References
- Abdalla S, Pizzi A, Bahabri F, Ganash A. 2015. Analysis of Valonia oak (Quercus aegylops) acorn tannin and wood adhesives application. BioResources 10(4): 7165–7177. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.10.4.7165-7177
- Alla AQ, Camarero JJ. 2012. Contrasting responses of radial growth and wood anatomy to climate in a Mediterranean ring-porous oak: implications for its future persistence or why the variance matters more than the mean. European Journal of Forest Research 131:1537–1550. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-012-0621-x
- Alla AQ, Camarero JJ, Montserrat-Marti G. 2013. Seasonal and inter-annual variability of bud development as related to climate in two coexisting Mediterranean Quercus species. Annals of Botany 111: 261–270. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcs247
- Alla AQ, Pasho E, Marku V. 2017. Growth variability and contrasting climatic responses of two Quercus macrolepis stands from Southern Albania. Trees 31: 1491–1504. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-017-1564-0
- Allen CD, Breshears DD, McDowell NG. 2015. On underestimation of global vulnerability to tree mortality and forest die-off from hotter drought in the Anthropocene. Ecosphere 6(8): 1–55. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1890/ES15-00203.1
- Allen CD, Macalady AK, Chenchouni H, Bachelet D, McDowell N, et al. (eds). 2010. A global overview of drought and heat-induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests. Forest Ecology and Management 259(4): 660–684. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.09.001
- Arianoutsou M, Leone V, Moya D, Lovreglio R, Delipetrou P, de las Heras J. 2012. Management of threatened, high conservation value, forest hotspots under changing fire regimes. In: Moreira F, Arianoutsou M, Corona P, De las Heras J (eds), Post-fire management and restoration of southern European forests. Managing Forest Ecosystems (vol. 4). Dordrecht: Springer. pp 257–291. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2208-8_11
- Bartels SF, Chen HYH, Casado-Gonzáles MA, White JC. 2016. Trends in post-disturbance recovery rates of Canada’s forests following wildfire and harvest. Forest Ecology and Management 361: 194–207. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.11.015
- Biondi F. 1999. Comparing tree-ring chronologies and repeated timber inventories as forest monitoring tools. Ecological Applications 9(1): 216–227. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/2641180
- Biondi F, Qeadan F. 2008. A theory-driven approach to tree-ring standardization: defining the biological trend from expected basal area increment. Tree-Ring Research 64(2): 81–96. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3959/2008-6.1
- Black BA, Colbert JJ, Pederson N. 2008. Relationships between radial growth rates and lifespan within North American tree species. Écoscience 15(3): 349–357. doi: https://doi.org/10.2980/15-3-3149
- Bruci E. 2007. Climate change projection for South Eastern Europe. Tirana: HMI, Tirana Polytechnic University.
- Buchanan ML, Hart JL. 2012. Canopy disturbance history of old-growth Quercus alba sites in the eastern United States: Examination of long-term trends and broad-scale patterns. Forest Ecology and Management 267: 28–39. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.11.034
- Carabeo M, Simeone MC, Cherubini M, Mattia C, Chiocchini F, et al. 2016. Estimating the genetic diversity and structure of Quercus trojana Webb populations in Italy by SSRs: implications for management and conservation. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 47(3): 331–339. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2016-0311
- Čater M, Levanič T. 2015. Physiological and growth response of Quercus robur in Slovenia. Dendrobiology 74: 3–12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.12657/denbio.074.001
- Chiatante D, Tognetti R, Scippa GS, Congiu T, Baesso B, et al. 2015. Interspecific variation in functional traits of oak seedlings (Quercus ilex, Quercus trojana, Quercus virgiliana) grown under artificial drought and fire conditions. Journal of Plant Research 128(4): 595–611. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-015-0729-4
- Colangelo M, Camarero JJ, Borghetti M, Gentilesca T, Oliva J, et al. 2018. Drought and Phytophthora are associated with the decline of oak species in Southern Italy. Frontiers in Plant Science 9: 1–13. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01595
- Dida M. 2000. Albania (Country report). In: Borelli S and Varela MC (eds), Mediterranean Oaks Network. Rome: IPGRI.
