Biological characteristics of sardine caught by the beach-seine fishery during the KwaZulu-Natal sardine run

References

• Anchor Environmental Consultants CC . 2002 . Sampling of the annual KwaZulu-Natal sardine run 2002 , Cape Town: Anchor Environmental Consultants CC .
   Google Scholar
• Anon . 2009 . Research projects to support the sustainable management of small pelagic resources, April 2009 , Cape Town : Marine and Coastal Management, Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism . Unpublished report, No. MCM/2009/SWG-PEL/08
   Google Scholar
• Armstrong , M J , Berruti , A and Colclough , J . 1987 . “ Pilchard distribution in South African waters, 1983–1985 ” . In The Benguela and comparable ecosystems. South African Journal of Marine Science Edited by: Payne , A IL , Gulland , J A and Brink , K H . Vol. 5 , 871 – 886 .
   Google Scholar
• Armstrong , M J , Roel , B A and Prosch , R M . 1989 . Long-term trends in patterns of maturity in the southern Benguela pilchard population: evidence for density dependence? . South African Journal of Marine Science , 8 : 91 – 101 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong , M J , Chapman , P , Dudley , F J and Hampton , I . 1991 . Occurrence and population structure of pilchard Sardinops ocellatus, round herring Etrumeus whiteheadi and anchovy Engraulis capensis off the east coast of southern Africa . South African Journal of Marine Science , 11 : 227 – 249 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baird , D . 1969 . Report on the Natal ‘sardine run’, July 1969 , Cape Town : Division of Sea Fisheries, Department of Industries . Internal Report
   Google Scholar
• Baird , D . 1970 . Age and growth of the South African pilchard, Sardinops ocellata . Investigational Report, Division of Sea Fisheries, South Africa , 91 : 1 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Baird , D . 1971a . Seasonal occurrence of the pilchard Sardinops ocellata on the east coast of South Africa . Investigational Report, Division of Sea Fisheries, South Africa , 96 : 1 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Baird , D . 1971b . The Natal sardine run , Cape Town : Division of Sea Fisheries, Department of Industries . Internal Report
   Google Scholar
• Beckley , L E and Hewitson , J D . 1994 . Distribution and abundance of clupeoid larvae along the east coast of South Africa in 1990/91 . South African Journal of Marine Science , 14 : 205 – 212 .
   Google Scholar
• Beckley , L E and Naidoo , A K . 2003 . Exploratory trials with light-traps to investigate settlement stage fishes in subtropical, coastal waters off South Africa . African Zoology , 38 : 333 – 342 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Begg , G A , Friedland , K D and Pearce , J B . 1999 . Stock identification and its role in stock assessment and fisheries management: an overview . Fisheries Research , 43 : 1 – 8 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Begg , G A and Waldman , J R . 1999 . An holistic approach to fish stock identification . Fisheries Research , 43 : 35 – 44 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloete , JC . 1994 . The Natal sardine run , Cape Town : Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Department of Environmental Affairs . Annual Report No. 12
   Google Scholar
• Coetzee , J C , Merkle , D , Hutchings , L , Van Der Lingen , C D , Van Den Berg , M and Durholtz , M D . 2010 . The 2005 KwaZulu-Natal sardine run survey sheds new light on the ecology of small pelagic fish off the east coast of South Africa . African Journal of Marine Science , 32 : 337 – 360 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coetzee , J C , Van Der Lingen , C D , Hutchings , L and Fairweather , T P . 2008 . Has the fishery contributed to a major shift in the distribution of South African sardine? . ICES Journal of Marine Science , 65 : 1676 – 1688 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connell , AD . 2010 . A 21-year ichthyoplankton collection confirms sardine spawning in KwaZulu-Natal waters . African Journal of Marine Science , 32 : 331 – 336 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cury , P . 1994 . Obstinate nature: an ecology of individuals. Thoughts on reproductive behaviour and biodiversity . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 51 : 1664 – 1673 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies , DH . 1956a . The South African pilchard (Sardinops ocellata): sexual maturity and reproduction 1950–54 . Investigational Report, Division of Sea Fisheries, South Africa , 22 : 1 – 155 .
