A seasonal comparison of prokaryote numbers, biomass and heterotrophic productivity in waters of the KwaZulu-Natal Bight, South Africa

References

• Andrade L, Gonzalez AM, Araujo FV, Paranhos R. 2003. Flow cytometry assessment of bacterioplankton in tropical marine environments. Journal of Microbiological Methods 55: 841–850. doi: 10.1016/j.mimet.2003.08.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayers MJ, Scharler UM. 2011. Use of sensitivity and comparative analyses in constructing plausible trophic mass-balance models of a data-limited marine ecosystem – the KwaZulu-Natal Bight, South Africa. Journal of Marine Systems 88: 298–311. doi: 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2011.05.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azam F, Fenchel T, Field JG, Gray JS, Meyer-Reil LA, Thingstad TF. 1983. The ecological role of water-column microbes in the sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 10: 257–263. doi: 10.3354/meps010257
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlow RG, Lamont T, Gibberd M-J, van den Berg M, Britz K. 2015. Chemotaxonomic investigation of phytoplankton in the shelf ecosystem of the KwaZulu-Natal Bight, South Africa. African Journal of Marine Science 37: 467–484. doi: 10.2989/1814232X.2015.1106976
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry PF, Hanekom P, Joubert I, Schleyer MH, van der Elst RP. 1979. Preliminary account of the biomass and major energy pathways through a Natal nearshore reef community. South African Journal of Science 75: 565.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bratbak G. 1985. Bacterial biovolume and biomass estimations. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 49: 1488–1493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell L, Vaulot D. 1993. Photosynthetic picoplankton community structure in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean near Hawaii (station ALOHA). Deep-Sea Research I 40: 2043–2060. doi: 10.1016/0967-0637(93)90044-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen BC, Liu H, Wang Z. 2009. Trophic interactions within the microbial food web in the South China Sea revealed by size-fractionation method. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 368: 59–66. doi: 10.1016/j.jembe.2008.10.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daley RJ, Hobbie JE. 1975. Direct counts of aquatic bacteria by a modified epifluorescence technique. Limnology and Oceanography 20: 875–882. doi: 10.4319/lo.1975.20.5.0875
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ducklow HW. 1993. Bacterioplankton distributions and production in the northwestern Indian Ocean and Gulf of Oman, September 1986. Deep-Sea Research II 40: 753–771. doi: 10.1016/0967-0645(93)90056-S
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ducklow HW, Smith DC, Campbell L, Landry HL, Quinby HL, Steward GF, Azam F. 2001. Heterotrophic bacterioplankton in the Arabian Sea: basinwide response to year-round high primary production. Deep-Sea Research II 48: 1303–1323. doi: 10.1016/S0967-0645(00)00140-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dufour PH, Torréton JP. 1996. Bottom-up and top-down control of bacterioplankton from eutrophic to oligotrophic sites in the tropical northeastern Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Research I 43: 1305–1320. doi: 10.1016/0967-0637(96)00060-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fennessy ST, Roberts MJ, Paterson AW. 2016. A brief overview of the ACEP project: Ecosystem Processes in the KwaZulu- Natal Bight. In: Roberts MJ, Fennessy ST, Barlow RG (eds), Ecosystem processes in the KwaZulu-Natal Bight. African Journal of Marine Science 38(Supplement): S1–S6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson RL, Rublee P. 1976. Contribution of bacteria to standing crop of coastal plankton. Limnology and Oceanography 21: 141–145. doi: 10.4319/lo.1976.21.1.0141
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrison DL, Gowing MM, Hughes MP, Campbell L, Caron DA, Dennett MR et al. 2000. Microbial food web structure in the Arabian Sea: a US JGOFS study. Deep-Sea Research II 47: 1387–1422. doi: 10.1016/S0967-0645(99)00148-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goosen NK, Van Rijswijk P, De Bie M, Peene J, Kromkamp J. 1997. Bacterioplankton abundance and production and nanozooplankton abundance in Kenyan coastal waters (Western Indian Ocean). Deep-Sea Research II 44: 1235–1250. doi: 10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00016-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guastella LA, Roberts MJ. 2016. Dynamics and role of the Durban cyclonic eddy in the KwaZulu-Natal Bight ecosystem. In: Roberts MJ, Fennessy ST, Barlow RG (eds), Ecosystem processes in the KwaZulu-Natal Bight. African Journal of Marine Science 38(Supplement): S23–S42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heywood JL, Zubkov MV, Tarran GA, Fuchs BM, Holligan PM. 2006. Prokaryoplankton standing stocks in oligotrophic gyre and equatorial provinces of the Atlantic Ocean: evaluation of inter-annual variability. Deep-Sea Research II 53: 1530–1547. doi: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.05.