- Dida M. 2003. State of forest tree genetic resources in Albania. Forest Genetic Resources Working Papers, Working Paper FGR/62E. Forest Resources Development Service, Forest Resources Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome. http://www.fao.org/3/j2108e/j2108e00.htm
- Dorman M, Perevolotsky A, Sarris D, Svoray T. 2015. The effect of rainfall and competition intensity on forest response to drought: lessons learned from a dry extreme. Oecologia 177(4): 1025–1038. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-015-3229-2
- FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 1998. World reference base for soil resources. Rome: ISRIC and ISSS.
- Fotelli MN, Radoglou KM, Constantinidou HIA. 2000. Water stress responses of seedlings of four Mediterranean oak species. Tree Physiology 20(16): 1065–1075. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/20.16.1065
- Fritts HC. 1976. Tree rings and climate. London: Academic Press.
- Gazol A, Camarero JJ, Sangüesa-Barreda G, Vicente-Serrano SM. 2018. Post-drought resilience after forest die-off: shifts in regeneration, composition, growth and productivity. Front Plant Sci 9: 1–12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01546
- Gea-Izquierdo G, Montes F, Gavilán RG, Cañellas I, Rubio A. 2015. Is this the end? Dynamics of a relict stand from pervasively deforested ancient Iberian pine forests. European Journal of Forest Research 134(3): 525–536. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-015-0869-z
- Giardina G, La Mantia T, Sala G, Di Leo C, Pasta S. 2014. Possibile origine e consistenza di un popolamento di Quercus trojana Webb subsp. trojana (Fagaceae) nel Bosco della Ficuzza (Palermo, Sicilia). Nat Sicil XXXVIII(2): 265–290.
- Gil-Pelegrín E, Peguero-Pina JJ, Sancho-Knapik D (eds). 2017. Oaks physiological ecology. Exploring the functional diversity of genus Quercus L. Basel: Springer. https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783319690988
- González-González BD, García-González I, Vázquez-Ruiz RA. 2013. Comparative cambial dynamics and phenology of Quercus robur L. and Q. pyrenaica Willd. in an Atlantic forest of the northwestern Iberian peninsula. Trees 27(6): 1571–1585. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-013-0905-x
- González-González BD, Vázquez-Ruiz RA, García-González I. 2015. Effects of climate on earlywood vessel formation of Quercus robur and Q. pyrenaica at a site in the northwestern Iberian peninsula. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 45(6): 698–709. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2014-0436
- Harris I, Jones PD, Osborn TJ, Lister DH. 2014. Updated high-resolution grids of monthly climatic observations – the CRU TS3.10 Dataset. International Journal of Climatology 34(3): 623–642. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3711
- Hikosaka K. 2005. Leaf canopy as a dynamic system: ecophysiology and optimality in eaf turnover. Annals of Botany 95(3): 521–533. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mci050
- Holmes RL. 1983. Computer-assisted quality control in tree ring dating and measurement. Tree-Ring Bulletin 43: 69–78.
- IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2014. Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (Core Writing Team, Pachauri RK and Meyer LA (eds)). Geneva: IPCC.
- Lindner M, Maroschek M, Netherer S, Kremer A, Barbati A, et al. 2010. Climate change impacts, adaptive capacity, and vulnerability of European forest ecosystems. Forest Ecology and Management 259(4): 698–709. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.09.023
- Lloret F, Keeling EG, Sala A. 2011. Components of tree resilience: effects of successive low-growth episodes in old ponderosa pine forests. Oikos 120(12): 1909–1920. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.19372.x
- Lucas-Borja ME, Vacchiano G. 2018. Interactions between climate, growth and seed production in Spanish black pine (Pinus nigra Arn. ssp. salzmannii) forests in Cuenca mountains (Spain). New Forests 49(3): 399–414. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-018-9626-8
- Macchia F, Cavallaro V, D’Amico FS, Dinga L, Forte L. 2002. Ecology and distribution of Quercus trojana in Albania. CIHEAM-IAMB. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organizarion. pp 69–76. http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=QC2003001919
- van Mantgem PJ, Stephenson NL, Byrne JC, Daniels LD, Franklin JF, et al. 2009. Widespread increase of tree mortality rates in the Western United States. Science 323(5913): 521–524. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1165000
- Mausolf K, Wilm P, Härdtle W, Jansen K, Schuldt B, et al. 2018. Higher drought sensitivity of radial growth of European beech in managed than in unmanaged forests. Science of the Total Environment 642: 1201–1208. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.065
- McKee TBN, Doesken J, Kleist J. 1993. The relationship of drought frequency and duration to time scales. In: American Meteorological Society, Eighth Conference on Applied Climatology, 17–22 January 1993, Anaheim, California. Boston: American Meteorological Society. pp 179–184.