   Google Scholar
• Davies , DH . 1956b . The South African pilchard (Sardinops ocellata): migration 1950–55 . Investigational Report, Division of Sea Fisheries, South Africa , 24 : 1 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• de Moor , C L and Butterworth , D S . 2009a . “ A 2-stock hypothesis for South African sardine: two discrete stocks ” . Cape Town : Marine and Coastal Management, Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism . Unpublished report, No. MCM/2009/SWG-PEL/23
   Google Scholar
• de Moor , C L and Butterworth , D S . 2009b . “ A two discrete stock hypothesis for South African sardine resource ” . Cape Town : Marine and Coastal Management, Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism . Unpublished report, No. MCM/2009/SWG-PEL/47
   Google Scholar
• Dicken , ML . 2010 . Socio-economic aspects of boat-based ecotourism during the sardine run within the Pondoland Marine Protected Area, South Africa . African Journal of Marine Science , 32 : 405 – 411 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dudley , S FJ and Cliff , G . 2010 . Influence of the annual sardine run on catches of large sharks in the protective gillnets off KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, and the occurrence of sardine in shark diet . African Journal of Marine Science , 32 : 383 – 397 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durholtz , D . 2005 . “ Report on sardine age determination ” . Cape Town : Marine and Coastal Management, Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism . Unpublished report, No. SWG/AUG2005/PEL/06
   Google Scholar
• Fairweather , T P , Van Der Lingen , C D , Booth , A J , Drapeau , L and Van Der Westhuizen , J J . 2006 . Indicators of sustainable fishing for South African sardine Sardinops sagax and anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus . African Journal of Marine Science , 28 : 661 – 680 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fennessy , S T , Pradervand , P and de Bruyn , P A . 2010 . Influence of the sardine run on selected nearshore predatory teleosts in KwaZulu-Natal . African Journal of Marine Science , 32 : 375 – 382 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fréon , P , Coetzee , J C , Van Der Lingen , C D , Connell , A D , O’Donoghue , S H , Roberts , M J , Demarcq , H , Attwood , C G , Lamberth , S J and Hutchings , L . 2010 . A review and tests of hypotheses about causes of the KwaZulu-Natal sardine run . African Journal of Marine Science , 32 : 449 – 479 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García Fernández , I , Van Der Lingen , C D and Moloney , C . Symposium guide and book of abstracts, South African Marine Science Symposium 2008, Cape Town, South Africa . Cape Town. Characterization and comparison of autumn and spring spawning habitat of sardine (Sardinops sagax) and round herring (Etrumeus whiteheadi) on the Eastern Agulhas Bank, South Africa , pp. 37 – 38 . South African Network for Coastal and Oceanic Research .
   Google Scholar
• Gaughan , D J , Fletcher , W J and McKinlay , J P . 2002 . Functionally distinct adult assemblages within a single breeding stock of the sardine, Sardinops sagax: management units within a management unit . Fisheries Research , 59 : 217 – 231 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant , W S . 1985 . “ Population genetics of the southern African pilchard, Sardinops ocellata, in the Benguela upwelling system ” . In International symposium on the most important upwelling areas off western Africa (Cape Blanco and Benguela), Barcelona, 1983 , Edited by: Bas , C , Margalef , R and Rubies , p . 551 – 562 . Barcelona : Instituto de Investigaciones Pesqueras .
