Lovelock CE, Schlesinger WH, Silliman B. 2011. A blueprint for blue carbon: toward an improved understanding of the role of vegetated coastal habitats in sequestering CO2. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 9: 552–560. doi: 10.1890/110004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minden V, Kleyer M. 2011. Testing the effect–response framework: key response and effect traits determining above ground biomass of salt-marshes. Journal of Vegetation Science 22: 387–401. doi: 10.1111/j.1654-1103.2011.01272.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minden V, Andratschke S, Spalke J, Timmermann H, Kleyer M. 2012. Plant trait–environment relationships in salt-marshes: deviations from predictions by ecological concepts. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 14: 183–192. doi: 10.1016/j.ppees.2012.01.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mucina, L, Adams JB, Knevel IC, Rutherford MC, Powrie MCLW, Bolton JJJ, et al. 2006. Coastal vegetation of South Africa. (p 658–697). In: Mucina L, Rutherford MC (Eds). The Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Pretoria, South Africa: SANBI.
   Google Scholar
• Ogle DH, Wheeler P, Dinno A. 2019. FSA: Fisheries Stock Analysis. R package version 0.8.24. https://github.com/droglenc/FSA.
   Google Scholar
• Olff H, De Leeuw J, Bakker JP, Platerink RJ, van Wijnen HJ. 1997. Vegetation succession and herbivory in a salt-marsh: changes induced by sea level rise and silt deposition along an elevational gradient. Journal of Ecology 85: 799–814. doi: 10.2307/2960603
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouyang X, Lee SY. 2014. Updated estimates of carbon accumulation rates in coastal marsh sediments. Biogeosciences 11: 5057–5071. doi: 10.5194/bg-11-5057-2014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouyang X, Lee SY, Connolly RM. 2017. The role of root decomposition in global mangrove and saltmarsh carbon budgets. Earth-Science Reviews 166: 53–63. doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.01.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palomo L, Niell FX. 2009. Primary production and nutrient budgets of Sarcocornia perennis ssp. alpini (Lag.) Castroviejo in the salt-marsh of the Palmones River estuary (Southern Spain). Aquatic Botany 91: 130–136. doi: 10.1016/j.aquabot.2009.04.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennings SC, Callaway RM. 1992. Salt-marsh plant zonation: the relative importance of competition and physical factors. Ecology 73: 681–690. doi: 10.2307/1940774
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson BJ, Graves WR. 2009. Variation in development and response to rootzone pH among seedlings of Dirca palustris (Thymelaeaceae) from three provenances. HortScience 44: 1319–1322. doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI.44.5.1319
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pezeshki SR, DeLaune RD. 2012. Soil oxidation-reduction in wetlands and its impact on plant functioning. Biology (Basel) 1: 196–221.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Poluektov RA, Topazh AG. 2005. Calculation of the root/shoot ratio in the models of higher plant organogenesis. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology: a Comprehensive Russian Journal on Modern Phytophysiology 52: 685–690. doi: 10.1007/s11183-005-0102-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponnamperuma FN. 1972. The chemistry of submerged soils. Advances in Agronomy 24: 29–96. doi: 10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60633-1
   Google Scholar
• R Core Team. 2013. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria. http://www.R-project.org/.
   Google Scholar
• Reddering K. 1987. The effects of river floods on sediment dispersal in small estuaries: a case study from East London. South African Journal of Geology 90: 458–470.
   Google Scholar
• Redondo-Gómez SJ, Castillo M, Luque CJ, Luque T, Figueroa ME, Davy AJ. 2007. Fundamental niche differentiation in subspecies of Sarcocornia perennis on a salt-marsh elevational gradient. Marine Ecology Progress Series 347: 15–20. doi: 10.3354/meps07041
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reta G, Dong X, Li Z, Su B, Hu X, Bo H, Yu D, Wan H, Liu J, Li Y, Xu G. 2018. Environmental impact of phosphate mining and beneficiation: review. International Journal of Hydrology 2: 424–431. doi: 10.15406/ijh.2018.02.00106
   Google Scholar
• Rogel JA, Ariza FA, Silla RO. 2000. Soil salinity and moisture gradients and plant zonation in Mediterranean salt-marshes of southeast Spain. Wetlands 20: 357–372. doi: 10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020[0357:SSAMGA]2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scarton F, Day JW, Rismondo A. 2002. Primary production and decomposition of Sarcocornia fruticosa (L.) Scott and Phragmites australis Trin. ex Steudel in the Po Delta, Italy. Estuaries and Coasts 25: 325–336. doi: 10.1007/BF02695977
   Google Scholar
• Schubauer JP, Hopkinson CS. 1984. Above and below ground emergent macrophyte production and turnover in a coastal marsh ecosystem, Georgia. Limnology and Oceanography 29: 1052–1065. doi: 10.4319/lo.1984.29.5.1052
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulze BR. 1965. Climate of South Africa. Part 8. Pretoria, South Africa: Government Printer.
   Google Scholar
• Schumann EH. 2003. Towards the management of marine sedimentation in South African estuaries with special reference to the Eastern Cape. Water Research Commission Report No. 1109/1/03. Pretoria, South Africa: Water Research Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Seybold CA, Mersie W, Huang J, McNamee C. 2002. Soil redox, pH, temperature, and water-table patterns of a freshwater tidal wetland. Wetlands, 22: 149–158. doi: 10.1672/0277-5212(2002)022[0149:SRPTAW]2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steffen S, Mucina L, Kadereit G. 2009. Three new species of Sarcocornia (Chenopodiaceae) from South Africa. Kew Bulletin 64: 447–459. doi: 10.1007/s12225-009-9127-1
   Google Scholar
• Stocker TF, D Qin, G-K Plattner, M Tignor, SK Allen, J Boschung, A Nauels, Y Xia, V Bex, PM Midgley (Eds). 2013. IPCC 2013: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, United States: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Valiela I, Teal JM, Persson NY. 1976. Production and dynamics of experimentally enriched salt-marsh vegetation: below ground biomass. Limnology and Oceanography 21: 245–252. doi: 10.4319/lo.1976.21.2.0245
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Niekerk L, Turpie JK. 2012. South African National Biodiversity Assessment 2011: Technical report. Volume 3: Estuary component. Stellenbosch, South Africa: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research.
   Google Scholar
• Veldkornet DA, Potts AJ, Adams JB. 2016. The distribution of salt marsh macrophyte species in relation to physicochemical variables. South African journal of Botany 107: 84–90. doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2016.08.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitfield AK. 2005. Langebaan–A new type of estuary? African Journal of Aquatic Science 30: 207–209. doi: 10.2989/16085910509503859
   Google Scholar