- Montagnoli A, Terzaghi M, Baesso B, Santamaria R, Scippa GS, Chiatante D. 2016. Drought and fire stress influence seedling competition in oak forests: fine-root dynamics as indicator of adaptation strategies to climate change. Reforesta (1): 86–105. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21750/REFOR.1.06.6
- Montserrat-Martí G, Camarero JJ, Palacio S, Pérez-Rontomé C, Milla R, et al. 2009. Summer-drought constrains the phenology and growth of two coexisting Mediterranean oaks with contrasting leaf habit: implications for their persistence and reproduction. Trees 23(4): 787–799. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-009-0320-5
- Norton DA, Palmer JG, Ogden J. 1987. Dendroecological studies in New Zealand. 1. An evaluation of tree estimates based on increment cores. New Zealand Journal of Botany 25: 373–383. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/0028825X.1987.10413355
- Nowacki GJ, Abrams MD. 1997. Radial-growth averaging criteria for reconstructing disturbance histories from presettlement-origin oaks. Ecological Monographs 67(2): 225–249. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9615(1997)067[0225:RGACFR]2.0.CO;2
- Papadopoulos A, Pantera A. 2016. Dendrochronological investigations of Valonia oak trees in Western Greece. South-east European Forestry 7(1): 29–37. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15177/seefor.16-05
- Papanastasis VP. 2002. Valonia oak forests as rangeland resources. In: Veltsistas T, Pantera A, Papadopoulos AM, Tzoganis A, Kapotis G, Fasoulis C (eds), Valonia oak for past present future. Thessaloniki: Giahoudis Publishing. pp 49–54.
- Pasho E, Camarero JJ, de Luis M, Vicente-Serrano SM. 2011. Impacts of drought at different time scales on forest growth across a wide climatic gradient in north-eastern Spain. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 151(12): 1800–1811. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.07.018
- Pederson N, Varner JM, Palik BJ. 2008. Canopy disturbance and tree recruitment over two centuries in a managed longleaf pine landscape. Forest Ecology and Management 254(1): 85–95. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.07.030
- Rozas V. 2005. Dendrochronology of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) in an old-growth pollarded woodland in northern Spain: tree-ring growth responses to climate. Annals of Forest Science 62(3): 209–218. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:2005012
- Rubio-Cuadrado A, Camarero JJ, del Río M, Sánchez-González M, Ruiz-Peinado R, et al. 2018. Long-term impacts of drought on growth and forest dynamics in a temperate beech-oak-birch forest. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 259: 48–59. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.04.015
- Sánchez-Costa E, Poyatos R, Sabaté S. 2015. Contrasting growth and water use strategies in four co-occurring Mediterranean tree species revealed by concurrent measurements of sap flow and stem diameter variations. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 207: 24–37. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2015.03.012
- Scharnweber T, Couwenberg J, Heinrich I, Wilmking M. 2015. New insights for the interpretation of ancient bog oak chronologies? Reactions of oak (Quercus robur L.) to a sudden peatland rewetting. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 417: 534–543. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.10.017
- Schweingruber FH, Eckstein D, Serre-Bachet F, Bräker OU. 1990. Identification, presentation and interpretation of event years and pointer years in dendrochronology. Dendrochronologia 8: 9–38.
- Seidl R, Thom D, Kautz M, Martin-Benito D, Peltoniemi M, et al. 2017. Forest disturbances under climate change. Nature Climate Change 7(6): 395–402. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3303
- Seo JW, Eckstein D, Jalkanen R. 2012. Screening various variables of cellular anatomy of Scots pines in Subarctic Finland for climatic signals. IAWA Journal 33(4): 417–429. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000104
- Siam AMJ, Radoglou KM, Noitsakis B, Smiris P. 2009. Differences in ecophysiological responses to summer drought between seedlings of three deciduous oak species. Forest Ecology and Management 258(1): 35–42. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.03.048
- Venegas-González A, Juñent FR, Gutiérrez AG, Filho MT. 2018. Recent radial growth decline in response to increased drought conditions in the northernmost Nothofagus populations from South America. Forest Ecology and Management 409: 94–104. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.11.006