   Google Scholar
• Hendricks , M and Johannes , E . 2003 . KwaZulu-Natal sardine run 2003 , Cape Town : Marine and Coastal Management, Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism . Internal Report
   Google Scholar
• Hendricks , M and Miggel , A . 2004 . KwaZulu-Natal sardine run 2004 , Cape Town : Marine and Coastal Management, Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism . Internal Report
   Google Scholar
• Hendricks , M and Mqoqi , M . 2005 . KwaZulu-Natal sardine run 2005 , Cape Town : Marine and Coastal Management, Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism . Internal Report
   Google Scholar
• Heydorn , A EF , Bang , N D , Pearce , F , Flemming , B W , Carter , R A , Schleyer , M H , Berry , P F , Hughes , G R , Bass , A J , Wallace , J H , Van Der Elst , R P , Crawford , R JM and Shelton , P A . 1978 . Ecology of the Agulhas Current region: an assessment of biological responses to environmental parameters in the south-west Indian Ocean . Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa , 43 : 151 – 190 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulme , TJ . 1995 . The use of vertebral counts to discriminate between North Sea herring stocks . ICES Journal of Marine Science , 52 : 775 – 779 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutchings , L , Morris , T , Van Der Lingen , C D , Lamberth , S J , Connell , A D , Taljaard , S and van Niekerk , L . 2010 . Ecosystem considerations of the KwaZulu-Natal sardine run . African Journal of Marine Science , 32 : 413 – 421 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James , AG . 1988 . Are clupeid microphagists herbivorous or omnivorous? A review of the diets of some commercially important clupeids . South African Journal of Marine Science , 7 : 161 – 177 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeenes , CD . 1984 . The Natal sardine run , Cape Town : Sea Fisheries Institute, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries . Annual Report No. 5
   Google Scholar
• Kerstan , M . 1997 . Annulus completion periods in sardine (Sardinops sagax) otoliths vary with age and year-class . ICES Document CM 1997/BB:14
   Google Scholar
• Kerstan , M , Waldron , M and Bloomer , S . Age determination of sardines . Workshop on southern African sardine: proceedings and recommendations. Benguela Ecology Programme Report . Edited by: Barange , M and van der Lingen , C . Vol. 29 , pp. 50 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Kreiner , A , Van Der Lingen , C D and Fréon , P . 2001 . “ A comparison of condition factor and gonadosomatic index of sardine Sardinops sagax stocks in the northern and southern Benguela upwelling ecosystems, 1984–1999 ” . In South African Journal of Marine Science Vol. 23 , 123 – 134 .
   Google Scholar
• Lamberth , S J , Bennett , B A and Clark , B M . 1995 . The vulnerability of fish to capture by commercial beach-seine nets in False Bay, South Africa . South African Journal of Marine Science , 15 : 25 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Lamberth , S J , Drapeau , L and Branch , G M . 2009 . The effects of altered freshwater inflows on catch rates of non-estuarine-dependent fish in a multispecies nearshore linefishery . Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science , 84 : 527 – 538 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGarigal , K , Cushman , S and Stafford , S , eds. 2000 . Multivariate statistics for wildlife and ecology research , New York : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , D CM , Moloney , C L , Van Der Lingen , C D , Lett , C , Mullon , C and Field , J G . 2006 . Modelling the effects of physical-biological interactions and spatial variability in spawning and nursery areas on transport and retention of sardine Sardinops sagax eggs and larvae in the Southern Benguela ecosystem . Journal of Marine Systems , 61 : 212 – 229 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mketsu , QK . 2008 . Comparative dietary analysis of sardine and other clupeids from presumed mixed shoals off South Africa's east coast , University of Cape Town : South Africa . MSc thesis
   Google Scholar
• O’Donoghue , S H , Drapeau , L , Dudley , S FJ and Peddemors , V M . 2010c . The KwaZulu-Natal sardine run: shoal distribution in relation to nearshore environmental conditions, 1997–2007 . African Journal of Marine Science , 32 : 293 – 307 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Donoghue , S H , Drapeau , L and Peddemors , V M . 2010a . Broad-scale distribution patterns of sardine and their predators in relation to remotely sensed environmental conditions during the KwaZulu-Natal sardine run . African Journal of Marine Science , 32 : 279 – 291 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Donoghue , S H , Whittington , P A , Dyer , B M and Peddemors , V M . 2010b . Abundance and distribution of avian and marine mammal predators of sardine observed during the 2005 KwaZulu-Natal sardine run survey . African Journal of Marine Science , 32 : 361 – 374 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pichegru , L , Ryan , P G , Crawford , R JM , Van Der Lingen , C D and Gremillet , D . 2010 . Behavioural inertia places a top marine predator at risk from environmental change in the Benguela upwelling system . Marine Biology , 157 : 537 – 544 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilfold , SJ . 1990 . The Natal sardine run , Cape Town : Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Department of Environmental Affairs . Annual Report No. 9
   Google Scholar
• Pilfold , SJ . 1992 . The Natal sardine run , Cape Town : Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Department of Environmental Affairs . Annual Report No. 10
   Google Scholar
• Pilfold , SJ . 1993 . The Natal sardine run , Cape Town : Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Department of Environmental Affairs . Annual Report No. 11
   Google Scholar
• Rasmussen , E B , Salhauge , M-B and Boje , J . 1999 . The suitability of vertebral counts in stock delineation studies of Greenland halibut, Reinhardtius hippoglossoides (Walbaum), in West Greenland . ICES Journal of Marine Science , 56 : 75 – 83 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohlf , FJ . 2005 . tpsDig, Digitize landmarks and outlines, version 2.05 , Stony Brook : Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University .
   Google Scholar
• Silva , A . 2003 . Morphometric variation among sardine (Sardina pilchardus) populations from the northeastern Atlantic and the western Mediterranean . ICES Journal of Marine Science , 60 : 1352 – 1360 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sims , P . 1970 . The Natal sardine run 1970 , Cape Town : Division of Sea Fisheries, Department of Industries . Internal Report
   Google Scholar
• Sims , P . 1972 . The Natal sardine run , Cape Town : Division of Sea Fisheries, Department of Industries .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , JC . 1985 . The Natal sardine run 1985 , Cape Town : Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Department of Environmental Affairs . Annual Report No. 6
   Google Scholar
• Smith , JC . 1986 . The Natal sardine run 1986 , Cape Town : Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Department of Environmental Affairs . Annual Report No. 7
   Google Scholar
• Smith , JC . 1987 . The Natal sardine run 1987 , Cape Town : Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Department of Environmental Affairs . Annual Report No. 8
   Google Scholar
• Smith , PE . 2005 . A history of proposals for subpopulation structure in the Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) population off western North America . CalCOFI Report , 46 : 75 – 82 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Der Byl , P CN . 1978 . The Natal sardine run 1978 , Cape Town : Sea Fisheries Branch, Department of Industries . Annual Report No. 1
   Google Scholar
• Van Der Byl , P CN . 1979 . The Natal sardine run , Cape Town : Sea Fisheries Branch, Department of Industries . Annual Report No. 2
   Google Scholar
• Van Der Byl , P CN . 1980 . The Natal sardine run , Cape Town : Sea Fisheries Institute, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries . Annual Report No. 3
   Google Scholar
• Van Der Byl , P CN and Kriel , F . 1981 . The Natal sardine run , Cape Town : Sea Fisheries Institute, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries . Annual Report No. 4
   Google Scholar
• Van Der Lingen , C D . 1998 . Nitrogen excretion and absorption efficiencies of sardine Sardinops sagax fed phytoplankton and zooplankton diets . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 175 : 67 – 76 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Der Lingen , C D . 2002 . Diet of sardine Sardinops sagax in the southern Benguela upwelling ecosystem . South African Journal of Marine Science , 24 : 301 – 316 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Der Lingen , C D , Coetzee , J , Hutchings , L , Peddemors , V , Merkle , D , Van Den Berg , M , Van Der Westhuizen , J and Dyer , B . 2005 . Report on the 2005 sardine run survey , Cape Town : Marine and Coastal Management, Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism . Unpublished report, No. SWG/ AUG2005/PEL/04
   Google Scholar
• Van Der Lingen , C D , Durholtz , M D , Fairweather , T P and Melo , Y . 2009 . Spatial variability in biological characteristics of southern Benguela sardine and the possible existence of two stocks , Cape Town : Marine and Coastal Management, Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism . Unpublished report, No. MCM/2009/SWG-PEL/39
   Google Scholar
• Van Der Lingen , C D , Fréon , P , Fairweather , T P and Van Der Westhuizen , J J . 2006 . Density-dependent changes in reproductive parameters and condition of southern Benguela sardine Sardinops sagax . African Journal of Marine Science , 28 : 625 – 636 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Der Lingen , C D , Coetzee , J C and Hutchings , L . 2010 . Overview of the KwaZulu-Natal sardine run . African Journal of Marine Science , 32 : 271 – 277 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walther , B D , Thorrold , S R and Olney , J E . 2008 . Geochemical signatures in otoliths record natal origins of American shad . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 137 : 57 – 69 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wessels , G . 2009 . Meristic and morphometric variation among sardine Sardinops sagax around the coast of southern Africa University of Cape Town, , South Africa MSc thesis
   Google Scholar