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobbie JE, Daley RJ, Jasper S. 1977. Use of nucleopore filters for counting bacteria by fluorescence microscopy. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 33: 1225–1228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirchman DL, Rich JH, Barber RT. 1995. Biomass and biomass production of heterotrophic bacteria along 140°W in the equatorial Pacific: effect of temperature on the microbial loop. Deep-Sea Research II 42: 603–619. doi: 10.1016/0967-0645(95)00021-H
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamont T, Barlow RG. 2015. Environmental influence on phytoplankton production during summer on the KwaZulu-Natal shelf of the Agulhas ecosystem. African Journal of Marine Science 37: 485–501. doi: 10.2989/1814232X.2015.1108228
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landry MR, Kirchman DL. 2002. Microbial community structure and variability in the tropical Pacific. Deep-Sea Research II 49: 2669–2693. doi: 10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00053-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levanon-Spanier I, Padan E, Reiss Z. 1979. Primary production in a desert-enclosed sea—the Gulf of Elat (Aqaba), Red Sea. Deep-Sea Research 26: 673–685. doi: 10.1016/0198-0149(79)90040-2
   Google Scholar
• Li B, Karl DM, Letelier RM, Church MJ. 2011. Size-dependent photosynthetic variability in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. Marine Ecology Progress Series 440: 27–40. doi: 10.3354/meps09345
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lønborg C, Álvarez–Salgado XA, Davidson K, Miller AEJ. 2009a. Production of bioavailable and refractory dissolved organic matter by coastal heterotrophic microbial populations. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 82: 682–688. doi: 10.1016/j.ecss.2009.02.026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lønborg C, Davidson K, Álvarez–Salgado XA, Miller AEJ. 2009b. Bioavailability and bacterial degradation rates of dissolved organic matter in a temperate coastal area during an annual cycle. Marine Chemistry 113: 219–226. doi: 10.1016/j.marchem.2009.02.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lutjeharms JRE. 2006. The Agulhas Current. Wurzburg: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Lutjeharms JRE, Cooper J, Roberts M. 2000a. Upwelling at the inshore edge of the Agulhas Current. Continental Shelf Research 20: 737–761. doi: 10.1016/S0278-4343(99)00092-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lutjeharms JRE, Valentine HR, Van Ballegooyen RC. 2000b. The hydrography and water masses of the Natal Bight, South Africa. Continental Shelf Research 20: 1907–1939. doi: 10.1016/S0278-4343(00)00053-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer AA, Lutjeharms JRE, de Villiers S. 2002. The nutrient characteristics of the Natal Bight, South Africa. Journal of Marine Systems 35: 11–37. doi: 10.1016/S0924-7963(02)00043-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moisander PH, Beinart RA, Hewson I, White A, Johnson K, Carlson C, Montoya JM, Zehr JP. 2010. Unicellular cyanobacterial distributions broaden the oceanic N2 fixation domain. Science 327: 1512–1514. doi: 10.1126/science.1185468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Painting SJ, Lucas MJ, Muir DG. 1989. Fluctuations in heterotropic bacterial community structure, activity and production in response to development and decay of phytoplankton in a microcosm. Marine Ecology Progress Series 53: 129–141. doi: 10.3354/meps053129
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Painting SJ, Lucas MI, Peterson WT, Brown PC, Hutchings L, Mitchell-Innes BA. 1993. Dynamics of bacterioplankton, phytoplankton and mesozooplankton communities during the development of an upwelling plume in the southern Benguela. Marine Ecology Progress Series 100: 35–53. doi: 10.3354/meps100035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pomeroy LR. 1974. Oceanic productivity – a changing paradigm. Bioscience 24: 499–504. doi: 10.2307/1296885
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter KG, Feig YS. 1980. The use of DAPI for identifying and counting aquatic microflora. Limnology and Oceanography 25: 943–948. doi: 10.4319/lo.1980.25.5.0943
