Breeding and moult phenology of African penguins Spheniscus demersus at Dassen Island

References

• Adams , N J and Brown , C J . 1990 . “ Energetics of molt in penguins ” . In Penguin biology , Edited by: Davis , L S and Darby , J T . 297 – 315 . San Diego : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Adams , N J , Seddon , P J and van Heezik , Y M . 1992 . Monitoring of seabirds in the Benguela upwelling system: can seabirds be used as indicators and predictors of change in the marine environment? . South African Journal of Marine Science , 12 : 959 – 974 .
   Google Scholar
• Ainley , D G , LeResche , R E and Sladen , W JL , eds. 1983 . Breeding biology of the adélie penguin , Berkeley , California : University of California .
   Google Scholar
• Armstrong , M J , Berruti , A and Colclough , J . 1987 . “ Pilchard distribution in South African waters, 1983-1985 ” . In The Benguela and comparable ecosystems Edited by: Payne , A IL , Gulland , J A and Brink , K H . 871 – 886 . South African Journal of Marine Science 5
   Google Scholar
• Armstrong , M J and Thomas , R M . 1989 . “ Clupeoids ” . In Oceans of life off southern Africa , Edited by: Payne , A IL and Crawford , R JM . 105 – 121 . Cape Town : Vlaeberg .
   Google Scholar
• Barange , M , Coetzee , J C and Twatwa , N M . 2004 . Strategies of space occupation by anchovy and sardine in the southern Benguela: the role of stock size and intra-species competition . ICES Journal of Marine Science , 21 : 645 – 654 .
   Google Scholar
• Barham , P J , Crawford , R JM , Underhill , L G and Leshoro , T M . 2007 . Differences in breeding success between African penguins that were and were not oiled in the Treasure oil spill in 2000 . Emu , 107 : 7 – 13 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boersma , P D . 1976 . An ecological and behavioural study of the Galápagos penguin . The Living Bird , 15 : 43 – 93 .
   Google Scholar
• Cooper , J . 1978 . Moult of the black-footed penguin Spheniscus demersus . International Zoo Yearbook , 18 : 22 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Cooper , J . 1980 . “ Breeding biology of the jackass penguin with special reference to its conservation ” . In Proceedings of the fourth Pan-African ornithological congress , Edited by: Johnson , D N . 227 – 231 . Johannesburg : South African Ornithological Society .
   Google Scholar
• Coulson , J C . 2002 . “ Colonial breeding in seabirds ” . In Biology of marine birds , Edited by: Schreiber , E A and Burger , J . 87 – 113 . Boca Raton , Florida : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Crawford , R JM . 1981 . Distribution, availability and movements of anchovy Engraulis capensis off South Africa, 1964-1976 . Fisheries Bulletin of South Africa , 14 : 51 – 94 .
   Google Scholar
• Crawford , R JM . 1998 . “ Responses of African penguins to regime changes of sardine and anchovy in the Benguela system ” . In Benguela dynamics: impacts of variability on shelf-sea environments and their living resources Edited by: Pillar , S C , Moloney , C L , Payne , A IL and Shillington , F A . South African Journal of Marine Science 19: 355-364
   Google Scholar
• Crawford , R JM , Barham , P J , Underhill , L G , Shannon , L J , Coetzee , J C , Dyer , B M , Leshoro , T M and Upfold , L . 2006a . The influence of food availability on breeding success of African Penguins Spheniscus demersus at Robben Island, South Africa . Biological Conservation , 132 : 119 – 125 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford , R JM and Boonstra , H GvD . 1994 . Counts of moulting and breeding jackass penguins Spheniscus demersus: a comparison at Robben Island, 1988-1993 . Marine Ornithology , 22 : 213 – 219 .
   Google Scholar
• Crawford , R JM , Boonstra , H GvD , Dyer , B M and Upfold , L . 1995a . “ Recolonisation of Robben Island by African penguins, 1983-1992 ” . In The penguins: ecology and management , Edited by: Dann , P , Norman , I and Reilly , P N . 333 – 363 . Chipping Norton , , Australia : Surrey Beatty and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Crawford , R JM , Davis , S A , Harding , R T , Jackson , L F , Leshoro , T M , Meÿer , M A , Randall , R M , Underhill , L G , Upfold , L , van Dalsen , A P , van der Merwe , E , Whittington , P A , Williams , A J and Wolfaardt , A C . 2000 . Initial impact of the Treasure oil spill on seabirds off western South Africa . South African Journal of Marine Science , 22 : 157 – 176 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford , R JM and Dyer , B M . 1995 . Responses by four seabirds to a fluctuating availability of Cape anchovy Engraulis capensis off South Africa . Ibis , 137 : 329 – 339 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford , R JM , Hemming , M , Kemper , J , Klages , N TW , Randall , R M , Underhill , L G , Venter , A D , Ward , V L and Wolfaardt , A C . 2006b . S24-2 Molt of the African penguin, Spheniscus demersus, in relation to its breeding season and food availability . Acta Zoologica Sinica , 52 : 444 – 447 .
   Google Scholar
• Crawford , R JM , Makhado , A B , Upfold , L and Dyer , B M . 2008a . Mass on arrival of rockhopper penguins at Marion Island correlated with breeding success . African Journal of Marine Science , 30 : 185 – 188 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford , R JM , Sabarros , P S , Fairweather , T , Underhill , L G and Wolfaardt , A C . 2008b . Implications for seabirds off South Africa of a long-term change in the distribution of sardine . African Journal of Marine Science , 30 : 177 – 184 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford , R JM , Shannon , L J and Whittington , P A . 1999 . Population dynamics of the African penguin Spheniscus demersus at Robben Island . Marine Ornithology , 27 : 139 – 147 .
   Google Scholar
• Crawford , R JM and Shelton , P A . 1978 . Pelagic fish and seabird interrelationships off the coasts of South West and South Africa . Biological Conservation , 14 : 85 – 109 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford , R JM , Underhill , L G , Coetzee , J C , Fairweather , T , Shannon , L J and Wolfaardt , A C . 2008c . Influences of the abundance and distribution of prey on African penguins Spheniscus demersus off western South Africa . African Journal of Marine Science , 30 : 167 – 175 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford , R JM , Williams , A J , Hofmeyr , J H , Klages , N TW , Randall , R M , Cooper , J , Dyer , B M and Chesselet , Y . 1995b . Trends of African penguin Spheniscus demersus populations in the 20th century . South African Journal of Marine Science , 16 : 101 – 118 .
   Google Scholar
• Croxall , J P . 1982 . Energy costs of incubation and moult in petrels and penguins . Journal of Animal Ecology , 51 : 177 – 194 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croxall , J P and Davis , L S . 1999 . Penguins: paradoxes and patterns . Marine Ornithology , 27 : 1 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Dann , P and Cullen , J M . 1990 . “ Survival, patterns of reproduction and lifetime reproductive output in little blue penguins (Eudyptula minor) on Phillip Island, Victoria, Australia ” . In Penguin biology , Edited by: Davis , L S and Darby , J T . 63 – 84 . San Diego : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Daunt , F , Monaghan , P , Wanless , S , Harris , M P and Griffiths , R . 2001 . Sons and daughters: age specific differences in parental rearing capacities . Functional Ecology , 15 : 211 – 216 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , L S and Cuthbert , R L . 2001 . “ Reproductive ecology of seabirds ” . In Encyclopaedia of ocean sciences , Edited by: Steele , J H , Thorpe , S A and Turekian , K K . 2663 – 2669 . London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , L S and Renner , M , eds. 2003 . Penguins , New Haven : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Duffy , D C , Berruti , A , Randall , R M and Cooper , J . 1984 . Effects of the 1982-83 warm water event on the breeding of South African seabirds . South African Journal of Science , 80 : 65 – 69 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eggleton , P and Siegfried , W R . 1979 . Displays of the jackass penguin . Ostrich , 50 : 139 – 167 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairweather , T P , van der Lingen , C D , Booth , A J , Drapeau , L and van der Westhuizen , J J . 2006 . Indicators of sustainable fishing for South African sardine Sardinops sagax and anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus . African Journal of Marine Science , 28 : 661 – 680 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frost , P GH , Siegfried , W R and Burger , A E . 1976a . Behavioural adaptations of the jackass penguin, Spheniscus demersus to a hot, arid environment . Journal of Zoology (London) , 179 : 165 – 187 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frost , P GH , Siegfried , W R and Cooper , J . 1976b . Conservation of the jackass penguin (Spheniscus demersus (L.)) . Biological Conservation , 9 : 79 – 99 .
   Google Scholar
• Gales , R P , Green , B and Stahel , C . 1988 . The energetics of free-living little penguins Eudyptula minor (Spheniscidae) during moult . Australian Journal of Zoology , 36 : 159 – 168 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giese , M , Goldsworthy , S D , Gales , R P , Brothers , N and Hamill , J . 2000 . Effects of the Iron Baron oil spill on little penguins (Eudyptula minor). III. Breeding success of rehabilitated oiled birds . Wildlife Research , 27 : 583 – 591 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hampton , I . 1987 . “ Acoustic study on the abundance and distribution of anchovy spawners and recruits in South African waters ” . In The Benguela and comparable ecosystems Edited by: Payne , A IL , Gulland , J A and Brink , K H . South African Journal of Marine Science 5: 901-917
   Google Scholar
• Heath , R GM and Randall , R M . 1989 . Foraging ranges and movements of jackass penguins (Spheniscus demersus) established through radio telemetry . Journal of Zoology (London) , 217 : 367 – 379 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemming , M . 2001 . The Treasure oil spill and its influence on moulting African penguins Spheniscus demersus at Robben Island , MSc thesis South Africa : University of Cape Town .
   Google Scholar
• Hockey , P AR , Dean , W RJ and Ryan , P G , eds. 2005 . Roberts birds of southern Africa, , 7th edn , Cape Town : John Voelcker Bird Book Fund .
   Google Scholar
• Hockey , P AR and Hallinan , J . 1981 . Effect of human disturbance on the breeding behaviour of jackass penguins Spheniscus demersus . South African Journal of Wildlife Research , 11 : 59 – 62 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemper , J . 2006 . Heading towards extinction? Demography of the African penguin in Namibia , PhD thesis South Africa : University of Cape Town .
   Google Scholar
• Kemper , J and Roux , J-P . 2005 . Of squeezers and skippers: factors determining the age at moult of immature African penguins Spheniscus demersus in Namibia . Ibis , 147 : 346 – 352 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lack , D , ed. 1968 . Ecological adaptations for breeding in birds , London : Methuen .
   Google Scholar
• La Cock , G D . 1988 . Effect of substrate and ambient temperature on burrowing African penguins . Wilson Bulletin , 100 : 131 – 132 .
   Google Scholar
• La Cock , G D , Duffy , D C and Cooper , J . 1987 . Population dynamics of the African penguin Spheniscus demersus at Marcus Island in the Benguela upwelling ecosystem: 1979-1985 . Biological Conservation , 40 : 117 – 126 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mougin , J-L , Jouanin , C , Mougin , M-C and Roux , F . 2001 . The influence of neighbours on breeding synchrony in Cory's shearwater Calonectris diomedea . Marine Ornithology , 29 : 51 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• Murphy , E C and Schauer , J H . 1996 . Synchrony in egg-laying and reproductive success in neighbouring common murres, Uria aalge . Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology , 39 : 245 – 258 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paredes , R , Zavalaga , C B and Boness , D J . 2002 . Patterns of egg laying and breeding success in Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti) at Punta San Juan, Peru . Auk , 119 : 244 – 250 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons , N J and Underhill , L G . 2004 . Oiled and injured African penguin Spheniscus demersus and other seabirds admitted for rehabilitation in the Western Cape, South Africa, 2001 and 2002 . African Journal of Marine Science , 27 : 289 – 296 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrins , C M . 1970 . The timing of breeding seasons . Ibis , 112 : 242 – 255 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen , S L , Ryan , P G and Gremillet , D . 2006 . Is food availability limiting African penguins Spheniscus demersus at Boulders? A comparison of foraging effort at mainland and island colonies . Ibis , 148 : 14 – 26 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pugasek , B H and Diem , K L . 1983 . A multivariate study of the relationship of parental age to reproductive success in Californian gulls . Ecology , 64 : 829 – 839 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rand , R W . 1960 . The distribution, abundance and feeding habits of the Cape penguin (Spheniscus demersus) off the south western coast of the Cape Province . Investigational Report Sea Fisheries South Africa , 41 : 1 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Randall , R M . 1983 . Biology of the jackass penguin Spheniscus demersus (L.) at St. Croix Island, South Africa , PhD thesis South Africa : University of Port Elizabeth .
   Google Scholar
• Randall , R M . 1989 . “ Jackass penguins ” . In Oceans of life off southern Africa , Edited by: Payne , A IL and Crawford , R JM . 244 – 256 . Cape Town : Vlaeberg .
   Google Scholar
• Randall , R M and Randall , B M . 1981 . “ The annual cycle of the jackass penguin Spheniscus demersus at St Croix Island, South Africa ” . In Proceedings of the symposium on birds of the sea and the shore, 1979 , Edited by: Cooper , J . 427 – 450 . Cape Town : African Seabird Group .
   Google Scholar
• Randall , R M , Randall , B M , Cooper , J and Frost , P GH . 1986 . A new census method for penguins tested on jackass penguins Spheniscus demersus . Ostrich , 57 : 211 – 215 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy , C , van der Lingen , C D , Coetzee , J C and Lutjeharms , J RE . 2007 . Abrupt environmental shift associated with changes in the distribution of Cape anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus spawners in the southern Benguela . African Journal of Marine Science , 29 : 309 – 319 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seddon , P J and van Heezik , Y M . 1991 . Effects of hatching order, sibling asymmetries, and nest site on survival analysis of jackass penguin chicks . Auk , 108 : 548 – 555 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seddon , P J and van Heezik , Y M . 1993 . Behaviour of the jackass penguin chick . Ostrich , 64 : 8 – 12 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seddon , P J , van Heezik , Y M and Cooper , J . 1991 . Observations of within-colony breeding synchrony in jackass penguins . Wilson Bulletin , 103 : 480 – 485 .
   Google Scholar
• Simeone , A , Araya , B , Bernal , M , Diebold , E N , Grzybowski , K , Michaels , M , Teare , A J , Wallace , R S and Willis , M J . 2002 . Oceanographic and climatic factors influencing breeding and colony attendance patterns of Humboldt penguins Spheniscus humboldti in central Chile . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 227 : 43 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyson , P D and Preston-Whyte , R A . 2000 . The weather and climate of southern Africa, , 2nd edn , Cape Town : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Underhill , L G , Bartlett , P A , Baumann , L , Crawford , R JM , Dyer , B M , Gildenhuys , A , Nel , D C , Oatley , T B , Thornton , M , Upfold , L , Williams , A J , Whittington , P A and Wolfaardt , A C . 1999 . Mortality and survival of African penguins Spheniscus demersus involved in the Apollo Sea oil spill: an evaluation of rehabilitation efforts . Ibis , 141 : 29 – 37 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Underhill , L G and Crawford , R JM . 1999 . Season of moult of African penguins at Robben Island, South Africa, and its variation, 1988-1998 . South African Journal of Marine Science , 21 : 437 – 441 .
   Google Scholar
• van , d er , Lingen , C D , Coetzee , J C , Demarcq , H , Drapeau , L , Fairweather , T P and Hutchings , L . 2005 . An eastward shift in the distribution of southern Benguela sardine . GLOBEC International Newsletter , 11 : 17 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Waas , J R . 1988 . Acoustic displays facilitate courtship in little blue penguins, Eudyptula minor . Animal Behaviour , 36 : 366 – 371 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waas , J R . 1995 . “ Social stimulation and reproductive schedules: does the acoustic environment influence the egg-laying schedule in penguin colonies? ” . In The penguins: ecology and management , Edited by: Dann , P , Norman , I and Reilly , P N . 111 – 138 . Chipping Norton , , Australia : Surrey Beatty and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Waas , J R , Caulfield , M , Colgan , P W and Boag , P T . 2000 . Colony sound facilitates sexual and agonistic activities in royal penguins . Animal Behaviour , 60 : 77 – 84 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whittington , P A , Hofmeyer , J H and Cooper , J . 1996 . Establishment, growth and conservation of a mainland colony of jackass penguins Spheniscus demersus at Stony Point, Betty's Bay, South Africa . Ostrich , 67 : 144 – 150 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , A J and Cooper , J . Aspects of the breeding biology of the jackass penguin Spheniscus demersus . Proceedings of the fifth Pan-African ornithological congress . Edited by: Ledger , J A . pp. 841 – 853 .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , R P . 1985 . Seasonality in diet and breeding success of the jackass penguin Spheniscus demersus . Journal für Ornithologie , 126 : 53 – 62 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , R P , Nagy , K A and Obst , B S . 1989 . Foraging ranges of penguins . Polar Record , 25 : 303 – 307 .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , R P and Wilson , M-PT . 1995 . “ The foraging behaviour of the African penguin Spheniscus demersus ” . In The penguins: ecology and management , Edited by: Dann , P , Norman , I and Reilly , P . 244 – 265 . Chipping Norton , , Australia : Surrey Beatty and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Wolfaardt , A C , Underhill , L G , Altwegg , R and Visagie , J . 2008a . Restoration of oiled African penguins Spheniscus demersus a decade after the Apollo Sea spill . African Journal of Marine Science , 30 : 421 – 436 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfaardt , A C , Underhill , L G , Altwegg , R , Visagie , J and Williams , A J . 2008b . The impact of the Treasure oil spill on African Penguins Spheniscus demersus at Dassen Island: case study of a rescue operation . African Journal of Marine Science , 30 : 405 – 419 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfaardt , A C , Underhill , L G and Crawford , R JM . 2009 . Comparison of moult phenology of African penguins Spheniscus demersus at Robben and Dassen islands . African Journal of Marine Science , 31 : 19 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfaardt , A C , Underhill , L G , Klages , N TW and Crawford , R JM . 2001 . Results of the 2001 census of African penguins Spheniscus demersus: first measures of the impact of the Treasure oil spill on the breeding population . Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa , 56 : 45 – 49 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfaardt , A C , Underhill , L G , Nel , D C , Williams , A J and Visagie , J . 2008c . Breeding success of African penguins Spheniscus demersus at Dassen Island, especially after oiling following the Apollo Sea spill . African Journal of Marine Science , 30 : 565 – 580 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yorio , P M and Boersma , P D . 1994 . Causes of nest desertion during incubation in the Magellanic penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus) . Condor , 96 : 1076 – 1083 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar