551
Views
15
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Does forgiveness mediate the impact of school bullying on adolescent mental health?

&

References

  • Achenbach TM, Rescorla LA. 2001. Manual for the ASEBA School-Age Forms and Profiles. Burlington, Vermont: Research Centre for Children, Youth, and Families.
  • Ahmed E, Braithwaite V. 2004. Bullying and victimization: cause for concern for both families and schools. Social Psychology of Education 7: 35–54.
  • Ahmed E, Braithwaite V. 2005. Forgiveness, shaming, shame and bullying. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology 38: 298–323.
  • Ahmed E, Braithwaite V. 2006. Forgiveness, reconciliation, and shame: Three key variables in reducing school bullying. Journal of Social Issues 62: 347–370.
  • Baron RM, Kenny DA. 1986. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51: 1173–1182.
  • Beck AT. 1976. Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York: International University Press.
  • Bentler PM. 1990. Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin 107: 238–246.
  • Berry JW, Worthington EL. 2001. Forgiveness, relationship quality, stress while imagining relationship events, and physical and mental health. Journal of Counselling Psychology 48: 447–455.
  • Bond L, Carlin JB, Thomas L, Rubin K, Patton G. 2001. Does bullying cause emotional problems? A prospective study of young teenagers. British Medical Journal 323: 480–484.
  • Browne MW, Cudeck R. 1992. Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociological Methods and Research 21: 230–258.
  • Chiaramello S, Mesnil M, Sastre MTM, Mullet E. 2006. Dispositional forgiveness among adolescents. Unpublished Manuscript.
  • Coggan C, Bennett S, Hooper R, Dickinson P. 2003. Association between bullying and mental health status in New Zealand adolescents. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion 5: 16–22.
  • DeCarlo LT. 1997. On the meaning and use of kurtosis. Psychological Methods 2: 292–307.
  • DeVoe E, Dean K, Traube D, McKay M. 2005. The SURVIVE community project: A family-based intervention to reduce the impact of violence exposures in urban youth. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma 11: 95–116.
  • Egan LA, Todorov N. 2009. Forgiveness as a coping strategy to allow school students to deal with the effects of being bullied: Theoretical and empirical discussion. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 28: 198–222.
  • Enright RD. 2001. Forgiveness is a choice. Washington, DC: APA LifeTools, American Psychological Association.
  • Enright RD, Freedman SR, Rique J. 1998. The psychology of interpersonal forgiveness. In: Enright RD, North J (eds), Exploring forgiveness. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp 46–62.
  • Enright RD, Knutson Enright JA, Holter AC, Baskin T, Knutson C. 2007. Waging peace through forgiveness in Belfast, Northern Ireland II: Educational programs for mental health improvement of children. Journal of Research in Education 17: 63–78.
  • Fan X, Wang L. 1998. Effects of potential confounding factors on fit indices and parameter estimates for true and misspecified SEM models. Educational and Psychological Measurement 58: 701–735.
  • Flanagan KS, Vanden Hoek KK, Ranter JM, Reich HA. 2012. The potential of forgiveness as a response for coping with negative peer experiences. Journal of Adolescence 35: 1215–1223.
  • Gruber JE, Fineran S. 2008. Comparing the impact of bullying and sexual harassment victimization on the mental and physical health of adolescents. Sex Roles 59: 1–13.
  • Guerra NG, Williams KR, Sadek, S. 2011. Understanding bullying and victimization during childhood and adolescence: a mixed methods study. Child Development 82: 295–310.
  • Hay C, Meldrum R. 2010. Bullying victimization and adolescent self-harm: Testing hypotheses from general strain theory. Journal of Youth Adolescence 39: 446–459.
  • Heydenberk RA, Heydenberk WR, Tzenova V. 2006. Conflict resolution and bully prevention: Skills for school success. Conflict Resolution Quarterly 24: 55–69.
  • Hu L, Bentler PM. 1995. Evaluating model fit. In: Hoyle RH (ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues and applications. Newbury Park: Sage. pp 76–99.
  • Hui EKP, Chau TS. 2009. The impact of a forgiveness intervention with Hong Kong Chinese children hurt in interpersonal relationships. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling 37: 141–156.
  • Hui EKP, Ho DKY. 2004. Forgiveness in the context of developmental guidance: implementation and evaluation. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling 32: 477–492.
  • Hui EKP, Tsang SKM, Law BCM. 2011. Combating school bullying through developmental guidance for positive youth development and promoting harmonious school culture. The Scientific World Journal 11: 2266–2277.
  • Iacobucci D, Saldanha N, Deng X. 2007. A meditation on mediation: Evidence that structural equations models perform better than regressions. Journal of Consumer Psychology 17: 140–154.
  • Ivarsson T, Broberg AG, Arvidsson T, Gillberg C. 2005. Bullying in adolescence: Psychiatric problems in victims and bullies as measured by the Youth Self Report (YSR) and the Depression Self-Rating Scale (DSRS). Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 59: 365–373.
  • Jöreskog KG. 2005. Structural equation modeling with ordinal variables using LISREL. Technical report, Scientific Software International, Inc., Lincolnwood, IL. Available at http://www.ssicentral.com/lisrel/techdocs/ordinal.pdf [INSERT DATE ACCESSED].
  • Jöreskog KG, Sörbom D. 2003. LISREL 8.54 for Windows [Computer software]. Skokie, Il: Scientific Software International, Inc.
  • Kaltiala-Heino R, Fröjd S, Marttunen M. 2010. Involvement in bullying and depression in a 2-year follow-up in middle adolescence. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 19: 45–55.
  • Kaltiala-Heino R, Fröjd S. 2011. Correlation between bullying and clinical depression in adolescent patients. Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics 2: 37–44.
  • Karremans JC, Van Lange PAM. 2004. Back to caring after being hurt: The role of forgiveness. European Journal of Social Psychology 34: 207–227.
  • Kelley HH. 1967. Attribution theory in social psychology. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation 15: 192–238.
  • Kim YS, Leventhal BL, Koh YJ, Hubbard A, Boyce WT. 2006. School bullying and youth violence: causes or consequences of psychopathologic behavior?. Archives of General Psychiatry 63: 1035–41.
  • Kline RB. 1998. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford.
  • Kochenderfer BJ, Ladd GW. 1997. Victimized children's responses to peers’ aggression: Behaviors associated with reduced versus continued victimization. Development and Psychopathology 9: 59–73.
  • Kokkinos CM, Panayiotou G. 2004. Predicting bullying and victimization among early adolescents: Associations with Disruptive Behavior Disorders. Aggressive Behavior 30: 520–533.
  • Little, RJA. 1988. A test of missing completely at random for multivariate data with missing values. Journal of the American Statistical Association 83: 1198–1202.
  • Liu X, Lu D, Zhou L, Su L. 2012. Forgiveness as a moderator of the association between victimization and suicidal ideation. Indian Paediatrics 5: 1–9.
  • Loeger L, Allison S, Korossy-Horwood R, Eckert KA, Goldney RD. 2010. Is a history of school bullying victimization associated with adult suicidal ideation? A South Australian population-based observational study. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 198: 728–733.
  • Luk JW, Wang J, Simons-Morton BG. 2010. Bullying victimization and substance use among U.S. adolescents: Mediation by depression. Prevention Science 11: 355–359.
  • MacCallum RC, Browne MW, Sugawara HM. 1996. Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological Methods 1: 130–149.
  • MacKinnon SP, Lockwood CM, Williams J. 2004. Confidence limits for the indirect effect: Distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivariate Behavioral Research 39: 99–128.
  • Maltby J, Macaskill A, Day L. 2001. Failure to forgive self and others: a replication and extension of the relationship between forgiveness, personality, social desirability and general health. Personality and Individual Differences 30: 881–885.
  • Mardia KV. 1970. Measurement of multivariate skewness and kurtosis with applications. Biometrika 57: 519–530.
  • Marsh HW, Balla JR, McDonald RP. 1988. Goodness-of-fit indices in confirmatory factor analysis: The effect of sample size. Psychological Bulletin 103(3): 391–410.
  • Mauger PA, Perry JE, Freeman T, Grove DC, McBride AG, McKinney KE. 1992. The measurement of forgiveness: Preliminary Research. Journal of Psychology and Christianity 11: 170–180.
  • McCullough ME, Worthington EL, Rachal KC. 1997. Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 73: 321–336.
  • McLaughlin KA, Hatzenbuehler ML, Hilt LM. 2009. Emotional dysregulation as a mechanism linking peer victimization to internalizing symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 77: 894–904.
  • Mills C, Guerin S, Lynch F, Daly I, Fitzpatrick C. 2004. The relationship between bullying, depression and suicidal thoughts/behaviour in Irish adolescents. Irish Journal of Psychiatric Medicine 21: 112–116.
  • Monks CP, Coyne I. 2011. A history of research into bullying. In: Monks CP, Coyne I(eds), Bullying in different contexts. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp 1–11.
  • Mulaik SA, James LR, Van Alstine J, Bennett N, Lind S, Stilwell CD. 1989. Evaluation of goodness-of-fit indices for structural equation models. Psychological Bulletin 105: 430–445.
  • Mullet E, Barros J, Frongia L, Usaï V, Neto F, Shafighi SR. 2003. Religious involvement and the forgiving personality. Journal of Personality 71: 1–19.
  • Mullet E, Neto F, Riviere S. 2005. Personality and its effects on resentment, revenge, and forgiveness and on self-forgiveness. In: Worthington EL(ed), Handbook of forgiveness. New York: Brunner-Routledge. pp159–182.
  • Nansel T, Craig W, Overpeck M, Saluja G, Ruan JHealth Behaviour in School-aged Children Bullying Analyses Working Group. 2004. Cross-national consistency in the relationship between bullying behaviours and psychosocial adjustment. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine158: 730–736.
  • Nevitt J, Hancock GR. 2000. Improving the root mean square error of approximation for nonnormal conditions in structural equation modeling. Journal of Experimental Education 68: 251–268.
  • Newman ML, Holden GW, Delville Y. 2005. Isolation and the stress of being bullied. Journal of Adolescence 28: 343–357.
  • Olweus D. 1991. Bully/victim problems among schoolchildren: basic facts and effects of a school based intervention program. In: Pepler D, Rubin K(eds), The development and treatment of childhood aggression. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erbaum. pp 411–448.
  • Ramirez O. 2013. Survivors of school bullying: A collective case study. Children and Schools 35: 93–99, doi:10.1093/cs/cdt001.
  • Renda J, Vassallo S, Edwards B. 2011. Bullying in early adolescence and its association with anti-social behaviour, criminality and violence 6 and 10 years later. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 21: 117–127.
  • Rivers I, Chesney T, Coyne I. 2011. Cyberbullying. In: Monks CP, Coyne I(eds), Bullying in different contexts. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp 211–230.
  • Roberts RC. 1995. Forgivingness. American Philosophical Quarterly 32: 289–306.
  • Sastre MTM, Vinsonneau G, Neto F, Girard M, Mullet E. 2003. Forgivingness and satisfaction with life. Journal of Happiness Studies 4: 323–335.
  • Smith PK. 2011. Bullying in schools: thirty years of research. In: Monks CP, Coyne I(eds), Bullying in different contexts. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp 36–59.
  • Smith PK, Mahdavi J, Carvalho M, Fisher S, Russell S, Tippett N. 2008. Cyberbullying: its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 49: 378–385.
  • Sobel ME. 1982. Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. Sociological Methodology 13: 290–312.
  • Sourander A, Jensen P, Rönning JA, Niemelä S, Helenious H, Sillanmäki L, Almqvist F. 2007. What is the early adulthood outcome of boys who bully or are bullied in Childhood? The Finnish “From a Boy to a Man” Study. Pediatrics 120: 397–404.
  • Steiger JH. 1990. Structural model evaluation and modification: An interval estimation approach. Multivariate Behavioral Research 25: 173–180.
  • Steiger JH. 2000. Point estimation, hypothesis testing, and interval estimation using the RMSEA: Some comments and a reply to Hayduk and Glaser. Structural Equation Modelling 7: 149–162.
  • Steiger JH, Lind JC. 1980. Statistically-based tests for the number of common factors. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Psychometric Society, Iowa City, Iowa.
  • Turner HA, Finkelhor D, Ormrod R. 2010. The effects of adolescent victimization on self-concept and depressive symptoms. Child Maltreatment 15: 76–90.
  • Van Dyke CJ, Elias MJ. 2007. How forgiveness, purpose, and religiousity are related to the mental health and well-being of youth: A review of the literature. Mental Health, Religion and Culture 10: 395–415.
  • Wade NG, Hoyt WT, Kidwell JEM, Worthington EL. 2014. Efficacy of psychotherapeutic interventions to promote forgiveness: a Meta-Analysis. Journal of Counselling and Clinical Psychology 82: 154–170.
  • West, SG, Finch J, Curran PJ. 1995. Structural equation models with non-normal variables: Problems and remedies. In: Hoyle RH(ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues and applications. Newbury Park: Sage. pp 56–75.
  • Wolke D, Woods S, Stanford K, Schulz H. 2001. Bullying and victimization of primary school children in England and Germany: Prevalence and school factors. British Journal of Psychology 92: 673–696.
  • Worthington EL, Scherer M. 2004. Forgiveness is an emotion-focused coping strategy that can reduce health risks and promote health resilience: theory, review and hypotheses. Psychology and Health 19: 385–405.
  • Worthington EL, Wade NG. 1999. The social psychology of unforgiveness and forgiveness and implications for clinical practice. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 18: 385–418.
  • Woods S, White E. 2005. The association between bullying behaviour, arousal levels and behavioural problems. Journal of Adolescence 28: 381–395.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.