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pretorius M, Huggett JA, Gibbons MJ. 2016. Summer and winter differences in zooplankton biomass, distribution and size composition in the KwaZulu-Natal Bight, South Africa. In: Roberts MJ, Fennessy ST, Barlow RG (eds), Ecosystem processes in the KwaZulu-Natal Bight. African Journal of Marine Science 38(Supplement): S155–S168.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Probyn TA, Mitchell-Innes BA, Searson S. 1995. Primary productivity and nitrogen uptake in the subsurface chlorophyll maximum on the Eastern Agulhas Bank. Continental Shelf Research 15: 1903–1920. doi: 10.1016/0278-4343(94)00099-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts MJ, Nieuwenhuys C. 2016. Observations and mechanisms of upwelling in the northern KwaZulu-Natal Bight, South Africa. In: Roberts MJ, Fennessy ST, Barlow RG (eds), Ecosystem processes in the KwaZulu-Natal Bight. African Journal of Marine Science 38(Supplement): S43−S63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savidge G, Gilpin L. 1999. Seasonal influences on size-fractionated chlorophyll a concentrations and primary production in the northwest Indian Ocean. Deep-Sea Research II 46: 701–723. doi: 10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00124-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schleyer MH. 1980. A preliminary evaluation of heterotrophic utilisa- tion of a labelled algal extract in a subtidal reef environment. Marine Ecology Progress Series 3: 223–229. doi: 10.3354/meps003223
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlitzer R. 2010. Ocean Data View. Available at http://odv.awi.de/ [accessed 8 January 2016].
   Google Scholar
• Schönholzer F, Hahn D, Zarda B, Zeyer J. 2002. Automated image analysis and in situ hybridization as tools to study bacterial populations in food resources, gut and cast of Lumbricus terrestris L. Journal of Microbiological Methods 48: 53–68. doi: 10.1016/S0167-7012(01)00345-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith DC, Azam F. 1992. A simple, economical method for measuring bacterial protein synthesis rates in seawater using 3H-leucine. Marine Microbial Food Webs 6: 107–114.
   Google Scholar
• Tanaka T, Rassoulzadegan F. 2002. Full-depth profile (0–2000m) of bacteria, heterotrophic nanoflagellates and ciliates in the NW Mediterranean Sea: vertical partitioning of microbial trophic structures. Deep-Sea Research II 49: 2093–2107. doi: 10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00029-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka T, Zohary T, Krom MD, Law CS, Pitta P, Psarra S et al. 2007. Microbial community structure and function in the Levantine Basin of the eastern Mediterranean. Deep-Sea Research I 54: 1721–1743. doi: 10.1016/j.dsr.2007.06.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turley CM, Hughes DJ. 1992. Effects of storage on direct estimates of bacterial numbers of preserved seawater samples. Deep-Sea Research 39: 375–394. doi: 10.1016/0198-0149(92)90079-9
   Google Scholar
• Van Wambeke F, Lefèvre D, Prieur L, Sempéré R, Bianchi M, Oubelkheir K, Bruyant F. 2004. Distribution of microbial biomass, production, respiration, dissolved organic carbon and factors controlling bacterial production across a geostrophic front (Almeria-Oran, SW Mediterranean Sea). Marine Ecology Progress Series 269: 1–15. doi: 10.3354/meps269001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veldhuis MJW, Kraay GW, Van Bleijswijk JDL, Baars MA. 1997. Seasonal and spatial variability in phytoplankton biomass, productivity and growth in the northwestern Indian Ocean: the southwest and northeast monsoon, 1992–1993. Deep-Sea Research I 44: 425–449. doi: 10.1016/S0967-0637(96)00116-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisse T. 1999. Bacterivory in the northwestern Indian Ocean during the intermonsoon – northeast monsoon period. Deep-Sea Research II 46: 795–814. doi: 10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00128-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiebinga CJ, Veldhuis MJW, De Baar HJW. 1997. Abundance and productivity of bacterioplankton in relation to seasonal upwelling in the northwest Indian Ocean. Deep-Sea Research I 44: 451–476. doi: 10.1016/S0967-0637(96)00115-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams PJleB. 1981. Incorporation of microheterotrophic processes into the classical paradigm of the planktonic food web. Kieler Meeresforschungen 5: 1–28.
   Google Scholar
• Zehr JP, Turner PJ, Omoregie E, Hansen A, Steward GF, Waterbury JB et al. 2001. Unicellular cyanobacteria fix N2 in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean. Nature 412: 635–638. doi: 10.1038/35088063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar